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Questions and Answers
What was a significant result of the indigenous hunter-gatherers being converted to Hinduism?
What was a significant result of the indigenous hunter-gatherers being converted to Hinduism?
How did Brahmans contribute to the political structure of India before the arrival of Ottoman Turks?
How did Brahmans contribute to the political structure of India before the arrival of Ottoman Turks?
What cultural elements were characteristic of the rajas in India?
What cultural elements were characteristic of the rajas in India?
What challenges did the rajas face with the arrival of Ottoman Turkish warlords?
What challenges did the rajas face with the arrival of Ottoman Turkish warlords?
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What role did land grants play in the relationship between rajas and Brahmans?
What role did land grants play in the relationship between rajas and Brahmans?
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What significant change occurred in Christianity before the year 1200?
What significant change occurred in Christianity before the year 1200?
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Which philosopher's work sought to prove Christianity as the ultimate rational religion?
Which philosopher's work sought to prove Christianity as the ultimate rational religion?
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What event in 1095 prompted a military response from European Christians?
What event in 1095 prompted a military response from European Christians?
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What motivated many individuals to join the crusades to the Holy Land?
What motivated many individuals to join the crusades to the Holy Land?
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Which group began threatening the Byzantine Empire's borders in the late 1000s?
Which group began threatening the Byzantine Empire's borders in the late 1000s?
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What system did the Franks control that involved the rule of serfs by the knightly class?
What system did the Franks control that involved the rule of serfs by the knightly class?
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What major agricultural product did manors primarily rely on?
What major agricultural product did manors primarily rely on?
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Which construction served as a fortified home for lords within a manor?
Which construction served as a fortified home for lords within a manor?
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What motivated many peasants to migrate to Eastern Europe during the 1100-1200 period?
What motivated many peasants to migrate to Eastern Europe during the 1100-1200 period?
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Which Byzantine structure did Russians model themselves after with respect to religious authority?
Which Byzantine structure did Russians model themselves after with respect to religious authority?
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What were many Eastern European villages and farmsteads akin to that reflected localized power?
What were many Eastern European villages and farmsteads akin to that reflected localized power?
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What aspect of life was commonly centered around social gatherings in manorial societies?
What aspect of life was commonly centered around social gatherings in manorial societies?
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Which of the following was NOT a primary feature of the manorial system?
Which of the following was NOT a primary feature of the manorial system?
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What was a significant consequence of Song China printing too much paper money?
What was a significant consequence of Song China printing too much paper money?
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Which group of people gained power in Song China as a result of the civil service exams?
Which group of people gained power in Song China as a result of the civil service exams?
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What tactic did the Song Dynasty use to manage relations with nomadic neighbors?
What tactic did the Song Dynasty use to manage relations with nomadic neighbors?
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How did the military leaders and samurai in Japan affect the power dynamics in Kyoto during the early 1300s?
How did the military leaders and samurai in Japan affect the power dynamics in Kyoto during the early 1300s?
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What role did Southeast Asia serve during the Song period?
What role did Southeast Asia serve during the Song period?
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What structure is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Khmer Empire?
What structure is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Khmer Empire?
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What was a defining characteristic of the new ruling elite in Song China?
What was a defining characteristic of the new ruling elite in Song China?
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What prompted neighboring nomadic societies to adopt Chinese institutions?
What prompted neighboring nomadic societies to adopt Chinese institutions?
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What was the impact of the Khmer Empire on the relationship between China and India?
What was the impact of the Khmer Empire on the relationship between China and India?
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Why was the Song Dynasty's strategy of buying off nomads problematic in the long term?
Why was the Song Dynasty's strategy of buying off nomads problematic in the long term?
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What characterized the Delhi Sultanate during its rule in northern India?
What characterized the Delhi Sultanate during its rule in northern India?
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How did the Turkish Muslim rulers treat local religious groups during their reign?
How did the Turkish Muslim rulers treat local religious groups during their reign?
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What impact did invading Turks have on Buddhism in India?
What impact did invading Turks have on Buddhism in India?
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What system did locals in India adhere to during the Turkish rule?
What system did locals in India adhere to during the Turkish rule?
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What technological advancements contributed to China's agricultural success during the Song Dynasty?
What technological advancements contributed to China's agricultural success during the Song Dynasty?
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What economic change occurred in China during the Song Dynasty?
What economic change occurred in China during the Song Dynasty?
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Which external factor contributed to the fall of the Song Dynasty?
Which external factor contributed to the fall of the Song Dynasty?
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During the time from the 11th to the 13th century, what set India apart in terms of cultural diversity?
During the time from the 11th to the 13th century, what set India apart in terms of cultural diversity?
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What language did the Turkish sultans in India choose for administration?
What language did the Turkish sultans in India choose for administration?
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What was a consequence of the assimilation of Buddhist doctrines into Hinduism?
What was a consequence of the assimilation of Buddhist doctrines into Hinduism?
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What term did the Chinese commonly use to refer to outsiders?
What term did the Chinese commonly use to refer to outsiders?
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What was one of the key factors that contributed to China's wealth during the 1300s?
What was one of the key factors that contributed to China's wealth during the 1300s?
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Which type of publication helped to establish classical Chinese as a common language among educated classes in East Asia?
Which type of publication helped to establish classical Chinese as a common language among educated classes in East Asia?
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What was the role of the office of seafaring affairs set up by the Song government in port cities?
What was the role of the office of seafaring affairs set up by the Song government in port cities?
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What major cultural spheres did China outpace in terms of wealth during the 1300s?
What major cultural spheres did China outpace in terms of wealth during the 1300s?
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Which social system developed in Western Europe as a response to invasions and a lack of centralized authority?
Which social system developed in Western Europe as a response to invasions and a lack of centralized authority?
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What institution provided support and guidance during the fragmented period of Western Europe from 500s-1000s?
What institution provided support and guidance during the fragmented period of Western Europe from 500s-1000s?
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Who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE, marking an attempt to restore stability in Europe?
Who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE, marking an attempt to restore stability in Europe?
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What significant social structure characterized life in Western Europe after Charlemagne's reign?
What significant social structure characterized life in Western Europe after Charlemagne's reign?
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How did the average person in Western Europe respond to the vulnerability of invasions during the feudal period?
How did the average person in Western Europe respond to the vulnerability of invasions during the feudal period?
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Study Notes
India as Cultural Mosaic
- India became a crossroads for trade, migration, and cultural exchange between Afro-Eurasian peoples
- Ottoman Turks migrated to India, bringing Islamic beliefs and encountering diverse ethnic and religious groups
Shifting Political Structures
- Before Ottoman Turk arrival, India was a collection of kingdoms ruled by rival leaders (rajas)
- Rajas gained support from Brahmans (religious leaders) by granting them land, which created a reciprocal relationship of support
- Temples were built on previously uncultivated land, which converted indigenous people to Hinduism, and helped Brahmans expand the tax base.
- Brahmans compiled family histories to legitimize rajas/political leaders (quid pro quo) positions.
- Rajas demonstrated Sanskrit culture, including knowledge and willingness to support artists, poets, and equestrian skills.
Song China: Insiders vs Outsiders
- In the 11th Century, China was the world power, despite internal conflict
- Song Dynasty reunified China after political fragmentation.
- Song Dynasty successful economically and politically but unable to fully control the northern nomadic tribes.
- The Song Dynasty influenced SE Asian communities and created new identities.
Song China: Economic and Political Developments
- China's agricultural base (wheat, rice, millet) ensured commercial success
- Crop cultivation benefited from improved technologies in metalworking (stronger iron plows)
- Manufacturing of goods flourished (gunpowder, porcelains, clothing, handicrafts).
- Manufacturing revolution led to increased trade
- Expansion of commerce prompted widespread use of currency.
- However, the supply of coinage could not match demand, leading to the creation of paper currency ("flying cash")
- Increased paper money led to runaway inflation as supply increased more than demand.
Song China: Economic and Political Developments (Continued)
- Song emperors expanded the bureaucracy using scholar-officials selected through civil service exams
- This shift in power resulted in greater authority from the less wealthy, highly educated scholar-officials rather than hereditary aristocrats
- Nomadic tribes bordering Song China challenged the empire, particularly after increased economic instability within the Song Dynasty
- Nomadic tribes began using Song Dynasty technology for warfare (steel tipped arrows).
- Neighbors' definition of self began to develop as they interacted and competed with the Song empire.
Song China: China's Neighbors: Nomads, Japan, SE Asia
- Japan modeled its capital (Kyoto) after China's capital (though influence lessened in the outlying regions of Japan)
- Japan saw military leaders and wealthy landowners challenge the imperial, centralized court's power, and culture
- Japan, early 1300's and 14th century had power sources including the imperial family with little authority, weakened aristocracy/nobility , powerful provincial landowners, and ambitious samurai warrior class.
- Southeast Asia became a crossroads of Afro-Eurasian influence during the Song period.
- Powerful trading hubs emerged in SE Asia and acted as buffers between the rival empires of China and India
Christian Europe (500s-1000s)
- Western Europe fragmented following the collapse of the Roman empire.
- Political power decentralized.
- Localized power structures (manors) emerged and relied on local lords, knights, and serfs.
- Manors controlled land, and serfs worked the land for the lord.
- The church became a central unifying institution in western Europe,
- Development of feudalism/manorialism became common to control the territories.
- Power decentralized within Western Europe with the emergence of manors/local power.
Christian Europe (500s-1000s) -Eastern Europe
- Eastern European peasants migrated to regions where power was more decentralized.
- Similar to Western Europe, these new communities resembled Western European settlements in structure.
- Cities focused on trade, and regions developed their own power structures based on localized authority.
Christian Europe (1000-1300 CE)
- Christianity became a universalizing faith in both eastern and Western Europe.
- Monasteries were the centers for Christianity in the 12th century.
- Parish Churches became prominent in the 13th century.
- Universities emerged through the intellectual pursuits of clergy who sought to prove Christianity was the only way for rational human beings.
Relations with the Islamic World
- Muslim empires conquered vast portions of the world, even overlapping with Christian empires
- 1000s-1300s resulted in an exchange of ideas and innovations, as well as conflict and resentment.
- The Crusades between Christians and Muslims took place between 1095-1291.
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Description
This quiz explores the interactions and transformations within Indian society, focusing on the conversion of indigenous hunter-gatherers to Hinduism and the political dynamics established by Brahmans. It also highlights the cultural characteristics of rajas and the challenges they faced from Ottoman Turkish warlords, as well as the significance of land grants in their relationships.
