Indian Constitution Key Facts

Indian Constitution

• The minimum age to become President of India is 35 years, as specified in Article 58.
• The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) were borrowed from Ireland.
• Article 14 deals with the Right to Equality, ensuring equality before the law.
• The 42nd Amendment Act, made major changes to the Constitution in 1976, and is known as the "Mini Constitution".
• The President has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha, often on the Prime Minister's advice.
• The 11th Schedule of the Constitution, added by the 73rd Amendment, deals with Panchayati Raj.
• The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 introduced Part IV-A, concerning Fundamental Duties.
• The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members.
• The Supreme Court resolves disputes related to the election of the President, according to Article 71.
• The Preamble declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic; the words "Socialist" and "Secular" were added by the 42nd Amendment.

Geography

• The Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 Indian states, including Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
• The Ganga is the longest river in India, with a length of about 2,525 km.
• Karnataka is the largest producer of coffee in India, accounting for over 70% of the country's coffee production.
• The Chota Nagpur Plateau is known as the "Mineral Storehouse" of India, rich in coal, iron ore, and bauxite.
• Lakshadweep is the smallest Union Territory of India by area, with an area of only 32 sq. km.
• Manipur does not share a border with Bhutan; it borders Myanmar.
• Anamudi, located in Kerala, is the highest peak in South India, with a height of 2,695 meters.
• Chilika Lake is located in Odisha and is the largest coastal lagoon in India.
• The Indian Standard Time is based on the 82°30′ E longitude, near Allahabad.
• The Godavari River is called “Dakshin Ganga” and is also the longest river in peninsular India.

Awards

• The Bharat Ratna was last awarded in 2019 to Pranab Mukherjee and Bhupen Hazarika.
• Rabindranath Tagore was the first recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature from India, winning in 1913 for Gitanjali.
• The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is given for achievements in cinema.
• The Right Livelihood Award is known as the "Alternative Nobel," given for social justice and sustainability.
• The Arjuna Award is given in the field of sports, recognizing outstanding sports achievements.

Physics

• The unit of force is the Newton, where 1 Newton = 1 kg·m/s².
• The speed of light in a vacuum is 3 × 10⁸ m/s (exact value is 299,792,458 m/s).
• Speed is not a vector quantity; it only has magnitude.
• Sound travels fastest in steel because it is a denser medium.
• The S.I. unit of power is the Watt, where Power = Work/Time.
• Convex mirrors are used in vehicles as rearview mirrors because they offer a wider field of view.
• Newton’s 1st Law (law of inertia) explains why passengers fall forward when a vehicle stops suddenly.
• An ammeter is used to measure electric current in amperes.
• One kilowatt-hour is equal to 3.6 × 10⁶ J (1 kWh = 1000W × 3600s).
• A fuse in electrical circuits prevents overcurrent by melting if the current exceeds the limit.

Chemistry

• Sodium Bicarbonate's common name is baking soda, used as a leavening agent.
• Acetic acid is present in vinegar, typically at a concentration of 4–8%.
• Hydrogen gas is released when an acid reacts with a metal, forming a salt.
• Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.
• Methane (CH₄) is the main component of natural gas.
• The chemical formula of Gypsum is CaSO₄·2H₂O, which is hydrated calcium sulfate.
• Brass is an alloy made of copper and zinc.
• Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is produced in the stomach for digestion, aiding in breaking down food and killing germs.
• The pH value of pure water at 25°C is 7, indicating it is neutral.
• Tetrachloroethylene, also known as perchloroethylene, is used as a solvent in dry cleaning.

Biology

• The brain controls the entire human body as its central control system.
• Red blood cells (RBCs) are formed in the bone marrow.
• Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting, helping synthesize necessary proteins.
• The leaf is the part of the plant that conducts photosynthesis, using chlorophyll to capture sunlight.
• Malaria is caused by Plasmodium, a protozoan.