Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of climate does India predominantly experience?
What type of climate does India predominantly experience?
- Mediterranean climate
- Tundra climate
- Monsoon type climate (correct)
- Equatorial climate
During which months does the cold weather season typically occur in India?
During which months does the cold weather season typically occur in India?
- December to February (correct)
- June to August
- September to November
- March to May
Which of the following factors contributes to the varied climate across India?
Which of the following factors contributes to the varied climate across India?
- Consistent temperature ranges
- Similar distance from coastal areas
- Varied relief features (correct)
- Uniform relief features
What is the average temperature range during the hot weather season in India?
What is the average temperature range during the hot weather season in India?
Which location in India receives the highest amount of annual rainfall, approximately 1,080 centimeters?
Which location in India receives the highest amount of annual rainfall, approximately 1,080 centimeters?
Which months typically experience the southwest monsoon, also known as the rainy season, in India?
Which months typically experience the southwest monsoon, also known as the rainy season, in India?
What is the primary direction of winds during the winter monsoon in India?
What is the primary direction of winds during the winter monsoon in India?
The word 'monsoon' is derived from which language?
The word 'monsoon' is derived from which language?
Which of the following landforms prevents cold winds from Central Asia from entering India?
Which of the following landforms prevents cold winds from Central Asia from entering India?
Which part of India generally experiences an equable or maritime climate?
Which part of India generally experiences an equable or maritime climate?
During which season does high pressure influence weather conditions in north-western India?
During which season does high pressure influence weather conditions in north-western India?
Which mountain system plays an obstructive role, contributing to the unity in India's climatic conditions?
Which mountain system plays an obstructive role, contributing to the unity in India's climatic conditions?
What type of farming has traditionally been practiced in most Indian villages?
What type of farming has traditionally been practiced in most Indian villages?
What is the average rainfall required for the growth of tropical evergreen forests?
What is the average rainfall required for the growth of tropical evergreen forests?
Which of these trees is commonly found in deciduous or monsoon type forests?
Which of these trees is commonly found in deciduous or monsoon type forests?
What adaptation do trees in tidal forests have to survive in oxygen-poor mangrove mud?
What adaptation do trees in tidal forests have to survive in oxygen-poor mangrove mud?
In which of the following regions are tropical evergreen forests mainly found?
In which of the following regions are tropical evergreen forests mainly found?
What is the dominant tree species found in the deciduous forests?
What is the dominant tree species found in the deciduous forests?
Which type of vegetation is characterized by thorny bushes and acacia trees?
Which type of vegetation is characterized by thorny bushes and acacia trees?
What is the most significant tree found in the Sundarbans tidal forests?
What is the most significant tree found in the Sundarbans tidal forests?
Which of the following best explains why coastal areas in India, like the Konkan and Malabar Coasts, experience less extreme temperatures compared to the north-western regions?
Which of the following best explains why coastal areas in India, like the Konkan and Malabar Coasts, experience less extreme temperatures compared to the north-western regions?
Given the location of Mawsynram near Cherrapunji, what geographical factor primarily contributes to it receiving approximately 1,080 centimeters of rainfall annually?
Given the location of Mawsynram near Cherrapunji, what geographical factor primarily contributes to it receiving approximately 1,080 centimeters of rainfall annually?
How do the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean collectively influence India's climate to give it a distinctive and varied character, despite its location north of the Equator?
How do the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean collectively influence India's climate to give it a distinctive and varied character, despite its location north of the Equator?
If a region in northern India experiences average temperatures between 10°C and 15°C, and receives slanting rays of the sun, which season is it most likely experiencing?
If a region in northern India experiences average temperatures between 10°C and 15°C, and receives slanting rays of the sun, which season is it most likely experiencing?
During the hot weather season in India, the sun's rays fall more or less directly on the northern region. How does this directly impact the temperatures experienced during this season?
During the hot weather season in India, the sun's rays fall more or less directly on the northern region. How does this directly impact the temperatures experienced during this season?
How do the Himalayan mountains influence India's climate, considering both winter and monsoon seasons?
How do the Himalayan mountains influence India's climate, considering both winter and monsoon seasons?
In what way does India's peninsular shape affect regional climate variations, taking into account the surrounding water bodies?
In what way does India's peninsular shape affect regional climate variations, taking into account the surrounding water bodies?
Considering the monsoon patterns, how does the wind system's reversal impact rainfall distribution across India?
Considering the monsoon patterns, how does the wind system's reversal impact rainfall distribution across India?
How does the location of Mawsynram and Cherrapunji contribute to their high rainfall, considering the Bay of Bengal monsoon branch?
How does the location of Mawsynram and Cherrapunji contribute to their high rainfall, considering the Bay of Bengal monsoon branch?
Considering the factors affecting India's climate, how does physiography influence temperature and rainfall patterns across different regions?
Considering the factors affecting India's climate, how does physiography influence temperature and rainfall patterns across different regions?
How does the high pressure over north-western India during winter influence weather conditions in the region?
How does the high pressure over north-western India during winter influence weather conditions in the region?
What is the primary reason why north-east monsoon winds bring rain to the Coromandel Coast?
What is the primary reason why north-east monsoon winds bring rain to the Coromandel Coast?
Which aspect of India's climate most significantly influences the timing of agricultural activities such as ploughing and sowing?
Which aspect of India's climate most significantly influences the timing of agricultural activities such as ploughing and sowing?
What role do the Himalayan mountains play in unifying India's climatic conditions?
What role do the Himalayan mountains play in unifying India's climatic conditions?
How do seasonal variations in rainfall impact the cultural practices and traditions in India?
How do seasonal variations in rainfall impact the cultural practices and traditions in India?
What adaptation allows mangrove forests to thrive in the oxygen-poor conditions of coastal mud?
What adaptation allows mangrove forests to thrive in the oxygen-poor conditions of coastal mud?
Which characteristic enables desert vegetation to survive in areas with minimal rainfall?
Which characteristic enables desert vegetation to survive in areas with minimal rainfall?
In which region of India would you most likely find semi-desert vegetation characterized by thorny bushes and acacia trees?
In which region of India would you most likely find semi-desert vegetation characterized by thorny bushes and acacia trees?
How does the height of mountain forests affect the type of vegetation found within them?
How does the height of mountain forests affect the type of vegetation found within them?
Which of the following describes a key adaptation of trees found in tropical evergreen rainforests that allows them to thrive in high rainfall areas?
Which of the following describes a key adaptation of trees found in tropical evergreen rainforests that allows them to thrive in high rainfall areas?
How does the varied relief of India most significantly influence its climatic conditions?
How does the varied relief of India most significantly influence its climatic conditions?
What factor primarily causes the temperature range to increase as one moves away from India's coastal areas?
What factor primarily causes the temperature range to increase as one moves away from India's coastal areas?
What explains the climate of India, considering its latitudinal location and the influence of surrounding geographical features?
What explains the climate of India, considering its latitudinal location and the influence of surrounding geographical features?
What is the most direct cause of the lower average temperatures experienced in northern India during the cold weather season?
What is the most direct cause of the lower average temperatures experienced in northern India during the cold weather season?
During the hot weather season, how does the direct angle of the sun's rays impact temperatures specifically in the northern region of India?
During the hot weather season, how does the direct angle of the sun's rays impact temperatures specifically in the northern region of India?
Considering the principle of wind reversal in India, how does this phenomenon affect agricultural planning differently in coastal versus inland regions?
Considering the principle of wind reversal in India, how does this phenomenon affect agricultural planning differently in coastal versus inland regions?
How does the latitudinal extent of India uniquely influence regional variations in solar insolation and temperature, considering the Tropic of Cancer's role?
How does the latitudinal extent of India uniquely influence regional variations in solar insolation and temperature, considering the Tropic of Cancer's role?
In what way does the interplay between altitude and physiography in the Western Ghats influence local biodiversity and microclimates, considering the monsoon winds?
In what way does the interplay between altitude and physiography in the Western Ghats influence local biodiversity and microclimates, considering the monsoon winds?
How does the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon differentially impact rainfall patterns across western India compared to the Bay of Bengal branch's effect on northeastern India?
How does the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon differentially impact rainfall patterns across western India compared to the Bay of Bengal branch's effect on northeastern India?
Considering the factors affecting India's climate, how do the winter monsoons uniquely influence conditions in northern India, and what challenges do they pose?
Considering the factors affecting India's climate, how do the winter monsoons uniquely influence conditions in northern India, and what challenges do they pose?
The climate is consistent across all regions of India due to its uniform physiographic divisions.
The climate is consistent across all regions of India due to its uniform physiographic divisions.
Coastal areas in India generally experience extreme temperatures with sharp seasonal contrasts.
Coastal areas in India generally experience extreme temperatures with sharp seasonal contrasts.
Jaisalmer in Rajasthan receives significantly more annual rainfall than Mawsynram in Meghalaya.
Jaisalmer in Rajasthan receives significantly more annual rainfall than Mawsynram in Meghalaya.
India experiences a Monsoon Type climate due to its location in the tropical belt amidst monsoon winds.
India experiences a Monsoon Type climate due to its location in the tropical belt amidst monsoon winds.
During the cold weather season in northern India, the average temperature typically ranges between 35°C and 45°C.
During the cold weather season in northern India, the average temperature typically ranges between 35°C and 45°C.
April is the hottest month in northern India.
April is the hottest month in northern India.
The south-west monsoon season brings the rainy season, occurring from June to September.
The south-west monsoon season brings the rainy season, occurring from June to September.
During the retreating monsoon, winds move from the Bay of Bengal back to the mainland.
During the retreating monsoon, winds move from the Bay of Bengal back to the mainland.
The Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Bay of Bengal influence the climate of peninsular India.
The Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Bay of Bengal influence the climate of peninsular India.
The word 'monsoon' comes from the English word meaning 'season'.
The word 'monsoon' comes from the English word meaning 'season'.
During winter, high pressure develops over the north-western part of India.
During winter, high pressure develops over the north-western part of India.
North-east monsoon winds cause rainfall along the Coromandel Coast.
North-east monsoon winds cause rainfall along the Coromandel Coast.
Monsoon winds have no impact on the economic activities of people in India.
Monsoon winds have no impact on the economic activities of people in India.
Wheat is a major crop in cool and irrigated areas during the winter.
Wheat is a major crop in cool and irrigated areas during the winter.
Natural vegetation refers to a plant community disturbed recently.
Natural vegetation refers to a plant community disturbed recently.
India has four distinct floristic regions.
India has four distinct floristic regions.
Tropical evergreen forests thrive in areas with low rainfall, typically less than 100 centimeters.
Tropical evergreen forests thrive in areas with low rainfall, typically less than 100 centimeters.
Teak is a dominant tree species in the deciduous forests.
Teak is a dominant tree species in the deciduous forests.
Semi-desert vegetation is found in areas with rainfall exceeding 150 centimeters.
Semi-desert vegetation is found in areas with rainfall exceeding 150 centimeters.
Mangrove forests are located along the Himalayan mountain range.
Mangrove forests are located along the Himalayan mountain range.
The Tropic of Cancer's position through India influences temperature, with areas south experiencing consistently higher temperatures than those to the north.
The Tropic of Cancer's position through India influences temperature, with areas south experiencing consistently higher temperatures than those to the north.
Regions far from the sea usually experience a climate that is less variable than regions close to the sea.
Regions far from the sea usually experience a climate that is less variable than regions close to the sea.
The Himalayas prevent precipitation from South-West monsoon winds crossing over to Central Asia.
The Himalayas prevent precipitation from South-West monsoon winds crossing over to Central Asia.
India's diverse physiographic divisions contribute to a uniform rather than varied climate across its regions.
India's diverse physiographic divisions contribute to a uniform rather than varied climate across its regions.
Locations along the Konkan and Malabar Coasts experience extreme seasonal temperature contrasts due to their proximity to the ocean.
Locations along the Konkan and Malabar Coasts experience extreme seasonal temperature contrasts due to their proximity to the ocean.
During the retreating monsoon, winds flow from the Bay of Bengal towards the mainland, causing rainfall primarily in northern India.
During the retreating monsoon, winds flow from the Bay of Bengal towards the mainland, causing rainfall primarily in northern India.
Mawsynram and Cherrapunji receive comparatively less rainfall as the winds from Bay of Bengal are not consistently trapped here.
Mawsynram and Cherrapunji receive comparatively less rainfall as the winds from Bay of Bengal are not consistently trapped here.
Jaisalmer, located in Rajasthan, typically receives an annual rainfall amount of approximately 1,080 centimeters.
Jaisalmer, located in Rajasthan, typically receives an annual rainfall amount of approximately 1,080 centimeters.
The slanting rays of Sun during the winter season in northern India lead to average temperatures ranging between 35°C to 45°C.
The slanting rays of Sun during the winter season in northern India lead to average temperatures ranging between 35°C to 45°C.
India's climate is significantly influenced not only by its location in the tropical belt and the presence of monsoon winds, but also by physical features such as the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean.
India's climate is significantly influenced not only by its location in the tropical belt and the presence of monsoon winds, but also by physical features such as the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean.
During winter, high pressure develops over the north-eastern part of India, causing cold, dry winds to blow towards the southern regions.
During winter, high pressure develops over the north-eastern part of India, causing cold, dry winds to blow towards the southern regions.
The north-east monsoon winds cause significant rainfall along the Coromandel Coast after collecting moisture from the Arabian Sea.
The north-east monsoon winds cause significant rainfall along the Coromandel Coast after collecting moisture from the Arabian Sea.
The unifying thread in the climatic conditions of India is primarily due to the consistent rainfall patterns across all regions.
The unifying thread in the climatic conditions of India is primarily due to the consistent rainfall patterns across all regions.
Farmers in India typically begin their agricultural activities, such as planting, after the monsoon season has ended.
Farmers in India typically begin their agricultural activities, such as planting, after the monsoon season has ended.
Cotton clothing is predominantly worn in northern India during the winter months.
Cotton clothing is predominantly worn in northern India during the winter months.
Natural vegetation refers to a plant community that has been recently introduced to an area.
Natural vegetation refers to a plant community that has been recently introduced to an area.
Tropical evergreen rainforests thrive in areas with an average rainfall of about 100 centimetres.
Tropical evergreen rainforests thrive in areas with an average rainfall of about 100 centimetres.
Deciduous forests are characterized by trees that shed their leaves for about two to three weeks during the dry season.
Deciduous forests are characterized by trees that shed their leaves for about two to three weeks during the dry season.
Semi-desert vegetation is commonly found in areas with rainfall exceeding 100 centimetres annually.
Semi-desert vegetation is commonly found in areas with rainfall exceeding 100 centimetres annually.
Mangrove forests have trees with specialized breathing roots due to rich oxygen content in the mangrove mud.
Mangrove forests have trees with specialized breathing roots due to rich oxygen content in the mangrove mud.
India's diverse physiographic divisions contribute to a uniform climate across the country.
India's diverse physiographic divisions contribute to a uniform climate across the country.
The annual rainfall in Mawsynram, Meghalaya, is approximately 200 centimeters, making it one of the driest places in India.
The annual rainfall in Mawsynram, Meghalaya, is approximately 200 centimeters, making it one of the driest places in India.
Regions along the Konkan and Malabar Coasts experience sharp seasonal contrasts due to their distance from the sea.
Regions along the Konkan and Malabar Coasts experience sharp seasonal contrasts due to their distance from the sea.
The Winter season in India occurs because the sun's rays fall directly on the northern Indian states.
The Winter season in India occurs because the sun's rays fall directly on the northern Indian states.
During the Indian hot weather season, average temperatures typically range between 50°C to 60°C.
During the Indian hot weather season, average temperatures typically range between 50°C to 60°C.
The Tropic of Cancer divides India such that northern India experiences tropical conditions, while southern India is in a sub-tropical zone.
The Tropic of Cancer divides India such that northern India experiences tropical conditions, while southern India is in a sub-tropical zone.
Regions in the interior of India, far from the coast, experience a climate described as equable due to the moderating influence of the surrounding oceans.
Regions in the interior of India, far from the coast, experience a climate described as equable due to the moderating influence of the surrounding oceans.
During the winter season in India, high pressure conditions and lower oceanic temperatures cause winds to reverse, blowing from the continental interior towards the surrounding oceans.
During the winter season in India, high pressure conditions and lower oceanic temperatures cause winds to reverse, blowing from the continental interior towards the surrounding oceans.
The leeward sides of the Western Ghats and Assam receive particularly high rainfall during the south-west monsoon, due to their direct exposure to moisture-bearing winds.
The leeward sides of the Western Ghats and Assam receive particularly high rainfall during the south-west monsoon, due to their direct exposure to moisture-bearing winds.
The monsoon season in India is characterized by a consistent and completely predictable rainfall pattern from year to year, allowing for accurate agricultural planning.
The monsoon season in India is characterized by a consistent and completely predictable rainfall pattern from year to year, allowing for accurate agricultural planning.
India experiences a ______ type of climate.
India experiences a ______ type of climate.
The winter season in India lasts from ______ to February.
The winter season in India lasts from ______ to February.
In summer, the sun's rays more or less fall ______ on the northern region.
In summer, the sun's rays more or less fall ______ on the northern region.
______ in Rajasthan receives only 20 centimetres of annual rainfall.
______ in Rajasthan receives only 20 centimetres of annual rainfall.
The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has recognised ______ seasons in India.
The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has recognised ______ seasons in India.
The south-west monsoon season is known as the ______ season.
The south-west monsoon season is known as the ______ season.
The Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of ______ branch are the two branches from which the monsoon arrives.
The Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of ______ branch are the two branches from which the monsoon arrives.
During the retreating monsoon, the winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of ______.
During the retreating monsoon, the winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of ______.
The temperature, air pressure, direction and speed of wind, and the amount and distribution of rainfall are all affected by the ______ of India.
The temperature, air pressure, direction and speed of wind, and the amount and distribution of rainfall are all affected by the ______ of India.
During the winter, the trade winds generally blow from the north-east to the south-______.
During the winter, the trade winds generally blow from the north-east to the south-______.
During the winter season, weather conditions are influenced by high ______ which develops over the north-western part of the country.
During the winter season, weather conditions are influenced by high ______ which develops over the north-western part of the country.
The north-east monsoon winds collect moisture while passing over the Bay of ______ and bring rain along the Coromandel Coast.
The north-east monsoon winds collect moisture while passing over the Bay of ______ and bring rain along the Coromandel Coast.
Farmers start agricultural activities with or just before the onset of the ______.
Farmers start agricultural activities with or just before the onset of the ______.
During winter, ______ is the major rabi crop in cool and irrigated areas in northern and central India.
During winter, ______ is the major rabi crop in cool and irrigated areas in northern and central India.
People wear ______ clothes in the summer and woollen clothes in winter, especially in north and central India.
People wear ______ clothes in the summer and woollen clothes in winter, especially in north and central India.
Most Indian festivals are related to the harvesting and ______ seasons.
Most Indian festivals are related to the harvesting and ______ seasons.
[Blank] vegetation refers to a plant community that has been left undisturbed for a long period of time.
[Blank] vegetation refers to a plant community that has been left undisturbed for a long period of time.
Tropical evergreen forests grow best in areas where the average rainfall is about 200 ______.
Tropical evergreen forests grow best in areas where the average rainfall is about 200 ______.
Deciduous forests are found in areas where the rainfall ranges between 100 centimetres to 200 ______.
Deciduous forests are found in areas where the rainfall ranges between 100 centimetres to 200 ______.
Areas where rainfall is less than 50 centimetres have semi-desert or ______ type of vegetation.
Areas where rainfall is less than 50 centimetres have semi-desert or ______ type of vegetation.
The varied ______ features of India make its climate varied.
The varied ______ features of India make its climate varied.
As one moves away from the coastal areas in India, the range of the ______ increases.
As one moves away from the coastal areas in India, the range of the ______ increases.
Overall, India experiences a ______ type climate because it is located in the tropical belt amidst monsoon winds.
Overall, India experiences a ______ type climate because it is located in the tropical belt amidst monsoon winds.
The winter season is caused because the sun's rays do not fall directly on the northern Indian states, rather, they are ______.
The winter season is caused because the sun's rays do not fall directly on the northern Indian states, rather, they are ______.
The climate of the regions located in the interior of the country are cut off from the oceanic influence, therefore, they have an extreme or ______ type of climate.
The climate of the regions located in the interior of the country are cut off from the oceanic influence, therefore, they have an extreme or ______ type of climate.
During the winter, the trade winds generally blow from the ______ to the south-west, which are dry and devoid of moisture.
During the winter, the trade winds generally blow from the ______ to the south-west, which are dry and devoid of moisture.
The word 'monsoon' has been derived from the Arabic word '______' which means 'season'.
The word 'monsoon' has been derived from the Arabic word '______' which means 'season'.
The amount of rainfall varies from time to time, often resulting in floods and droughts, because rainfall is not ______.
The amount of rainfall varies from time to time, often resulting in floods and droughts, because rainfall is not ______.
Bangladesh, West Bengal and Odisha are at the receiving end of the winds of the ______ branch.
Bangladesh, West Bengal and Odisha are at the receiving end of the winds of the ______ branch.
During the winter season in India, weather conditions are significantly influenced by a ______ pressure system, leading to cold and dry winds.
During the winter season in India, weather conditions are significantly influenced by a ______ pressure system, leading to cold and dry winds.
The north-east monsoon winds gather ______ as they pass over the Bay of Bengal, which then results in rainfall along the Coromandel Coast.
The north-east monsoon winds gather ______ as they pass over the Bay of Bengal, which then results in rainfall along the Coromandel Coast.
The combined influence of seasonal wind patterns and the geographical barrier of the Himalayan mountain system creates a notable ______ in the various climatic conditions experienced across India.
The combined influence of seasonal wind patterns and the geographical barrier of the Himalayan mountain system creates a notable ______ in the various climatic conditions experienced across India.
Indian agricultural practices, specifically the commencement of activities such as ploughing and sowing, are closely tied to the ______ of the monsoons.
Indian agricultural practices, specifically the commencement of activities such as ploughing and sowing, are closely tied to the ______ of the monsoons.
In the winter months, areas with cooler climates and access to irrigation commonly cultivate ______ as a major crop.
In the winter months, areas with cooler climates and access to irrigation commonly cultivate ______ as a major crop.
Unlike disturbed plant life, ______ vegetation refers to a plant community that has been left untouched by significant human intervention over a long duration.
Unlike disturbed plant life, ______ vegetation refers to a plant community that has been left untouched by significant human intervention over a long duration.
Tropical evergreen forests, distinguished by trees reaching heights of 60 meters or more, flourish in regions that receive an average rainfall of around 200 ______.
Tropical evergreen forests, distinguished by trees reaching heights of 60 meters or more, flourish in regions that receive an average rainfall of around 200 ______.
The shedding of leaves for approximately six to eight weeks during dry periods is a characteristic adaptation of trees in ______ or monsoon-type forests.
The shedding of leaves for approximately six to eight weeks during dry periods is a characteristic adaptation of trees in ______ or monsoon-type forests.
Vegetation in semi-desert and desert regions adapt to low rainfall conditions by developing long roots and thick, fleshy stems that store ______.
Vegetation in semi-desert and desert regions adapt to low rainfall conditions by developing long roots and thick, fleshy stems that store ______.
[Blank] or mangrove forests, such as the Sundarbans in West Bengal, feature trees with breathing roots adapted to the oxygen-poor conditions of mangrove mud.
[Blank] or mangrove forests, such as the Sundarbans in West Bengal, feature trees with breathing roots adapted to the oxygen-poor conditions of mangrove mud.
The ______ and adjoining mountain ranges protect India from the bitterly cold and dry winds of Central Asia during the winter.
The ______ and adjoining mountain ranges protect India from the bitterly cold and dry winds of Central Asia during the winter.
The amount of rainfall varies from time to time, often resulting in floods and ______.
The amount of rainfall varies from time to time, often resulting in floods and ______.
During the retreating monsoon, winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of ______.
During the retreating monsoon, winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of ______.
The Indian climate is characterised by the complete ______ of the wind system that occurs with the change in season.
The Indian climate is characterised by the complete ______ of the wind system that occurs with the change in season.
Southern India, which is to the south of the Tropic of Cancer, is the ______ zone.
Southern India, which is to the south of the Tropic of Cancer, is the ______ zone.
The varied ______ features of India make its climate varied, contributing to the diverse climatic conditions across the country.
The varied ______ features of India make its climate varied, contributing to the diverse climatic conditions across the country.
People living along the Konkan and Malabar Coasts do not experience extreme temperatures, whereas, people living in the north-western parts of India experience sharp seasonal ______.
People living along the Konkan and Malabar Coasts do not experience extreme temperatures, whereas, people living in the north-western parts of India experience sharp seasonal ______.
In the northern parts of India, during the cold weather season, the average temperature ranges between 10°C and ______°C because the sun's rays do not fall directly on the northern Indian states, rather, they are slanting.
In the northern parts of India, during the cold weather season, the average temperature ranges between 10°C and ______°C because the sun's rays do not fall directly on the northern Indian states, rather, they are slanting.
The summer season in India begins in March and progressively increases and continues till May with the average temperature ranging between 35°C to ______°C as the sun's rays more or less fall directly on the northern region.
The summer season in India begins in March and progressively increases and continues till May with the average temperature ranging between 35°C to ______°C as the sun's rays more or less fall directly on the northern region.
The north-east monsoon winds gather ______ over the Bay of Bengal, leading to rainfall along the Coromandel Coast.
The north-east monsoon winds gather ______ over the Bay of Bengal, leading to rainfall along the Coromandel Coast.
During the winter season, weather patterns in India are influenced by a ______ developed over the north-western part of the country.
During the winter season, weather patterns in India are influenced by a ______ developed over the north-western part of the country.
India's varied climatic conditions are unified by the regular seasonal movements of ______ and the obstructive role of the Himalayan mountain system.
India's varied climatic conditions are unified by the regular seasonal movements of ______ and the obstructive role of the Himalayan mountain system.
Semi-desert and desert vegetation have adapted to survive long periods of drought by developing long roots and thick ______ stems.
Semi-desert and desert vegetation have adapted to survive long periods of drought by developing long roots and thick ______ stems.
Tidal or mangrove forests, such as the Sundarbans, feature trees with ______ roots to adapt to the oxygen-poor mangrove mud.
Tidal or mangrove forests, such as the Sundarbans, feature trees with ______ roots to adapt to the oxygen-poor mangrove mud.
What type of climate does India experience overall?
What type of climate does India experience overall?
Name one factor that contributes to the varied climate across India.
Name one factor that contributes to the varied climate across India.
What is the approximate annual rainfall in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan?
What is the approximate annual rainfall in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan?
What is the role of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean in influencing India's climate?
What is the role of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean in influencing India's climate?
Which months experience the south-west monsoon season in India?
Which months experience the south-west monsoon season in India?
From which Arabic word is the term 'monsoon' derived?
From which Arabic word is the term 'monsoon' derived?
Name one of the branches from which the monsoon arrives in India.
Name one of the branches from which the monsoon arrives in India.
Which physical feature protects India from cold winds from Central Asia?
Which physical feature protects India from cold winds from Central Asia?
During the winter, do the winds blow from the land to the sea, or from the sea to the land?
During the winter, do the winds blow from the land to the sea, or from the sea to the land?
Which coast of India receives rainfall from the northeast monsoon winds?
Which coast of India receives rainfall from the northeast monsoon winds?
What is the name given to seasonal winds?
What is the name given to seasonal winds?
What type of farming has been traditionally practiced in most Indian villages?
What type of farming has been traditionally practiced in most Indian villages?
What is the name for plant life that has grown undisturbed for a long time?
What is the name for plant life that has grown undisturbed for a long time?
How much average rainfall can tropical evergreen forest survive in?
How much average rainfall can tropical evergreen forest survive in?
Name one type of forest that can be found in India.
Name one type of forest that can be found in India.
What is major rabi crop in cool and irrigated areas during the winter?
What is major rabi crop in cool and irrigated areas during the winter?
Name one common animal found in Tropical Evergreen Rainforests.
Name one common animal found in Tropical Evergreen Rainforests.
In which state of India are Sundarbans, the tidal/mangrove forests, located?
In which state of India are Sundarbans, the tidal/mangrove forests, located?
How do the varied physiographic features of India contribute to the differences in rainfall amounts across the country? Provide a specific example to illustrate your point.
How do the varied physiographic features of India contribute to the differences in rainfall amounts across the country? Provide a specific example to illustrate your point.
Explain why the coastal regions of India, such as the Konkan and Malabar Coasts, experience less extreme temperature variations compared to the northern parts of the country.
Explain why the coastal regions of India, such as the Konkan and Malabar Coasts, experience less extreme temperature variations compared to the northern parts of the country.
Describe the primary reason for the low temperatures experienced in northern India during the cold weather season (December to February).
Describe the primary reason for the low temperatures experienced in northern India during the cold weather season (December to February).
Explain the impact of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean on India's overall climate, and how they contribute to its distinctive character.
Explain the impact of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean on India's overall climate, and how they contribute to its distinctive character.
In general terms, how does the temperature change during the hot weather season (March to May) as the sun's rays fall more directly on the northern regions of India?
In general terms, how does the temperature change during the hot weather season (March to May) as the sun's rays fall more directly on the northern regions of India?
Explain how the presence of the Himalayas influences both temperature and precipitation patterns in India.
Explain how the presence of the Himalayas influences both temperature and precipitation patterns in India.
Describe the difference between the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch of the monsoon, including the regions they impact.
Describe the difference between the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch of the monsoon, including the regions they impact.
How does India's location and latitudinal extent influence its climate, and what are the key differences between the climate of northern and southern India?
How does India's location and latitudinal extent influence its climate, and what are the key differences between the climate of northern and southern India?
Explain how the 'retreating monsoon' differs from the 'south-west monsoon' in terms of wind direction, time of year, and regions primarily affected.
Explain how the 'retreating monsoon' differs from the 'south-west monsoon' in terms of wind direction, time of year, and regions primarily affected.
How does the distance from the sea affect the climate of different regions within India, and what terms are used to describe these contrasting climate types?
How does the distance from the sea affect the climate of different regions within India, and what terms are used to describe these contrasting climate types?
How do the retreating monsoon winds that blow over the Bay of Bengal differ in characteristics and impact compared to those blowing over Peninsular India?
How do the retreating monsoon winds that blow over the Bay of Bengal differ in characteristics and impact compared to those blowing over Peninsular India?
Explain how the timing of monsoon rains influences agricultural practices in India, and give an example of how this influence is visible in the cultivation of a specific crop.
Explain how the timing of monsoon rains influences agricultural practices in India, and give an example of how this influence is visible in the cultivation of a specific crop.
In what ways do the seasonal variations in weather influence the socio-cultural aspects of life in India, giving specific examples related to clothing or festivals?
In what ways do the seasonal variations in weather influence the socio-cultural aspects of life in India, giving specific examples related to clothing or festivals?
Describe primary adaptation strategies of vegetation in semi-desert and desert regions, and explain why these adaptations are crucial for survival in these environments.
Describe primary adaptation strategies of vegetation in semi-desert and desert regions, and explain why these adaptations are crucial for survival in these environments.
How do tidal or mangrove forests adapt to their unique environment, and what is one significant ecological role that they play?
How do tidal or mangrove forests adapt to their unique environment, and what is one significant ecological role that they play?
Contrast the vegetation found on the foothills of the Himalayas with that found at higher altitudes, explaining the factors that contribute to these differences.
Contrast the vegetation found on the foothills of the Himalayas with that found at higher altitudes, explaining the factors that contribute to these differences.
What are the distinguishing characteristics of tropical evergreen forests regarding rainfall, tree height, and leaf shedding, and where are these forests primarily located in India?
What are the distinguishing characteristics of tropical evergreen forests regarding rainfall, tree height, and leaf shedding, and where are these forests primarily located in India?
Compare and contrast the climate requirements, dominant tree species, and common animal life found in deciduous forests versus semi-desert vegetation zones.
Compare and contrast the climate requirements, dominant tree species, and common animal life found in deciduous forests versus semi-desert vegetation zones.
Describe two ways in which mountain forests differ from tidal forests in terms of location, dominant tree species, and ecological functions.
Describe two ways in which mountain forests differ from tidal forests in terms of location, dominant tree species, and ecological functions.
If a region experiences prolonged drought, predict how the composition of its natural vegetation might change over time, naming specific types of plants that might become more or less common.
If a region experiences prolonged drought, predict how the composition of its natural vegetation might change over time, naming specific types of plants that might become more or less common.
Explain how India's diverse physiographic divisions contribute to the varied climate experienced across the country, providing specific examples to illustrate your points.
Explain how India's diverse physiographic divisions contribute to the varied climate experienced across the country, providing specific examples to illustrate your points.
Analyze the role of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean in shaping India's unique and varied climatic character.
Analyze the role of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean in shaping India's unique and varied climatic character.
Describe the key factors that differentiate the climatic conditions between southern and northern India. Provide specific examples related to temperature, rainfall, and seasonal variations.
Describe the key factors that differentiate the climatic conditions between southern and northern India. Provide specific examples related to temperature, rainfall, and seasonal variations.
Why does the amount of rainfall vary so greatly across different parts of India?
Why does the amount of rainfall vary so greatly across different parts of India?
Explain the differences observed between the cold weather and hot weather seasons of India with respect to the position of the sun, temperature ranges, and their impact on the northern region.
Explain the differences observed between the cold weather and hot weather seasons of India with respect to the position of the sun, temperature ranges, and their impact on the northern region.
Explain how the unique geographic location and prominent physiographic features of India contribute to the development and characteristics of its monsoon system.
Explain how the unique geographic location and prominent physiographic features of India contribute to the development and characteristics of its monsoon system.
How does the complete reversal of wind systems between summer and winter affect rainfall patterns and temperature variations across different regions of India?
How does the complete reversal of wind systems between summer and winter affect rainfall patterns and temperature variations across different regions of India?
Analyze the factors that contribute to the uneven distribution of rainfall across India, and discuss the implications of this uneven distribution on agriculture and water resource management.
Analyze the factors that contribute to the uneven distribution of rainfall across India, and discuss the implications of this uneven distribution on agriculture and water resource management.
How does the leeward position of the southern plateau along the Western Ghats affect rainfall patterns in that region, and what are the primary economic and ecological consequences of this rain shadow effect?
How does the leeward position of the southern plateau along the Western Ghats affect rainfall patterns in that region, and what are the primary economic and ecological consequences of this rain shadow effect?
Contrast the climatic conditions and rainfall patterns associated with the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon, explaining why certain areas receive significantly higher levels of precipitation.
Contrast the climatic conditions and rainfall patterns associated with the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon, explaining why certain areas receive significantly higher levels of precipitation.
Flashcards
Monsoon Type Climate
Monsoon Type Climate
India experiences a climate influenced by its location in the tropical belt and the presence of monsoon winds.
Cold Weather Season (India)
Cold Weather Season (India)
Ranges from December to February, characterized by lower temperatures in northern India.
Hot Weather Season (India)
Hot Weather Season (India)
Ranges from March to May, characterized by high temperatures due to direct sunlight.
Rainfall Variation in India
Rainfall Variation in India
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Rainfall Extremes in India
Rainfall Extremes in India
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Rainy Season in India
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Retreating Monsoon
Retreating Monsoon
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Tropic of Cancer's effect on India
Tropic of Cancer's effect on India
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Maritime Climate
Maritime Climate
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Orographic Rainfall
Orographic Rainfall
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Monsoon's Unifying Effect
Monsoon's Unifying Effect
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Natural Vegetation
Natural Vegetation
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Tropical Evergreen Rainforests
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Deciduous (Monsoon) Forests
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Semi-desert/Desert Vegetation
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Tidal/Mangrove Forests
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Mountain Forests (lower)
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Rain-fed Subsistence Farming
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Floristic Regions
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Climatic Diversity in India
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Coastal vs. Inland Temperatures
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Major Seasons of India
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Cold Weather Season Duration
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Hot Weather Season Timeline
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April (India)
April (India)
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May (India)
May (India)
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Monsoon Winds
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The Himalayas
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Winter Weather Pattern
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Coromandel Coast Rainfall
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Monsoon's Sociocultural Impact
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Winter Crops in India
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Natural Vegetation Definition
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Tropical Evergreen Conditions
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Deciduous Forest Characteristics
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Dominant Tree - Deciduous forest
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Desert Vegetation Adaptations
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Mangrove Forest Adaptations
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India's Climate Variation
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Inland Temperature Range
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India's Climate Type
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Climate Influences
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Cause of Cold Weather Season
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Southwest Monsoon Season
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Monsoon Winds Definition
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Distance from the Sea
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Altitude
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Physiography
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Tropic of Cancer's Influence
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Himalayas' Climate Role
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Physiography's Impact on Rainfall
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Monsoon
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Four Major Seasons
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Climate Differences India
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Temperature Range/Distance
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Climactic influences
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Cause of Retreating Monsoon
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Farming and the Monsoon
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Definition of Natural Vegetation
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India's Floristic Regions
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Semi-Desert Vegetation Traits
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Mangrove Forest Locations
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Dominant Tree - Mangrove Forests
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Seasonal Clothing
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Festivals and Seasons
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Climatic Variation Cause
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Monsoon Climate Defined
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Four Indian Seasons
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Cold Season Time
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Hot Season Time
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Retreating Monsoon Definition
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Equable/Maritime Climate
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Wind Reversal
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Orographic Rainfall Cause
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Monsoon-Arabian Sea Branch
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Retreating Monsoon Cause
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Monsoons/Agriculture
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Winter (Rabi) Crops
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Seasonal Clothing Types
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Festivals & Seasons
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Desert Vegetation Traits
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Mangrove Adaptation
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Regional Climate Differences
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Coastal Temperature Effect
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Climatic Influences on India
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Retreating Monsoon Season
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Tropical Zone Temperatures (India)
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Himalayas' Climatic Influence
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Physiography's Effect on Climate
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Climate
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Northern India Winter Temperatures
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Cause of Rising Summer Temperatures
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Duration of Summer Season
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Rainy Season (India)
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India's Latitudinal Extent
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Distance from Sea (India)
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Wind Reversal (India)
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High Pressure
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Northeast Monsoon
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Monsoon Unity
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Monsoon Farming
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Tropical Evergreen
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Deciduous Forests
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Northern India Winter Temp
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Duration of Winter Season
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Cause of Rising Summer Temps
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Average Summer Temp
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Duration of Hot Season
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Monsoon - Bay of Bengal Branch
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Physiography's Climate Effect
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Windward vs. Leeward Rainfall
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High Pressure Winter
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Winter Winds
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Tropical Evergreen traits
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Deciduous Forest Traits
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India Climate Variation Cause
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Konkan & Malabar Climate
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Bay of Bengal Monsoon
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What is Climate?
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Coastal Climate Effect
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Cause: Retreating Monsoon
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Four Seasons (India)
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South-West Monsoon
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India's Latitudinal Position
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Himalayan Climate Barrier
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Retreating Monsoon Winds
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Coromandel Coast
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Monsoon's Unifying Influence
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Monsoon-Dependent Farming
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Rabi Crops
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Undisturbed Vegetation
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Mountain (Alpine) Forests
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India's Cold Season
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India's Varied Climate
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Cause of Cold in North India
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India's Hot Season
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Cause of Heat in North India
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Tropic of Cancer (India)
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Rainfall Distribution (India)
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Study Notes
- India exhibits diverse climatic conditions due to its varied relief features.
- Southern India's climate differs from that of northern India in temperature, rainfall, season onset, and duration.
- As one moves away from India's coastal areas, the temperature range increases, resulting in sharp seasonal contrasts in north-western India.
- Rainfall varies significantly: Mawsynram (Meghalaya) receives about 1,080 cm annually, while Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) receives only 20 cm.
- The difference in the amount of rain received is due to India's varied physiography.
- India experiences a Monsoon Type climate due to its tropical belt location amidst monsoon winds.
- Despite its location north of the Equator, the Himalayas and Indian Ocean significantly shape India's distinct climatic character.
Major Seasons of India
- The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) recognizes four seasons: cold weather, hot weather, rainy, and retreating monsoon.
Cold Weather Season
- Lasts from December to February.
- Average temperature in northern India ranges from 10°C to 15°C.
- Low temperatures occur because the sun's rays are slanting over northern states.
Hot Weather Season
- Begins in March and continues through May.
- Average temperature ranges from 35°C to 45°C.
- The sun's rays fall more directly on the northern region, causing temperatures to rise.
- April is the hottest month for western and southern India, while May is the hottest for the regions in the north.
Rainy Season
- The south-west monsoon season occurs from June to September.
- Arrives via the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch.
Retreating Monsoon
- Occurs in October and November.
- Winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of Bengal.
- Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of southern India receive rainfall during this season.
Factors Affecting the Climate of India
- Factors influencing India's climate are location, latitudinal extent, distance from the sea, the Himalayas, physiography, altitude, and Wind Reversal.
Location and Latitudinal Extent
- India lies between 6°N and 37°6'N latitudes, bisected by the Tropic of Cancer.
- Northern India is a sub-tropical and temperate zone, while southern India is in the tropical zone.
- Tropical zones experience high temperatures throughout the year due to proximity to the Equator.
Distance from the Sea
- Southern India is surrounded by the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Bay of Bengal.
- The climate of coastal regions is equable or maritime due to the presence of water bodies.
- Interior regions have an extreme or continental type of climate due to lack of oceanic influence.
Himalayas
- Protect India from cold, dry winds from Central Asia during winter.
- Act as a barrier for rain-bearing south-west monsoon winds, preventing them from crossing India's northern frontiers.
- Serve as a major climatic divide between the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia.
Physiography
- Affects temperature, air pressure, wind direction and speed, and rainfall distribution.
- Windward sides of the Western Ghats and Assam receive high rainfall from June through September, while the southern plateau remains dry due to its leeward position.
Altitude
- High altitude regions in the Himalayas have lower temperatures even in summer.
Wind Reversal
- Indian climate is characterized by complete wind system reversal with changing seasons.
- During winter, dry trade winds blow from the north-east to the south-west, resulting in low temperatures and high pressure.
- During summer, winds blow from the south-west to the north-east, carrying moisture.
Monsoons in India
- The term 'monsoon' is derived from the Arabic word 'Mausim', which means 'season'.
- India's climate is dominated by monsoon winds that blow from June to September, bringing heavy rainfall.
- Monsoons are wind systems in tropical regions where wind direction reverses completely between summer and winter.
- Winds blow from land to sea in winters and from sea to land in summers.
- Most rainfall occurs in the summer, while winters are generally dry in the regions usually affected by the monsoons.
Monsoon of the Bay of Bengal Branch
- Affects Bangladesh, West Bengal, and Odisha.
- Winds reach Meghalaya and are trapped, causing maximum rainfall in places like Mawsynram and Cherrapunji.
Monsoon of the Arabian Sea Branch
- Winds enter the western coast and the plains of western and northern India.
- Rainfall is lesser compared to Assam, lasting from June to September.
Winter Monsoon
- The continental interior of India becomes cooler than surrounding oceans.
- Wind direction reverses, blowing from continental high pressure areas to low pressure areas over the oceans.
- Creates the north-east monsoon over India.
Features of Monsoons in India
- Orographic rainfall occurs when moisture-bearing winds are obstructed by mountain ranges.
- The windward side gets heavy rain, while the leeward side gets scanty rain.
- Rainfall amount varies, leading to floods and droughts.
- Rainfall is not predictable, occurring early, late, or with timing variations.
- South-west monsoon winds cause rainfall mainly in the summer.
- North-east winter monsoon causes very limited rainfall.
- Rainfall distribution is uneven; some regions get over 200 cm, while others get less than 50 cm annually.
- Uneven rainfall distribution is due to the varying temperatures of the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, and the Indian Ocean.
Retreating Monsoon and Its Effect
- High pressure develops over north-western India during winter.
- Cold, dry winds blow toward southern low pressure areas, resulting in cold and dry weather.
- North-east monsoon winds collect moisture over the Bay of Bengal and bring rain to the Coromandel Coast in Tamil Nadu.
Sociocultural Impact of Monsoon on India
- Regular monsoon movements and the Himalayan mountain system unify India's climatic conditions.
- Hot, wet, and cold seasons affect lifestyles and economic activities.
- Farmers start agricultural activities with the onset of monsoons, including ploughing, sowing, and transplantation.
- Wheat is the major rabi crop in cool, irrigated areas during winter; barley, gram, and oil seeds are common in unirrigated regions.
- Clothes worn are seasonal; cotton clothes in summer and woollen clothes in winter in north and central India.
- Most Indian festivals relate to harvesting and cropping seasons.
- Rainfall signifies celebration because of long dry periods.
- Traditional farming is rain-fed subsistence farming.
- Different regions produce different crops based on weather variations.
Natural Vegetation of India
- Refers to a plant community undisturbed for a long period.
- India has rich and varied natural vegetation with diverse flora and fauna.
- India is divided into eight floristic regions: western Himalayas, eastern Himalayas, Assam, Indus Plain, Ganga Plain, Deccan, Malabar, and the Andamans.
- Natural vegetation is generally divided into tropical evergreen rainforests, deciduous forests, semi-desert and desert vegetation, tidal or mangrove forests, and mountain forests.
Tropical Evergreen Rainforests
- Tropical evergreen forests can survive a small dry spell but grow best with approximately 200 cm average rainfall.
- Trees grow up to 60 metres and above.
- Found on the slopes of the Western Ghats, north-eastern regions, Tarai areas of the Himalayas, and the Andaman Islands.
- Dense growth includes no definite period for shedding leaves.
- Important trees: sishu, chaplash, rosewood, mahogany, bamboo, garjan, and eucalyptus.
- Common animals: elephant, okapi, jaguar, gibbon, hippopotamus, armadillo, monkey, and Jemur.
Deciduous or Monsoon Type of Forests
- Found in areas with 100 cm to 200 cm rainfall.
- Trees shed leaves for six to eight weeks during dry summer and dry winter.
- Located along the foothills of the Himalayas, the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, the wet regions of the Deccan plateau, the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, and the states of Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
- Main trees: teak, sal, peepal, neem, sandalwood, deodar, blue gum, ebony, shisham, jackfruit, mahua, pal ash, arjun, khair, and bamboo.
- Teak is the dominant species.
- Animals: lion, tiger, pig, deer, monkey, and nilgai.
Semi-desert and Desert Vegetation
- Areas with less than 50 cm rainfall have semi-desert or desert vegetation.
- Thorny bushes, acacia, babul, and sand-binding grasses are found.
- The Indian wild date can also be found.
- Vegetation has long roots and thick fleshy stems to store water during drought.
- Found in Rajasthan and the dry parts of Gujarat, Punjab, and the Deccan Plateau.
- Animals: camel, fox, lizard, snake, and other reptiles.
Tidal or Mangrove Forest
- Grow along coasts and edges of deltas, such as the deltas of the rivers Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri.
- Known as Sundarbans in West Bengal.
- Sundari is the most significant tree.
- Other trees: hogla, garan, gewa, golpata, and pasur.
- Palm and coconut trees adorn coastal strips.
- Vegetation has breathing roots to adapt to mangrove mud with poor oxygen storage.
- Forests supply timber and firewood.
- Home to royal Bengal tiger, saltwater crocodile, horseshoe crab, olive ridley turtle, and the Ganga dolphin.
Mountain Forests
- Also known as Alpine or Montane forests.
- Vary considerably along mountain slopes.
- Evergreen trees (sal, teak, bamboo, and cane) grow abundantly up to 1,500 metres in the Himalayas.
- Temperate conifer trees (pine, fir, oak, maple, deodar, laure spruce, and cedar) grow between 1,500 metres to 3,500 metres.
- Rhododendrons and junipers grow at higher altitudes.
- Alpine grasslands appear beyond these vegetation belts up to the snowfield.
- Animals found: snow leopard, panda, yak, tahr, musk deer, and chiru.
Conservation of Forests
- The first National Forest Policy (NFP) was devised in 1894 by the British administration.
- Revised in 1952, setting 33 per cent total forest cover as the target.
- India's current forest policy requires 60 per cent forest cover in the hills and 20 per cent in the plains.
- Indiscriminate deforestation should be prohibited.
- Wastage of timber and firewood should be avoided.
- Forest area should be increased by afforestation.
- Alternative energy sources, such as biogas, should be used.
- Forest fires should be prevented
- Pests and diseases of the forest trees should be controlled chemically and biologically.
- Grazing of cattle in forests should be discouraged.
- Reforestation of the deforested areas should be undertaken.
- Large afforestation should be done in areas unfit for agriculture.
- Operations for improved and selective cutting should be adopted in forest management.
Afforestation Programmes of the Government of India
- Social Forestry Programme (1976) grows trees on public land for rural community benefit.
- Trees raised for firewood, fodder, and fruits to reduce demand on existing forests.
- Agro-forestry Programme revives farming, forestry, and animal husbandry on the same land.
Reserve Forests
- Trees are grown in ecologically fragile areas.
- Felling trees and grazing cattle are prohibited.
- Van Mahotsava, dedicated to tree plantation, is held each year in February and July since 1950.
- International agencies like the World Bank, USAID, CIDA, and SIDA support afforestation programs.
- Central Arid Zone Research Institute at Jodhpur checks the spread of Rajasthan desert lands.
Wildlife in India
- Has more than 89,000 animal species and 1,200 species of birds.
- Home to almost five to eight per cent of the world's amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
- Animals include the one-horned rhinoceros, wild ass, camel, Indian bison, blue bull, Barasingha, deer, and monkeys.
- Only country with both tigers and lions; lions are found in Gir forest in Gujarat.
- Tigers are found in the Sundarbans of West Bengal, the forests of Madhya Pradesh, and the Himalayan region.
- High altitude regions are home to the yak, Tibetan antelope, bharal, and kiang.
- Elephants are found in the hot, wet forests of Assam, Karnataka, and Kerala.
Threats to Indian Wildlife
- Decreased capacity of wildlife sanctuaries due to overcrowding.
- Increased tourist footfall to national parks, leading to pollution and wildlife road fatalities.
- Frequent wildfires kill animals and destroy their natural habitat.
- Water pollution from chemicals and toxic effluents threatens animals and birds.
- Poaching endangers wildlife despite the establishment of sanctuaries and national parks.
Steps Taken by the Government for Preservation of Flora and Fauna
- India has 18 biosphere reserves, including the Sundarbans, Nanda Devi, the Gulf of Mannar, and the Nilgiris, Nokrek, Great Nicobar, Manas, Simlipal, Dihang-Dibang, Dibru Saikhowa, Agasthyamalai, Kanchenjunga, Pachmari, Panna and Achanakmar-Amarkantak.
- Projects like Project Tiger, Project Rhino, and Project Great Indian Bustard have been introduced to revive endangered species.
- 89 national parks, 49 wildlife sanctuaries, and zoological gardens have been established to preserve and protect the natural heritage.
National Parks
- Areas set aside for the protection and conservation of fauna, flora, geological formations, and scenic environments.
- Hunting, killing, or capturing of fauna and deprivation of habitat is prohibited
- Destruction or collection of flora is prohibited.
- Weapons are not allowed inside national parks.
- Only activities related to wildlife protection and management are permitted under park authorities.
- Grazing of livestock is strictly prohibited.
- Alteration of boundaries can only be made by a resolution passed by the State legislature.
Important National Parks
- Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest national park in India, located in Nainital, Uttarakhand, and was established to protect Bengal tigers.
- Named after Jim Corbett, who played a key role in its establishment in the 1930s.
- Has 488 plant species and diverse fauna.
- Increase in tourist activity poses a challenge to ecological balance.
- Ranthambore National Park is located in Sawai Madhopur district of Rajasthan and is known for its Bengal tigers.
- One of the best places in Iindia to see tigers in their natural habitat.
- Became a national park in 1980; adjacent forests declared as Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary and Keladevi Sanctuary in 1984.
- The tiger reserve was enlarged in 1991 to include the Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary and Keladevi Sanctuary.
- Kaziranga National Park is a World Heritage Site in Assam, an ideal habitat for the one-horned rhinoceros, and is a paradise for bird watchers.
- Located on the banks of the Brahmaputra River in Assam.
- Migratory birds visit in large numbers during winter.
- Sundarbans is the world's largest estuarine forest and delta, located on the lower end of the Gangetic West Bengal.
- Tourists travel by boats through mangrove forests.
- Gir Forest National Park located in Gujarat is home to Asiatic lions and is a sanctuary for wild animals such as spotted deer, sambar, nilgai, and antelope.
Additional Facts
- The monsoon season influences gold demand in India as purchases increase with higher farm incomes from crop output.
- The Thar Desert is home to animals such as the chinkara, the Great Indian Bustard, and the Indian wild ass.
- Home to 23 species of lizards and 25 species of snakes.
- No human activity is allowed inside National Parks.
- Limited activities are permitted within Wildlife/Bird Sanctuaries
- Biosphere reserves allow limited economic activity such as sand mining and stone quarying with regulation.
- Enchancement and better management of wildlife protection is controled by park authorities.
- Ranthambore Wildlife Sanctuary is in the Sawai Madhopur district of Rajasthan and is one of the largest national parks in northern India.
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