Indian Climate and Weather Patterns

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Questions and Answers

What type of climate does India predominantly experience?

  • Mediterranean climate
  • Tundra climate
  • Monsoon type climate (correct)
  • Equatorial climate

During which months does the cold weather season typically occur in India?

  • December to February (correct)
  • June to August
  • September to November
  • March to May

Which of the following factors contributes to the varied climate across India?

  • Consistent temperature ranges
  • Similar distance from coastal areas
  • Varied relief features (correct)
  • Uniform relief features

What is the average temperature range during the hot weather season in India?

<p>35°C to 45°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which location in India receives the highest amount of annual rainfall, approximately 1,080 centimeters?

<p>Mawsynram (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which months typically experience the southwest monsoon, also known as the rainy season, in India?

<p>June to September (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary direction of winds during the winter monsoon in India?

<p>From the north-east to the south-west (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The word 'monsoon' is derived from which language?

<p>Arabic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following landforms prevents cold winds from Central Asia from entering India?

<p>The Himalayas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of India generally experiences an equable or maritime climate?

<p>Coastal regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which season does high pressure influence weather conditions in north-western India?

<p>Winter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mountain system plays an obstructive role, contributing to the unity in India's climatic conditions?

<p>Himalayan mountain system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of farming has traditionally been practiced in most Indian villages?

<p>Rain-fed subsistence farming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average rainfall required for the growth of tropical evergreen forests?

<p>200 centimetres (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these trees is commonly found in deciduous or monsoon type forests?

<p>Teak (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation do trees in tidal forests have to survive in oxygen-poor mangrove mud?

<p>Breathing roots (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following regions are tropical evergreen forests mainly found?

<p>The slopes of the Western Ghats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant tree species found in the deciduous forests?

<p>Teak (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vegetation is characterized by thorny bushes and acacia trees?

<p>Semi-desert and Desert Vegetation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant tree found in the Sundarbans tidal forests?

<p>Sundari (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why coastal areas in India, like the Konkan and Malabar Coasts, experience less extreme temperatures compared to the north-western regions?

<p>Proximity to the sea moderates temperature due to maritime influence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the location of Mawsynram near Cherrapunji, what geographical factor primarily contributes to it receiving approximately 1,080 centimeters of rainfall annually?

<p>Its location on the windward side of the Khasi Hills, which forces moist air to rise and condense. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean collectively influence India's climate to give it a distinctive and varied character, despite its location north of the Equator?

<p>The Himalayas block cold air from entering India, while the Indian Ocean provides a source of moisture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a region in northern India experiences average temperatures between 10°C and 15°C, and receives slanting rays of the sun, which season is it most likely experiencing?

<p>Cold Weather Season (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the hot weather season in India, the sun's rays fall more or less directly on the northern region. How does this directly impact the temperatures experienced during this season?

<p>It leads to an increase in temperatures, typically ranging between 35°C to 45°C. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the Himalayan mountains influence India's climate, considering both winter and monsoon seasons?

<p>They protect India from cold winds from Central Asia during winter and obstruct rain-bearing south-west monsoon winds, causing heavy rainfall in certain regions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does India's peninsular shape affect regional climate variations, taking into account the surrounding water bodies?

<p>Coastal regions exhibit an equable maritime climate because of the proximity to water bodies, whereas inland regions experience a more extreme continental climate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the monsoon patterns, how does the wind system's reversal impact rainfall distribution across India?

<p>The wind reversal leads to most of the rainfall occurring in the summer due to the southwest monsoon, while the winter remains generally dry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the location of Mawsynram and Cherrapunji contribute to their high rainfall, considering the Bay of Bengal monsoon branch?

<p>The winds from the Bay of Bengal are trapped within tunnel-shaped mountains in Meghalaya, causing maximum rainfall in places like Mawsynram and Cherrapunji. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the factors affecting India's climate, how does physiography influence temperature and rainfall patterns across different regions?

<p>The windward sides of the Western Ghats and Assam receive high rainfall due to physiography, while the leeward side of the southern plateau remains dry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the high pressure over north-western India during winter influence weather conditions in the region?

<p>It results in cold, dry winds blowing towards the southern low-pressure areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why north-east monsoon winds bring rain to the Coromandel Coast?

<p>The winds collect moisture while passing over the Bay of Bengal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of India's climate most significantly influences the timing of agricultural activities such as ploughing and sowing?

<p>The regular movements of the monsoon winds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the Himalayan mountains play in unifying India's climatic conditions?

<p>They act as a barrier to cold winds from Central Asia, influencing temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do seasonal variations in rainfall impact the cultural practices and traditions in India?

<p>They are closely linked to harvesting and cropping seasons, influencing festival timings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation allows mangrove forests to thrive in the oxygen-poor conditions of coastal mud?

<p>Specialized breathing roots that emerge above the mud surface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic enables desert vegetation to survive in areas with minimal rainfall?

<p>Long roots and thick, fleshy stems for water storage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region of India would you most likely find semi-desert vegetation characterized by thorny bushes and acacia trees?

<p>The dry regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the height of mountain forests affect the type of vegetation found within them?

<p>Vegetation varies considerably along the mountain slopes with altitude. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key adaptation of trees found in tropical evergreen rainforests that allows them to thrive in high rainfall areas?

<p>The trees have dense growth and do not have a definite period for shedding leaves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the varied relief of India most significantly influence its climatic conditions?

<p>By causing regional variations in temperature, rainfall, and seasonal patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily causes the temperature range to increase as one moves away from India's coastal areas?

<p>Reduced influence of maritime effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What explains the climate of India, considering its latitudinal location and the influence of surrounding geographical features?

<p>India predominantly experiences a monsoon type climate, influenced by its tropical belt location, the Himalayas, and the Indian Ocean. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most direct cause of the lower average temperatures experienced in northern India during the cold weather season?

<p>The sun's rays fall at a slanting angle on the region. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the hot weather season, how does the direct angle of the sun's rays impact temperatures specifically in the northern region of India?

<p>It causes a significant increase in average temperatures due to concentrated solar energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the principle of wind reversal in India, how does this phenomenon affect agricultural planning differently in coastal versus inland regions?

<p>Inland regions adjust planting schedules based on the intensity of summer monsoons, while coastal regions focus on managing potential cyclones during wind reversals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the latitudinal extent of India uniquely influence regional variations in solar insolation and temperature, considering the Tropic of Cancer's role?

<p>Southern India experiences consistently higher solar insolation, leading to tropical climates, while Northern India transitions from subtropical to temperate climates with significant seasonal variations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the interplay between altitude and physiography in the Western Ghats influence local biodiversity and microclimates, considering the monsoon winds?

<p>The leeward side’s rain shadow effect promotes desert vegetation, while the windward side’s heavy rainfall supports dense evergreen forests, creating varied habitats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon differentially impact rainfall patterns across western India compared to the Bay of Bengal branch's effect on northeastern India?

<p>The Arabian Sea branch brings substantial but gradually decreasing rainfall inland, while the Bay of Bengal branch causes concentrated, heavy rainfall due to geographic entrapment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the factors affecting India's climate, how do the winter monsoons uniquely influence conditions in northern India, and what challenges do they pose?

<p>Bringing dry, cold winds and high-pressure conditions, the winter monsoons lead to drought-like conditions and impact agricultural yields negatively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The climate is consistent across all regions of India due to its uniform physiographic divisions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coastal areas in India generally experience extreme temperatures with sharp seasonal contrasts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jaisalmer in Rajasthan receives significantly more annual rainfall than Mawsynram in Meghalaya.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India experiences a Monsoon Type climate due to its location in the tropical belt amidst monsoon winds.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the cold weather season in northern India, the average temperature typically ranges between 35°C and 45°C.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

April is the hottest month in northern India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The south-west monsoon season brings the rainy season, occurring from June to September.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the retreating monsoon, winds move from the Bay of Bengal back to the mainland.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Bay of Bengal influence the climate of peninsular India.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The word 'monsoon' comes from the English word meaning 'season'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During winter, high pressure develops over the north-western part of India.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

North-east monsoon winds cause rainfall along the Coromandel Coast.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monsoon winds have no impact on the economic activities of people in India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wheat is a major crop in cool and irrigated areas during the winter.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural vegetation refers to a plant community disturbed recently.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India has four distinct floristic regions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tropical evergreen forests thrive in areas with low rainfall, typically less than 100 centimeters.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Teak is a dominant tree species in the deciduous forests.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semi-desert vegetation is found in areas with rainfall exceeding 150 centimeters.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mangrove forests are located along the Himalayan mountain range.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Tropic of Cancer's position through India influences temperature, with areas south experiencing consistently higher temperatures than those to the north.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regions far from the sea usually experience a climate that is less variable than regions close to the sea.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Himalayas prevent precipitation from South-West monsoon winds crossing over to Central Asia.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India's diverse physiographic divisions contribute to a uniform rather than varied climate across its regions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Locations along the Konkan and Malabar Coasts experience extreme seasonal temperature contrasts due to their proximity to the ocean.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the retreating monsoon, winds flow from the Bay of Bengal towards the mainland, causing rainfall primarily in northern India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mawsynram and Cherrapunji receive comparatively less rainfall as the winds from Bay of Bengal are not consistently trapped here.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jaisalmer, located in Rajasthan, typically receives an annual rainfall amount of approximately 1,080 centimeters.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The slanting rays of Sun during the winter season in northern India lead to average temperatures ranging between 35°C to 45°C.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India's climate is significantly influenced not only by its location in the tropical belt and the presence of monsoon winds, but also by physical features such as the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During winter, high pressure develops over the north-eastern part of India, causing cold, dry winds to blow towards the southern regions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The north-east monsoon winds cause significant rainfall along the Coromandel Coast after collecting moisture from the Arabian Sea.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The unifying thread in the climatic conditions of India is primarily due to the consistent rainfall patterns across all regions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Farmers in India typically begin their agricultural activities, such as planting, after the monsoon season has ended.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cotton clothing is predominantly worn in northern India during the winter months.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural vegetation refers to a plant community that has been recently introduced to an area.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tropical evergreen rainforests thrive in areas with an average rainfall of about 100 centimetres.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deciduous forests are characterized by trees that shed their leaves for about two to three weeks during the dry season.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semi-desert vegetation is commonly found in areas with rainfall exceeding 100 centimetres annually.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mangrove forests have trees with specialized breathing roots due to rich oxygen content in the mangrove mud.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India's diverse physiographic divisions contribute to a uniform climate across the country.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The annual rainfall in Mawsynram, Meghalaya, is approximately 200 centimeters, making it one of the driest places in India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regions along the Konkan and Malabar Coasts experience sharp seasonal contrasts due to their distance from the sea.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Winter season in India occurs because the sun's rays fall directly on the northern Indian states.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Indian hot weather season, average temperatures typically range between 50°C to 60°C.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Tropic of Cancer divides India such that northern India experiences tropical conditions, while southern India is in a sub-tropical zone.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regions in the interior of India, far from the coast, experience a climate described as equable due to the moderating influence of the surrounding oceans.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the winter season in India, high pressure conditions and lower oceanic temperatures cause winds to reverse, blowing from the continental interior towards the surrounding oceans.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The leeward sides of the Western Ghats and Assam receive particularly high rainfall during the south-west monsoon, due to their direct exposure to moisture-bearing winds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The monsoon season in India is characterized by a consistent and completely predictable rainfall pattern from year to year, allowing for accurate agricultural planning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India experiences a ______ type of climate.

<p>monsoon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The winter season in India lasts from ______ to February.

<p>december</p> Signup and view all the answers

In summer, the sun's rays more or less fall ______ on the northern region.

<p>directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ in Rajasthan receives only 20 centimetres of annual rainfall.

<p>jaisalmer</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has recognised ______ seasons in India.

<p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

The south-west monsoon season is known as the ______ season.

<p>rainy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of ______ branch are the two branches from which the monsoon arrives.

<p>Bengal</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the retreating monsoon, the winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of ______.

<p>Bengal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The temperature, air pressure, direction and speed of wind, and the amount and distribution of rainfall are all affected by the ______ of India.

<p>physiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the winter, the trade winds generally blow from the north-east to the south-______.

<p>west</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the winter season, weather conditions are influenced by high ______ which develops over the north-western part of the country.

<p>pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

The north-east monsoon winds collect moisture while passing over the Bay of ______ and bring rain along the Coromandel Coast.

<p>Bengal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Farmers start agricultural activities with or just before the onset of the ______.

<p>monsoons</p> Signup and view all the answers

During winter, ______ is the major rabi crop in cool and irrigated areas in northern and central India.

<p>wheat</p> Signup and view all the answers

People wear ______ clothes in the summer and woollen clothes in winter, especially in north and central India.

<p>cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most Indian festivals are related to the harvesting and ______ seasons.

<p>cropping</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] vegetation refers to a plant community that has been left undisturbed for a long period of time.

<p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tropical evergreen forests grow best in areas where the average rainfall is about 200 ______.

<p>centimetres</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deciduous forests are found in areas where the rainfall ranges between 100 centimetres to 200 ______.

<p>centimetres</p> Signup and view all the answers

Areas where rainfall is less than 50 centimetres have semi-desert or ______ type of vegetation.

<p>desert</p> Signup and view all the answers

The varied ______ features of India make its climate varied.

<p>relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

As one moves away from the coastal areas in India, the range of the ______ increases.

<p>temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Overall, India experiences a ______ type climate because it is located in the tropical belt amidst monsoon winds.

<p>monsoon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The winter season is caused because the sun's rays do not fall directly on the northern Indian states, rather, they are ______.

<p>slanting</p> Signup and view all the answers

The climate of the regions located in the interior of the country are cut off from the oceanic influence, therefore, they have an extreme or ______ type of climate.

<p>continental</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the winter, the trade winds generally blow from the ______ to the south-west, which are dry and devoid of moisture.

<p>north-east</p> Signup and view all the answers

The word 'monsoon' has been derived from the Arabic word '______' which means 'season'.

<p>Mausim</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amount of rainfall varies from time to time, often resulting in floods and droughts, because rainfall is not ______.

<p>predictable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bangladesh, West Bengal and Odisha are at the receiving end of the winds of the ______ branch.

<p>Bay of Bengal</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the winter season in India, weather conditions are significantly influenced by a ______ pressure system, leading to cold and dry winds.

<p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

The north-east monsoon winds gather ______ as they pass over the Bay of Bengal, which then results in rainfall along the Coromandel Coast.

<p>moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combined influence of seasonal wind patterns and the geographical barrier of the Himalayan mountain system creates a notable ______ in the various climatic conditions experienced across India.

<p>unity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indian agricultural practices, specifically the commencement of activities such as ploughing and sowing, are closely tied to the ______ of the monsoons.

<p>onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the winter months, areas with cooler climates and access to irrigation commonly cultivate ______ as a major crop.

<p>wheat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike disturbed plant life, ______ vegetation refers to a plant community that has been left untouched by significant human intervention over a long duration.

<p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tropical evergreen forests, distinguished by trees reaching heights of 60 meters or more, flourish in regions that receive an average rainfall of around 200 ______.

<p>centimeters</p> Signup and view all the answers

The shedding of leaves for approximately six to eight weeks during dry periods is a characteristic adaptation of trees in ______ or monsoon-type forests.

<p>deciduous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vegetation in semi-desert and desert regions adapt to low rainfall conditions by developing long roots and thick, fleshy stems that store ______.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] or mangrove forests, such as the Sundarbans in West Bengal, feature trees with breathing roots adapted to the oxygen-poor conditions of mangrove mud.

<p>tidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ and adjoining mountain ranges protect India from the bitterly cold and dry winds of Central Asia during the winter.

<p>Himalayan</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amount of rainfall varies from time to time, often resulting in floods and ______.

<p>droughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the retreating monsoon, winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of ______.

<p>Bengal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Indian climate is characterised by the complete ______ of the wind system that occurs with the change in season.

<p>reversal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Southern India, which is to the south of the Tropic of Cancer, is the ______ zone.

<p>tropical</p> Signup and view all the answers

The varied ______ features of India make its climate varied, contributing to the diverse climatic conditions across the country.

<p>relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

People living along the Konkan and Malabar Coasts do not experience extreme temperatures, whereas, people living in the north-western parts of India experience sharp seasonal ______.

<p>contrasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the northern parts of India, during the cold weather season, the average temperature ranges between 10°C and ______°C because the sun's rays do not fall directly on the northern Indian states, rather, they are slanting.

<p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

The summer season in India begins in March and progressively increases and continues till May with the average temperature ranging between 35°C to ______°C as the sun's rays more or less fall directly on the northern region.

<p>45</p> Signup and view all the answers

The north-east monsoon winds gather ______ over the Bay of Bengal, leading to rainfall along the Coromandel Coast.

<p>moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the winter season, weather patterns in India are influenced by a ______ developed over the north-western part of the country.

<p>high pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

India's varied climatic conditions are unified by the regular seasonal movements of ______ and the obstructive role of the Himalayan mountain system.

<p>monsoons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semi-desert and desert vegetation have adapted to survive long periods of drought by developing long roots and thick ______ stems.

<p>fleshy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tidal or mangrove forests, such as the Sundarbans, feature trees with ______ roots to adapt to the oxygen-poor mangrove mud.

<p>breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of climate does India experience overall?

<p>Monsoon Type climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one factor that contributes to the varied climate across India.

<p>Varied relief features or Diverse physiographic divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate annual rainfall in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan?

<p>20 centimetres</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean in influencing India's climate?

<p>They give the country a distinctive and varied climatic character.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which months experience the south-west monsoon season in India?

<p>June to September</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which Arabic word is the term 'monsoon' derived?

<p>Mausim</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the branches from which the monsoon arrives in India.

<p>Bay of Bengal branch or Arabian Sea branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical feature protects India from cold winds from Central Asia?

<p>The Himalayas</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the winter, do the winds blow from the land to the sea, or from the sea to the land?

<p>Land to sea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coast of India receives rainfall from the northeast monsoon winds?

<p>Coromandel Coast</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to seasonal winds?

<p>Monsoons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of farming has been traditionally practiced in most Indian villages?

<p>Rain-fed subsistence farming</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for plant life that has grown undisturbed for a long time?

<p>Natural vegetation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much average rainfall can tropical evergreen forest survive in?

<p>200 centimetres</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of forest that can be found in India.

<p>Tropical Evergreen Rainforest/Deciduous Vegetation/Semi-desert and Desert Vegetation/Tidal or mangrove forests/mountain forests</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is major rabi crop in cool and irrigated areas during the winter?

<p>Wheat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one common animal found in Tropical Evergreen Rainforests.

<p>Elephant/ Okapi/ Jaguar/ Gibbon/ Hippopotamus/ Armadillo/ Monkey/ Jemur</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which state of India are Sundarbans, the tidal/mangrove forests, located?

<p>West Bengal</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the varied physiographic features of India contribute to the differences in rainfall amounts across the country? Provide a specific example to illustrate your point.

<p>The varied physiography influences wind patterns and orographic lift. For example, Mawsynram receives high rainfall due to its location in the windward side of Khasi Hills, while Jaisalmer, located in a rain shadow area, receives very little rainfall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the coastal regions of India, such as the Konkan and Malabar Coasts, experience less extreme temperature variations compared to the northern parts of the country.

<p>Coastal areas experience a moderating influence from the sea, which heats up and cools down slower than land. This proximity to the sea keeps the temperature range smaller, leading to milder winters and summers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primary reason for the low temperatures experienced in northern India during the cold weather season (December to February).

<p>During winter, the sun's rays are slanting over northern India. This indirect sunlight results in less solar energy reaching the surface and hence, lower temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the impact of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean on India's overall climate, and how they contribute to its distinctive character.

<p>The Himalayas block cold winds from Central Asia, keeping India warmer. The Indian Ocean provides moisture, leading to monsoon type of climate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In general terms, how does the temperature change during the hot weather season (March to May) as the sun's rays fall more directly on the northern regions of India?

<p>As the sun's rays become more direct, temperatures progressively increase. Average temperatures range between 35°C to 45°C across the northern region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the presence of the Himalayas influences both temperature and precipitation patterns in India.

<p>The Himalayas block cold winds from Central Asia, keeping India warmer. They also obstruct the southwest monsoon winds, causing orographic rainfall on the windward side and creating a rain shadow effect on the leeward side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch of the monsoon, including the regions they impact.

<p>The Arabian Sea branch affects the western coast and northern plains of India, bringing rainfall from June to September, while the Bay of Bengal branch impacts Bangladesh, West Bengal, and Odisha, with some winds reaching Meghalaya.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does India's location and latitudinal extent influence its climate, and what are the key differences between the climate of northern and southern India?

<p>India's location between 6°N and 37°6'N means the Tropic of Cancer divides it into a tropical southern region and a subtropical/temperate northern region. Southern India experiences higher temperatures year-round due to its proximity to the Equator, while Northern India has more varied temperature ranges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the 'retreating monsoon' differs from the 'south-west monsoon' in terms of wind direction, time of year, and regions primarily affected.

<p>The south-west monsoon, from June to September, involves winds moving from sea to land, bringing rain across India. The retreating monsoon, in October and November, sees winds move back from land to the Bay of Bengal, bringing rain primarily to Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and southern India.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the distance from the sea affect the climate of different regions within India, and what terms are used to describe these contrasting climate types?

<p>Coastal regions experience an equable or maritime climate due to the moderating influence of the sea, with less extreme temperature variations. Interior regions of India, far from the sea, have an extreme or continental climate with larger temperature ranges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the retreating monsoon winds that blow over the Bay of Bengal differ in characteristics and impact compared to those blowing over Peninsular India?

<p>Winds over Bay of Bengal collect moisture and bring rain to the Coromandel Coast, while winds over Peninsular India are cold and dry, causing no rainfall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the timing of monsoon rains influences agricultural practices in India, and give an example of how this influence is visible in the cultivation of a specific crop.

<p>The onset of monsoons dictates the start of agricultural activities like ploughing and sowing. For example, farmers begin these activities with or just before the arrival of the monsoons to cultivate rice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways do the seasonal variations in weather influence the socio-cultural aspects of life in India, giving specific examples related to clothing or festivals?

<p>Seasonal variations dictate clothing choices (cotton in summer, wool in winter) and the timing of festivals, which often coincide with harvesting and cropping seasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe primary adaptation strategies of vegetation in semi-desert and desert regions, and explain why these adaptations are crucial for survival in these environments.

<p>Vegetation has long roots to access deep water sources and thick, fleshy stems to store water, allowing survival during long droughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do tidal or mangrove forests adapt to their unique environment, and what is one significant ecological role that they play?

<p>Mangrove forests have breathing roots adapted to oxygen-poor mangrove mud. They protect coastlines from erosion and provide habitat for diverse species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contrast the vegetation found on the foothills of the Himalayas with that found at higher altitudes, explaining the factors that contribute to these differences.

<p>The foothills have evergreen trees like sal and bamboo due to warmer temperatures and higher rainfall, while higher altitudes have coniferous forests adapted to cooler conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the distinguishing characteristics of tropical evergreen forests regarding rainfall, tree height, and leaf shedding, and where are these forests primarily located in India?

<p>Tropical evergreen forests have high rainfall, tall trees (up to 60m+), and no definite shedding period. They are located on the Western Ghats slopes and in northeast India.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the climate requirements, dominant tree species, and common animal life found in deciduous forests versus semi-desert vegetation zones.

<p>Deciduous forests require 100-200cm rainfall, with teak and sal trees and animals like tigers and deer. Semi-deserts have &lt;50cm rainfall, thorny bushes, and reptiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe two ways in which mountain forests differ from tidal forests in terms of location, dominant tree species, and ecological functions.

<p>Mountain forests are found on mountain slopes with evergreen and coniferous trees, while tidal forests are on coastlines with mangrove trees. Mountain forests prevent erosion, while tidal forests protect coastlines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a region experiences prolonged drought, predict how the composition of its natural vegetation might change over time, naming specific types of plants that might become more or less common.

<p>Over time, the region would see an increase in drought-resistant vegetation, like thorny bushes and acacia, and a decrease in water-dependent species, like broadleaf trees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how India's diverse physiographic divisions contribute to the varied climate experienced across the country, providing specific examples to illustrate your points.

<p>India's diverse physiography leads to varied climates due to factors like altitude, proximity to the coast, and location relative to mountain ranges. For example, coastal regions like Konkan and Malabar have moderate temperatures, while north-western India experiences extreme seasonal contrasts. Also, the windward side of the Western Ghats receives heavy rainfall, while the leeward side remains relatively dry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyze the role of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean in shaping India's unique and varied climatic character.

<p>The Himalayas act as a barrier preventing cold winds from Central Asia from entering India, maintaining warmer temperatures. The Indian Ocean influences monsoon patterns, bringing moisture-laden winds which cause rainfall across the country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the key factors that differentiate the climatic conditions between southern and northern India. Provide specific examples related to temperature, rainfall, and seasonal variations.

<p>Southern India, being closer to the equator, experiences relatively consistent warm temperatures throughout the year. Northern India has more extreme temperature variations, with hot summers and cold winters. Rainfall in the south is more evenly distributed, while the north experiences distinct monsoon and dry periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the amount of rainfall vary so greatly across different parts of India?

<p>The varied relief features of India, such as mountains and plains, have a significant impact on rainfall patterns. The windward side of mountains receives more rainfall, while leeward sides receive less. Additionally, factors like distance from the coast and the direction of monsoon winds affect rainfall distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the differences observed between the cold weather and hot weather seasons of India with respect to the position of the sun, temperature ranges, and their impact on the northern region.

<p>During the cold weather season (December to February), the sun's rays are slanting in the northern region, resulting in average temperatures between 10°C and 15°C. In contrast, during the hot weather season (March to May), the sun's rays fall more directly on the northern region, leading to average temperatures ranging from 35°C to 45°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the unique geographic location and prominent physiographic features of India contribute to the development and characteristics of its monsoon system.

<p>India's location near the Equator leads to high temperatures, creating low-pressure zones. The Himalayas act as a barrier, intensifying monsoon winds. The Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal provide moisture, contributing to heavy rainfall, making India's monsoon system vigorous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the complete reversal of wind systems between summer and winter affect rainfall patterns and temperature variations across different regions of India?

<p>In summer, winds from the southwest bring moisture, causing heavy rainfall. In winter, winds from the northeast are dry, leading to low temperatures and minimal rainfall. This reversal creates distinct wet and dry seasons, affecting agriculture and water availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyze the factors that contribute to the uneven distribution of rainfall across India, and discuss the implications of this uneven distribution on agriculture and water resource management.

<p>Factors include orographic effects (windward vs. leeward sides of mountains), varying temperatures in water bodies, and monsoon wind patterns. This causes floods in some regions (over 200 cm rain) and drought in others (under 50 cm), demanding adaptive agricultural practices and effective water management to ensure food security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the leeward position of the southern plateau along the Western Ghats affect rainfall patterns in that region, and what are the primary economic and ecological consequences of this rain shadow effect?

<p>Due to its leeward position, the southern plateau receives minimal rainfall, creating arid conditions. This results in water scarcity, impacting agriculture and biodiversity. The economy suffers from lower crop yields and increased dependence on irrigation, while ecosystems struggle with reduced water availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contrast the climatic conditions and rainfall patterns associated with the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon, explaining why certain areas receive significantly higher levels of precipitation.

<p>The Bay of Bengal branch affects Bangladesh, West Bengal, and Odisha, with winds trapped in the mountains of Meghalaya, leading to very high rainfall. The Arabian Sea branch affects the western coast and northern plains, with relatively lower rainfall. The Bay of Bengal receives more rainfall due to its path and geographic features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Monsoon Type Climate

India experiences a climate influenced by its location in the tropical belt and the presence of monsoon winds.

Cold Weather Season (India)

Ranges from December to February, characterized by lower temperatures in northern India.

Hot Weather Season (India)

Ranges from March to May, characterized by high temperatures due to direct sunlight.

Rainfall Variation in India

The amount of rain varies greatly across India due to its diverse physiography.

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Rainfall Extremes in India

Mawsynram, near Cherrapunji in Meghalaya, receives about 1,080 cm of rainfall annually, while Jaisalmer in Rajasthan receives only 20 cm.

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Rainy Season in India

The season from June to September characterized by rainfall from the southwest monsoon.

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Retreating Monsoon

The period when winds shift, moving from the mainland back towards the Bay of Bengal, occurring in October and November.

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Tropic of Cancer's effect on India

The latitude that divides India into a northern sub-tropical/temperate zone and a southern tropical zone.

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Maritime Climate

A climate moderated by the proximity to large bodies of water, resulting in less extreme temperature variations.

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Orographic Rainfall

The effect of mountain ranges causing one side to receive heavy rainfall and the other side to remain dry.

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Monsoon's Unifying Effect

The regular seasonal wind patterns and the physical barrier of the Himalayas create similar climate experiences across different regions.

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Natural Vegetation

A plant community undisturbed by humans for a long time.

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Tropical Evergreen Rainforests

Regions with high rainfall (around 200 cm) and tall trees (up to 60m), found on Western Ghats and Northeast India.

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Deciduous (Monsoon) Forests

Areas with 100-200 cm rainfall, where trees shed leaves for 6-8 weeks, found along Himalayas and Deccan Plateau.

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Semi-desert/Desert Vegetation

Regions with less than 50 cm rainfall, featuring thorny bushes, acacia, and plants with long roots for water storage.

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Tidal/Mangrove Forests

Forests along coasts and deltas with trees adapted to salty water and low oxygen in the soil. Sundarbans in West Bengal are an example.

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Mountain Forests (lower)

Evergreen forests are found up to 1,500 metres, consisting of Sal, Teak and Bamboo.

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Rain-fed Subsistence Farming

Farming relying on rainfall, common in many Indian villages.

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Floristic Regions

The 8 regions of India with different types of plant-life. These are caused by climate, soil, and elevation.

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Climatic Diversity in India

India's climate varies due to its diverse relief features.

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Coastal vs. Inland Temperatures

Coastal regions experience less extreme temperatures compared to inland areas.

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Major Seasons of India

The Indian Meteorological Department recognizes four: cold, hot, rainy, and retreating monsoon.

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Cold Weather Season Duration

December to February, characterized by lower temperatures (10°C to 15°C in northern India).

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Hot Weather Season Timeline

March through May, with rising temperatures (35°C to 45°C).

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April (India)

Hottest month in western & southern India.

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May (India)

Hottest month in northern India.

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Monsoon Winds

Winds reverse direction seasonally, blowing land to sea in winter and sea to land in summer.

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The Himalayas

High mountain range that blocks cold winds from Central Asia and traps monsoon rains.

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Winter Weather Pattern

Winter weather influenced by: high pressure over northwest India, causing cold, dry winds to blow southward.

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Coromandel Coast Rainfall

Northeast monsoon winds gather moisture over the Bay of Bengal, bringing rain to this eastern coast of Tamil Nadu.

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Monsoon's Sociocultural Impact

Monsoon winds and the Himalayas influence lifestyles/economic activities, causing similar climate experiences across India.

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Winter Crops in India

Wheat crop grown in cool, irrigated areas during winter. Barley, gram, and oil seeds grow in unirrigated areas.

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Natural Vegetation Definition

A plant community that has been undisturbed for a long period of time.

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Tropical Evergreen Conditions

Survive short dry spells; thrive with 200 cm rainfall. Tall trees (60m+) on Western Ghats/Northeast India.

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Deciduous Forest Characteristics

Trees shed leaves for 6–8 weeks in dry seasons. Found where rainfall is 100–200 cm.

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Dominant Tree - Deciduous forest

Teak trees are the dominant species of this region.

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Desert Vegetation Adaptations

Areas with under 50 cm rainfall. Thorny bushes, long roots, fleshy stems to store water.

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Mangrove Forest Adaptations

Forests along coasts/deltas adapted to salty water. Roots breathe above ground.

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India's Climate Variation

Varied relief features cause diverse climatic conditions across the country.

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Inland Temperature Range

Temperatures increase as you move away from coastal areas.

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India's Climate Type

Located in the tropical belt amidst monsoon winds

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Climate Influences

The Himalayas and the Indian Ocean affect India's climate.

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Cause of Cold Weather Season

Sun's rays are slanting in the Northern Indian States

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Southwest Monsoon Season

The season when southwest monsoon winds bring rainfall across India.

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Monsoon Winds Definition

Winds that reverse seasonally, blowing from sea to land in summer and land to sea in winter.

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Distance from the Sea

The influence of the sea on temperature, making coastal areas have milder climate.

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Altitude

The height above sea level, impacting temperature – higher altitudes are cooler.

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Physiography

Mountains causing rain on the windward side and dryness on the leeward side.

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Tropic of Cancer's Influence

Northern India is sub-tropical/temperate; Southern India is tropical due to this latitude marker.

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Himalayas' Climate Role

Mountains protect India from cold Central Asian winds and block rain-bearing monsoon winds.

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Physiography's Impact on Rainfall

Influenced by mountains, causing heavy rain on one side and dryness on the other.

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Monsoon

The seasonal reversal of wind direction during a year.

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Four Major Seasons

The IMD recognizes the cold weather, hot weather, rainy season, and retreating monsoon.

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Climate Differences India

The temperature, rainfall, as well as the commencement and duration of different seasons differ in Southern vs Northern India.

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Temperature Range/Distance

The temperature range increases as one moves away from coastal areas.

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Climactic influences

The Himalayas and the Indian Ocean play a large role.

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Cause of Retreating Monsoon

During winter, high pressure over northwest India causes cold, dry winds towards southern low pressure areas.

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Farming and the Monsoon

Farmers begin activities like ploughing and sowing with the arrival of the monsoons.

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Definition of Natural Vegetation

Plant community that has been undisturbed for a long time.

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India's Floristic Regions

Western Himalayas, Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Indus Plain, Ganga Plain, Deccan, Malabar, Andamans.

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Semi-Desert Vegetation Traits

Areas with rainfall less than 50 cm, featuring thorny bushes and plants adapted to store water.

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Mangrove Forest Locations

Forests found along coasts and deltas adapted to salty water and low oxygen conditions.

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Dominant Tree - Mangrove Forests

Sundari trees are the most significant species found in these forests.

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Seasonal Clothing

Cotton clothes in summer, woolen in winter, especially in north and central India.

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Festivals and Seasons

Most Indian festivals are related to these seasons.

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Climatic Variation Cause

India's diverse land features lead to varied climates across the country.

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Monsoon Climate Defined

India's climate type, influenced by location and wind patterns.

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Four Indian Seasons

The four seasons, as defined by the IMD.

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Cold Season Time

December to February, with cooler temperatures and slanting sun rays in the north

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Hot Season Time

March to May, marked by rising temperatures due to direct sunlight.

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Retreating Monsoon Definition

The season when winds retreat from the mainland towards the Bay of Bengal.

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Equable/Maritime Climate

A climate influenced by proximity to the sea, characterized by less extreme temperature variations.

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Wind Reversal

The direction of wind reverses completely between summer and winter seasons.

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Orographic Rainfall Cause

Rainfall caused by moisture-bearing winds being obstructed by mountain ranges.

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Monsoon-Arabian Sea Branch

Winds from the Arabian Sea branch bring rain to western coast and plains of western and northern India.

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Retreating Monsoon Cause

Winter weather influenced by high pressure over northwest India; cold, dry winds blow southward.

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Monsoons/Agriculture

Farmers start ploughing, seeding, and transplanting when these arrive.

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Winter (Rabi) Crops

Crops grown in cool, irrigated areas during winter.

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Seasonal Clothing Types

Cotton in summer, wool in winter.

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Festivals & Seasons

Festivals related to these agricultural periods characterize the Indian year.

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Desert Vegetation Traits

Areas that receive less than 50 cm rainfall, featuring thorny bushes; plants have adaptations to store water

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Mangrove Adaptation

Trees have breathing roots and found along coasts/deltas -- adapted to salty water.

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Regional Climate Differences

Temperature, rainfall, and seasonal timing differ across India.

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Coastal Temperature Effect

Coastal areas have less extreme temperatures compared to inland regions.

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Climatic Influences on India

The Himalayas and Indian Ocean influence India's climate.

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Retreating Monsoon Season

Winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of Bengal during October and November, bringing rain to southern India.

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Tropical Zone Temperatures (India)

Southern India experiences consistently warm weather due to its closeness to the Equator.

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Himalayas' Climatic Influence

The Himalayan mountain range protects India from cold winds and traps monsoon rains.

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Physiography's Effect on Climate

Air pressure, wind direction, rainfall, and speed affected by India's diverse terrain.

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Climate

Weather conditions in a region over a long period.

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Northern India Winter Temperatures

The temperature ranges between 10°C and 15°C in northern India.

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Cause of Rising Summer Temperatures

Due to the sun's rays falling directly on the northern region.

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Duration of Summer Season

From March to May.

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Rainy Season (India)

The south-west monsoon season, bringing widespread rainfall across India.

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India's Latitudinal Extent

India lies between 6°N and 37°6'N, which means the southern part of the country experiences tropical weather.

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Distance from Sea (India)

The Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Bay of Bengal cause moderate temperatures in coastal India, while inland areas experience extreme temperatures.

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Wind Reversal (India)

During winter, winds blow from land to sea; summer winds blow from sea to land.

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High Pressure

Winter weather influenced by high pressure over northwest India, which causes cold, dry winds.

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Northeast Monsoon

Winds that collect moisture over the Bay of Bengal, bringing rain to the Coromandel Coast (Tamil Nadu).

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Monsoon Unity

Regular seasonal wind movements and the Himalayas, causing the lifestyles and economies to revolve around the wet and dry seasons.

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Monsoon Farming

Agricultural activities begin with the onset of the monsoon.

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Tropical Evergreen

Forests that thrive in high rainfall (around 200 cm) with tall trees; found on Western Ghats and Northeast India.

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Deciduous Forests

Forests where trees shed leaves for 6–8 weeks during dry seasons; found where rainfall is 100–200 cm.

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Desert Vegetation

Areas with rainfall less than 50 cm, featuring thorny bushes, shrubs and plants adapted to store water.

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Mangrove Forests

Forests along coasts and deltas adapted to salty water and low oxygen in the soil.

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Mountain Forests

Forests found at varying heights on mountains, ranging from evergreen to alpine types.

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Northern India Winter Temp

The average temperature ranges between 10°C and 15°C.

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Duration of Winter Season

From December to February.

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Cause of Rising Summer Temps

The sun's rays fall more or less directly on the northern region.

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Average Summer Temp

Ranges between 35°C to 45°C.

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Duration of Hot Season

From March to May.

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Monsoon - Bay of Bengal Branch

Winds from the Bay of Bengal branch bring rainfall to eastern India and Meghalaya, causing heavy rainfall in areas like Mawsynram and Cherrapunji.

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Physiography's Climate Effect

Temperature, air pressure, wind speed, and rainfall patterns are all affected by the physical features of India.

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Windward vs. Leeward Rainfall

Areas on the windward side of mountain ranges receive high rainfall, while the leeward side remains dry.

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High Pressure Winter

Winter weather influenced by high pressure over northwest India.

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Winter Winds

Cold, dry winds blow from northwest India towards southern low-pressure areas.

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Tropical Evergreen traits

Tropical Evergreen forests need high rainfall (around 200 cm) and tall trees (60m+).

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Deciduous Forest Traits

Deciduous Forests shed leaves for 6–8 weeks in dry seasons. Rainfall between 100–200 cm.

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India Climate Variation Cause

Varied relief features cause differences in climatic conditions across India.

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Konkan & Malabar Climate

Locations along these coasts don't experience very high or low temperatures.

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North-western India Seasonality

These parts of India have sharp differences in seasonal weather conditions.

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Indian Monsoon Season

The Indian Meteorological Department's name for the period from June to September.

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Hot Weather Temp Range

Average temperatures range in this season.

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Indian Monsoons

Seasonal winds reversing direction between summer and winter, affecting India's climate.

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Bay of Bengal Monsoon

The branch of monsoon winds impacting Bangladesh, West Bengal, Odisha, and Meghalaya.

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Arabian Sea Monsoon

Monsoon winds that travel over the Arabian Sea, bringing rain to India's western coast and northern plains.

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Unpredictable Rainfall

Unevenly distributed rainfall causing floods in high-rainfall areas and droughts in low-rainfall regions.

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Monsoons and Agriculture

Farmers start ploughing, seeding, and transplanting when the monsoons arrive.

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Maritime Climate Zones

Temperatures are moderated by proximity to the sea.

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What is Climate?

The study of weather conditions over a long period in a specific region.

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Coastal Climate Effect

Regions experience less extreme temperature variations due to the influence of nearby water bodies.

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Cause of Cold Season

Results from the slanting angle at which sunlight hits Northern Indian States.

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Cause: Retreating Monsoon

Winter high pressure over northwest India causes cold, dry winds toward low pressure areas in the south.

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Clothing/Seasons

Cotton in summer, woolen in winter.

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Indian Seasons

Most festivals are related to the harvesting and cropping season.

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Climate Definition

The study of weather conditions of a region over a long period of time.

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Four Seasons (India)

The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) recognizes these as cold, hot, rainy, and retreating monsoon.

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South-West Monsoon

The southwest monsoon season, experienced from June to September across India.

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India's Latitudinal Position

India lies between 6°N and 37°6'N. The Tropic of Cancer divides the country almost in half.

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Himalayan Climate Barrier

The mountain range shielding India from cold Central Asian winds and trapping the rain-bearing monsoon winds.

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Retreating Monsoon Winds

Winds that reverse seasonally, bringing cold, dry air from the north after the rainy season.

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Coromandel Coast

The eastern coast of Tamil Nadu that receives rainfall from the northeast monsoon winds.

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Monsoon's Unifying Influence

The unifying effect of regular monsoon patterns and the Himalayas on Indian climate and lifestyles.

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Monsoon-Dependent Farming

Agricultural activities such as ploughing, sowing, and transplanting that coincide with the monsoon season.

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Rabi Crops

Crops such as wheat, barley, gram, and oil seeds grown in the winter season.

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Undisturbed Vegetation

Plant life undisturbed by humans for a long time.

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Mountain (Alpine) Forests

Mountain forests that vary considerably along the slopes of mountains.

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India's Cold Season

The winter season in India, lasting from December to February.

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India's Varied Climate

Diverse land features affect temperature, rainfall, and wind patterns across the country.

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Cause of Cold in North India

Temperatures are lower in the north during this period because the sun's rays are slanting.

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India's Hot Season

The season from March to May with temperatures progressively increasing throughout the season.

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Cause of Heat in North India

The sun's rays are more direct in the northern region, causing temperatures to rise.

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Tropic of Cancer (India)

Divides India into subtropical/temperate north and tropical south, influencing temperature distribution.

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Rainfall Distribution (India)

Uneven distribution of rainfall across regions, leading to floods in some areas and droughts in others.

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Study Notes

  • India exhibits diverse climatic conditions due to its varied relief features.
  • Southern India's climate differs from that of northern India in temperature, rainfall, season onset, and duration.
  • As one moves away from India's coastal areas, the temperature range increases, resulting in sharp seasonal contrasts in north-western India.
  • Rainfall varies significantly: Mawsynram (Meghalaya) receives about 1,080 cm annually, while Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) receives only 20 cm.
  • The difference in the amount of rain received is due to India's varied physiography.
  • India experiences a Monsoon Type climate due to its tropical belt location amidst monsoon winds.
  • Despite its location north of the Equator, the Himalayas and Indian Ocean significantly shape India's distinct climatic character.

Major Seasons of India

  • The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) recognizes four seasons: cold weather, hot weather, rainy, and retreating monsoon.

Cold Weather Season

  • Lasts from December to February.
  • Average temperature in northern India ranges from 10°C to 15°C.
  • Low temperatures occur because the sun's rays are slanting over northern states.

Hot Weather Season

  • Begins in March and continues through May.
  • Average temperature ranges from 35°C to 45°C.
  • The sun's rays fall more directly on the northern region, causing temperatures to rise.
  • April is the hottest month for western and southern India, while May is the hottest for the regions in the north.

Rainy Season

  • The south-west monsoon season occurs from June to September.
  • Arrives via the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch.

Retreating Monsoon

  • Occurs in October and November.
  • Winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of Bengal.
  • Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of southern India receive rainfall during this season.

Factors Affecting the Climate of India

  • Factors influencing India's climate are location, latitudinal extent, distance from the sea, the Himalayas, physiography, altitude, and Wind Reversal.

Location and Latitudinal Extent

  • India lies between 6°N and 37°6'N latitudes, bisected by the Tropic of Cancer.
  • Northern India is a sub-tropical and temperate zone, while southern India is in the tropical zone.
  • Tropical zones experience high temperatures throughout the year due to proximity to the Equator.

Distance from the Sea

  • Southern India is surrounded by the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Bay of Bengal.
  • The climate of coastal regions is equable or maritime due to the presence of water bodies.
  • Interior regions have an extreme or continental type of climate due to lack of oceanic influence.

Himalayas

  • Protect India from cold, dry winds from Central Asia during winter.
  • Act as a barrier for rain-bearing south-west monsoon winds, preventing them from crossing India's northern frontiers.
  • Serve as a major climatic divide between the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia.

Physiography

  • Affects temperature, air pressure, wind direction and speed, and rainfall distribution.
  • Windward sides of the Western Ghats and Assam receive high rainfall from June through September, while the southern plateau remains dry due to its leeward position.

Altitude

  • High altitude regions in the Himalayas have lower temperatures even in summer.

Wind Reversal

  • Indian climate is characterized by complete wind system reversal with changing seasons.
  • During winter, dry trade winds blow from the north-east to the south-west, resulting in low temperatures and high pressure.
  • During summer, winds blow from the south-west to the north-east, carrying moisture.

Monsoons in India

  • The term 'monsoon' is derived from the Arabic word 'Mausim', which means 'season'.
  • India's climate is dominated by monsoon winds that blow from June to September, bringing heavy rainfall.
  • Monsoons are wind systems in tropical regions where wind direction reverses completely between summer and winter.
  • Winds blow from land to sea in winters and from sea to land in summers.
  • Most rainfall occurs in the summer, while winters are generally dry in the regions usually affected by the monsoons.

Monsoon of the Bay of Bengal Branch

  • Affects Bangladesh, West Bengal, and Odisha.
  • Winds reach Meghalaya and are trapped, causing maximum rainfall in places like Mawsynram and Cherrapunji.

Monsoon of the Arabian Sea Branch

  • Winds enter the western coast and the plains of western and northern India.
  • Rainfall is lesser compared to Assam, lasting from June to September.

Winter Monsoon

  • The continental interior of India becomes cooler than surrounding oceans.
  • Wind direction reverses, blowing from continental high pressure areas to low pressure areas over the oceans.
  • Creates the north-east monsoon over India.

Features of Monsoons in India

  • Orographic rainfall occurs when moisture-bearing winds are obstructed by mountain ranges.
  • The windward side gets heavy rain, while the leeward side gets scanty rain.
  • Rainfall amount varies, leading to floods and droughts.
  • Rainfall is not predictable, occurring early, late, or with timing variations.
  • South-west monsoon winds cause rainfall mainly in the summer.
  • North-east winter monsoon causes very limited rainfall.
  • Rainfall distribution is uneven; some regions get over 200 cm, while others get less than 50 cm annually.
  • Uneven rainfall distribution is due to the varying temperatures of the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, and the Indian Ocean.

Retreating Monsoon and Its Effect

  • High pressure develops over north-western India during winter.
  • Cold, dry winds blow toward southern low pressure areas, resulting in cold and dry weather.
  • North-east monsoon winds collect moisture over the Bay of Bengal and bring rain to the Coromandel Coast in Tamil Nadu.

Sociocultural Impact of Monsoon on India

  • Regular monsoon movements and the Himalayan mountain system unify India's climatic conditions.
  • Hot, wet, and cold seasons affect lifestyles and economic activities.
  • Farmers start agricultural activities with the onset of monsoons, including ploughing, sowing, and transplantation.
  • Wheat is the major rabi crop in cool, irrigated areas during winter; barley, gram, and oil seeds are common in unirrigated regions.
  • Clothes worn are seasonal; cotton clothes in summer and woollen clothes in winter in north and central India.
  • Most Indian festivals relate to harvesting and cropping seasons.
  • Rainfall signifies celebration because of long dry periods.
  • Traditional farming is rain-fed subsistence farming.
  • Different regions produce different crops based on weather variations.

Natural Vegetation of India

  • Refers to a plant community undisturbed for a long period.
  • India has rich and varied natural vegetation with diverse flora and fauna.
  • India is divided into eight floristic regions: western Himalayas, eastern Himalayas, Assam, Indus Plain, Ganga Plain, Deccan, Malabar, and the Andamans.
  • Natural vegetation is generally divided into tropical evergreen rainforests, deciduous forests, semi-desert and desert vegetation, tidal or mangrove forests, and mountain forests.

Tropical Evergreen Rainforests

  • Tropical evergreen forests can survive a small dry spell but grow best with approximately 200 cm average rainfall.
  • Trees grow up to 60 metres and above.
  • Found on the slopes of the Western Ghats, north-eastern regions, Tarai areas of the Himalayas, and the Andaman Islands.
  • Dense growth includes no definite period for shedding leaves.
  • Important trees: sishu, chaplash, rosewood, mahogany, bamboo, garjan, and eucalyptus.
  • Common animals: elephant, okapi, jaguar, gibbon, hippopotamus, armadillo, monkey, and Jemur.

Deciduous or Monsoon Type of Forests

  • Found in areas with 100 cm to 200 cm rainfall.
  • Trees shed leaves for six to eight weeks during dry summer and dry winter.
  • Located along the foothills of the Himalayas, the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, the wet regions of the Deccan plateau, the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, and the states of Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
  • Main trees: teak, sal, peepal, neem, sandalwood, deodar, blue gum, ebony, shisham, jackfruit, mahua, pal ash, arjun, khair, and bamboo.
  • Teak is the dominant species.
  • Animals: lion, tiger, pig, deer, monkey, and nilgai.

Semi-desert and Desert Vegetation

  • Areas with less than 50 cm rainfall have semi-desert or desert vegetation.
  • Thorny bushes, acacia, babul, and sand-binding grasses are found.
  • The Indian wild date can also be found.
  • Vegetation has long roots and thick fleshy stems to store water during drought.
  • Found in Rajasthan and the dry parts of Gujarat, Punjab, and the Deccan Plateau.
  • Animals: camel, fox, lizard, snake, and other reptiles.

Tidal or Mangrove Forest

  • Grow along coasts and edges of deltas, such as the deltas of the rivers Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri.
  • Known as Sundarbans in West Bengal.
  • Sundari is the most significant tree.
  • Other trees: hogla, garan, gewa, golpata, and pasur.
  • Palm and coconut trees adorn coastal strips.
  • Vegetation has breathing roots to adapt to mangrove mud with poor oxygen storage.
  • Forests supply timber and firewood.
  • Home to royal Bengal tiger, saltwater crocodile, horseshoe crab, olive ridley turtle, and the Ganga dolphin.

Mountain Forests

  • Also known as Alpine or Montane forests.
  • Vary considerably along mountain slopes.
  • Evergreen trees (sal, teak, bamboo, and cane) grow abundantly up to 1,500 metres in the Himalayas.
  • Temperate conifer trees (pine, fir, oak, maple, deodar, laure spruce, and cedar) grow between 1,500 metres to 3,500 metres.
  • Rhododendrons and junipers grow at higher altitudes.
  • Alpine grasslands appear beyond these vegetation belts up to the snowfield.
  • Animals found: snow leopard, panda, yak, tahr, musk deer, and chiru.

Conservation of Forests

  • The first National Forest Policy (NFP) was devised in 1894 by the British administration.
  • Revised in 1952, setting 33 per cent total forest cover as the target.
  • India's current forest policy requires 60 per cent forest cover in the hills and 20 per cent in the plains.
  • Indiscriminate deforestation should be prohibited.
  • Wastage of timber and firewood should be avoided.
  • Forest area should be increased by afforestation.
  • Alternative energy sources, such as biogas, should be used.
  • Forest fires should be prevented
  • Pests and diseases of the forest trees should be controlled chemically and biologically.
  • Grazing of cattle in forests should be discouraged.
  • Reforestation of the deforested areas should be undertaken.
  • Large afforestation should be done in areas unfit for agriculture.
  • Operations for improved and selective cutting should be adopted in forest management.

Afforestation Programmes of the Government of India

  • Social Forestry Programme (1976) grows trees on public land for rural community benefit.
  • Trees raised for firewood, fodder, and fruits to reduce demand on existing forests.
  • Agro-forestry Programme revives farming, forestry, and animal husbandry on the same land.

Reserve Forests

  • Trees are grown in ecologically fragile areas.
  • Felling trees and grazing cattle are prohibited.
  • Van Mahotsava, dedicated to tree plantation, is held each year in February and July since 1950.
  • International agencies like the World Bank, USAID, CIDA, and SIDA support afforestation programs.
  • Central Arid Zone Research Institute at Jodhpur checks the spread of Rajasthan desert lands.

Wildlife in India

  • Has more than 89,000 animal species and 1,200 species of birds.
  • Home to almost five to eight per cent of the world's amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
  • Animals include the one-horned rhinoceros, wild ass, camel, Indian bison, blue bull, Barasingha, deer, and monkeys.
  • Only country with both tigers and lions; lions are found in Gir forest in Gujarat.
  • Tigers are found in the Sundarbans of West Bengal, the forests of Madhya Pradesh, and the Himalayan region.
  • High altitude regions are home to the yak, Tibetan antelope, bharal, and kiang.
  • Elephants are found in the hot, wet forests of Assam, Karnataka, and Kerala.

Threats to Indian Wildlife

  • Decreased capacity of wildlife sanctuaries due to overcrowding.
  • Increased tourist footfall to national parks, leading to pollution and wildlife road fatalities.
  • Frequent wildfires kill animals and destroy their natural habitat.
  • Water pollution from chemicals and toxic effluents threatens animals and birds.
  • Poaching endangers wildlife despite the establishment of sanctuaries and national parks.

Steps Taken by the Government for Preservation of Flora and Fauna

  • India has 18 biosphere reserves, including the Sundarbans, Nanda Devi, the Gulf of Mannar, and the Nilgiris, Nokrek, Great Nicobar, Manas, Simlipal, Dihang-Dibang, Dibru Saikhowa, Agasthyamalai, Kanchenjunga, Pachmari, Panna and Achanakmar-Amarkantak.
  • Projects like Project Tiger, Project Rhino, and Project Great Indian Bustard have been introduced to revive endangered species.
  • 89 national parks, 49 wildlife sanctuaries, and zoological gardens have been established to preserve and protect the natural heritage.

National Parks

  • Areas set aside for the protection and conservation of fauna, flora, geological formations, and scenic environments.
  • Hunting, killing, or capturing of fauna and deprivation of habitat is prohibited
  • Destruction or collection of flora is prohibited.
  • Weapons are not allowed inside national parks.
  • Only activities related to wildlife protection and management are permitted under park authorities.
  • Grazing of livestock is strictly prohibited.
  • Alteration of boundaries can only be made by a resolution passed by the State legislature.

Important National Parks

  • Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest national park in India, located in Nainital, Uttarakhand, and was established to protect Bengal tigers.
  • Named after Jim Corbett, who played a key role in its establishment in the 1930s.
  • Has 488 plant species and diverse fauna.
  • Increase in tourist activity poses a challenge to ecological balance.
  • Ranthambore National Park is located in Sawai Madhopur district of Rajasthan and is known for its Bengal tigers.
  • One of the best places in Iindia to see tigers in their natural habitat.
  • Became a national park in 1980; adjacent forests declared as Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary and Keladevi Sanctuary in 1984.
  • The tiger reserve was enlarged in 1991 to include the Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary and Keladevi Sanctuary.
  • Kaziranga National Park is a World Heritage Site in Assam, an ideal habitat for the one-horned rhinoceros, and is a paradise for bird watchers.
  • Located on the banks of the Brahmaputra River in Assam.
  • Migratory birds visit in large numbers during winter.
  • Sundarbans is the world's largest estuarine forest and delta, located on the lower end of the Gangetic West Bengal.
  • Tourists travel by boats through mangrove forests.
  • Gir Forest National Park located in Gujarat is home to Asiatic lions and is a sanctuary for wild animals such as spotted deer, sambar, nilgai, and antelope.

Additional Facts

  • The monsoon season influences gold demand in India as purchases increase with higher farm incomes from crop output.
  • The Thar Desert is home to animals such as the chinkara, the Great Indian Bustard, and the Indian wild ass.
  • Home to 23 species of lizards and 25 species of snakes.
  • No human activity is allowed inside National Parks.
  • Limited activities are permitted within Wildlife/Bird Sanctuaries
  • Biosphere reserves allow limited economic activity such as sand mining and stone quarying with regulation.
  • Enchancement and better management of wildlife protection is controled by park authorities.
  • Ranthambore Wildlife Sanctuary is in the Sawai Madhopur district of Rajasthan and is one of the largest national parks in northern India.

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