Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the definition of implicit self-esteem?
What is the definition of implicit self-esteem?
- Concrete positive evaluations of ourselves
- Less conscious evaluations people make of themselves (correct)
- Recognition of one's personal qualities
- Explicit self-esteem scales
Which group is less likely to answer explicit self-esteem scales in a self-enhancing manner?
Which group is less likely to answer explicit self-esteem scales in a self-enhancing manner?
- Young children
- Adolescents and young adults
- Asians, especially the Japanese (correct)
- Elderly individuals
According to Erik Erikson, when do issues of self or identity become especially important?
According to Erik Erikson, when do issues of self or identity become especially important?
- In elderly age
- In infancy
- In adolescence and young adulthood (correct)
- In childhood
At what stage does the sense of self begin to develop according to the text?
At what stage does the sense of self begin to develop according to the text?
What is self-complexity?
What is self-complexity?
Which group showed greater increases in self-esteem upon acceptance and greater decreases upon rejection, according to the text?
Which group showed greater increases in self-esteem upon acceptance and greater decreases upon rejection, according to the text?
What role do self-efficacy beliefs play in self-regulation, according to the text?
What role do self-efficacy beliefs play in self-regulation, according to the text?
What is the significance of personal control in decision-making, according to the text?
What is the significance of personal control in decision-making, according to the text?
Individuals with simple self-conceptions focusing on one or two predominant attributes are:
Individuals with simple self-conceptions focusing on one or two predominant attributes are:
What are the two motivational systems mentioned in the text?
What are the two motivational systems mentioned in the text?
How can working self-concept be different from stable self-concept, as per the text?
How can working self-concept be different from stable self-concept, as per the text?
What is the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and personal control, according to the text?
What is the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and personal control, according to the text?
What can make individuals more vulnerable to increases and decreases in self-esteem, as mentioned in the text?
What can make individuals more vulnerable to increases and decreases in self-esteem, as mentioned in the text?
What is the significance of self-complexity for self-regulation, as per the text?
What is the significance of self-complexity for self-regulation, as per the text?
How do individuals with simple self-conceptions fare compared to those with complex self-conceptions, as mentioned in the text?
How do individuals with simple self-conceptions fare compared to those with complex self-conceptions, as mentioned in the text?
What is social identity?
What is social identity?
What is ethnic identity?
What is ethnic identity?
Which statement about minority group members is true?
Which statement about minority group members is true?
What are the four identity orientations based on?
What are the four identity orientations based on?
What can occur when individuals perceive themselves as members of a particular group?
What can occur when individuals perceive themselves as members of a particular group?
What does ethnic identity relate to when accompanied by a positive mainstream orientation?
What does ethnic identity relate to when accompanied by a positive mainstream orientation?
How does the concept of self vary across cultures?
How does the concept of self vary across cultures?
What do independent and interdependent conceptions of self have important consequences on?
What do independent and interdependent conceptions of self have important consequences on?
How is the measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals done?
How is the measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals done?
What do examples of statements used in the measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals include?
What do examples of statements used in the measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals include?
What are possible selves?
What are possible selves?
How do possible selves help individuals?
How do possible selves help individuals?
What impact did imagining a successful possible self have in a study?
What impact did imagining a successful possible self have in a study?
What is the role of self-schemas, including possible selves?
What is the role of self-schemas, including possible selves?
According to self-discrepancy theory, what happens when there are discrepancies between actual self and ideal self?
According to self-discrepancy theory, what happens when there are discrepancies between actual self and ideal self?
What is self-regulation?
What is self-regulation?
What is the working self-concept?
What is the working self-concept?
When can the academic self be dominant?
When can the academic self be dominant?
What can self-esteem be based on?
What can self-esteem be based on?
What do discrepancies between actual self and ought self produce?
What do discrepancies between actual self and ought self produce?
What are individuals predisposed to think according to self-discrepancy theory?
What are individuals predisposed to think according to self-discrepancy theory?
What is one source of self-knowledge mentioned in the text?
What is one source of self-knowledge mentioned in the text?
Which factor can influence self-concept?
Which factor can influence self-concept?
Which theory suggests that perceptions of emotions depend on both physiological arousal and cognitive label?
Which theory suggests that perceptions of emotions depend on both physiological arousal and cognitive label?
What is reflected appraisals, as mentioned in the text?
What is reflected appraisals, as mentioned in the text?
What can provide insight into certain aspects of the self but may not be useful for important aspects?
What can provide insight into certain aspects of the self but may not be useful for important aspects?
What did McGuire and associates find about students' self-descriptions?
What did McGuire and associates find about students' self-descriptions?
What can influence people's perceptions of their own qualities?
What can influence people's perceptions of their own qualities?
What can be used when direct information is not available but can be biased?
What can be used when direct information is not available but can be biased?
What role does socialization play in shaping self-concept?
What role does socialization play in shaping self-concept?
In independent cultures, people prioritize which of the following as stronger predictors of life satisfaction?
In independent cultures, people prioritize which of the following as stronger predictors of life satisfaction?
Which study found a lower relation between self-esteem and life satisfaction in interdependent cultures?
Which study found a lower relation between self-esteem and life satisfaction in interdependent cultures?
What is the impact of language on Chinese-born students, according to the text?
What is the impact of language on Chinese-born students, according to the text?
What do people with independent self-construals focus on, according to the text?
What do people with independent self-construals focus on, according to the text?
What are self-schemas, as mentioned in the text?
What are self-schemas, as mentioned in the text?
What do people with strong self-schemas concerning independence may do?
What do people with strong self-schemas concerning independence may do?
What did another study mentioned in the text investigate in interdependent cultures?
What did another study mentioned in the text investigate in interdependent cultures?
What is the variability within Western cultures in the expression of the independent sense of self attributed to?
What is the variability within Western cultures in the expression of the independent sense of self attributed to?
Who is more likely than men to have an interdependent sense of self, according to the text?
Who is more likely than men to have an interdependent sense of self, according to the text?
What do people hold schemas about, as mentioned in the text?
What do people hold schemas about, as mentioned in the text?
What can negative beliefs about oneself be?
What can negative beliefs about oneself be?
Where does implicit self-esteem come from?
Where does implicit self-esteem come from?
What did the study of implicit self-esteem among Japanese students reveal?
What did the study of implicit self-esteem among Japanese students reveal?
According to Erik Erikson, at what stage does the sense of self begin to develop?
According to Erik Erikson, at what stage does the sense of self begin to develop?
What is the significance of self-knowledge in the development of the sense of self, as per the text?
What is the significance of self-knowledge in the development of the sense of self, as per the text?
Which factor is important for self-regulation?
Which factor is important for self-regulation?
What do individuals with simple self-conceptions, focusing on one or two predominant attributes, tend to be, as per the text?
What do individuals with simple self-conceptions, focusing on one or two predominant attributes, tend to be, as per the text?
What role do self-efficacy beliefs play in self-regulation?
What role do self-efficacy beliefs play in self-regulation?
What are the two motivational systems mentioned in the text?
What are the two motivational systems mentioned in the text?
What is the impact of language on Chinese-born students?
What is the impact of language on Chinese-born students?
What is the significance of personal control in decision-making, according to the text?
What is the significance of personal control in decision-making, according to the text?
What can influence people's perceptions of their own qualities?
What can influence people's perceptions of their own qualities?
What are possible selves, as mentioned in the text?
What are possible selves, as mentioned in the text?
What is the variability within Western cultures in the expression of the independent sense of self attributed to?
What is the variability within Western cultures in the expression of the independent sense of self attributed to?
What is working self-concept as mentioned in the text?
What is working self-concept as mentioned in the text?
What are possible selves?
What are possible selves?
What is the role of self-schemas, including possible selves?
What is the role of self-schemas, including possible selves?
When there are discrepancies between the actual self and ideal self, what does self-discrepancy theory suggest?
When there are discrepancies between the actual self and ideal self, what does self-discrepancy theory suggest?
What is the significance of the working self-concept?
What is the significance of the working self-concept?
What can influence people's perceptions of their own qualities, as per the text?
What can influence people's perceptions of their own qualities, as per the text?
What does self-regulation involve, according to the text?
What does self-regulation involve, according to the text?
How can the academic self be dominant in a given situation?
How can the academic self be dominant in a given situation?
What is reflected appraisals, as mentioned in the text?
What is reflected appraisals, as mentioned in the text?
How does language impact Chinese-born students, according to the text?
How does language impact Chinese-born students, according to the text?
What are individuals with simple self-conceptions focusing on one or two predominant attributes?
What are individuals with simple self-conceptions focusing on one or two predominant attributes?
What did another study mentioned in the text investigate in interdependent cultures?
What did another study mentioned in the text investigate in interdependent cultures?
What are the two motivational systems mentioned in the text?
What are the two motivational systems mentioned in the text?
Where can self-knowledge come from, according to the text?
Where can self-knowledge come from, according to the text?
What contributes to self-knowledge through how others perceive and react to us?
What contributes to self-knowledge through how others perceive and react to us?
According to Stanley Schachter's theory of emotional experience, what do perceptions of emotions depend on?
According to Stanley Schachter's theory of emotional experience, what do perceptions of emotions depend on?
What can be used when direct information is not available, but such comparisons can be biased?
What can be used when direct information is not available, but such comparisons can be biased?
What is another source of self-knowledge mentioned in the text besides socialization and personal experiences?
What is another source of self-knowledge mentioned in the text besides socialization and personal experiences?
What did McGuire and associates find about students' self-descriptions?
What did McGuire and associates find about students' self-descriptions?
What is the impact of language on Chinese-born students, according to the text?
What is the impact of language on Chinese-born students, according to the text?
What is the significance of personal control in decision-making, according to the text?
What is the significance of personal control in decision-making, according to the text?
What do individuals with simple self-conceptions focusing on one or two predominant attributes do?
What do individuals with simple self-conceptions focusing on one or two predominant attributes do?
Which concept refers to the part of an individual's self-concept derived from their membership in social groups and the emotional significance attached to that membership?
Which concept refers to the part of an individual's self-concept derived from their membership in social groups and the emotional significance attached to that membership?
What predicts the amount of contact individuals have with their ethnic group and the larger society?
What predicts the amount of contact individuals have with their ethnic group and the larger society?
When individuals perceive themselves as members of a particular group and behave in line with the group's norms, including both positive and negative attributes, it is known as:
When individuals perceive themselves as members of a particular group and behave in line with the group's norms, including both positive and negative attributes, it is known as:
What is the specific type of social identity related to an individual's membership in a particular ethnic group?
What is the specific type of social identity related to an individual's membership in a particular ethnic group?
Which concept refers to the degree of identification with one's ethnic group and the majority group?
Which concept refers to the degree of identification with one's ethnic group and the majority group?
What does cross-cultural research show about independent and interdependent conceptions of self?
What does cross-cultural research show about independent and interdependent conceptions of self?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between ethnic identity and self-esteem?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between ethnic identity and self-esteem?
In independent cultures, what do people place importance on for life satisfaction?
In independent cultures, what do people place importance on for life satisfaction?
What did Ross and associates find about Chinese-born students?
What did Ross and associates find about Chinese-born students?
What do people with strong self-schemas concerning independence may do?
What do people with strong self-schemas concerning independence may do?
What did the study mentioned in the text investigate in interdependent cultures?
What did the study mentioned in the text investigate in interdependent cultures?
As per the text, who is more likely than men to have an interdependent sense of self?
As per the text, who is more likely than men to have an interdependent sense of self?
What is reflected appraisals, as mentioned in the text?
What is reflected appraisals, as mentioned in the text?
What is the significance of language on Chinese-born students, according to the text?
What is the significance of language on Chinese-born students, according to the text?
What do individuals with strong self-schemas concerning interdependence may prioritize?
What do individuals with strong self-schemas concerning interdependence may prioritize?
What do people hold schemas about, as mentioned in the text?
What do people hold schemas about, as mentioned in the text?
How can working self-concept be different from stable self-concept, as per the text?
How can working self-concept be different from stable self-concept, as per the text?
According to Trope (1983), in the absence of factors inducing people to save face or strive to succeed, they tend to pick tasks that are most informative about their abilities, tasks that he calls ___.
According to Trope (1983), in the absence of factors inducing people to save face or strive to succeed, they tend to pick tasks that are most informative about their abilities, tasks that he calls ___.
In the context of self-verification, what may influence whether people feel the need to self-enhance?
In the context of self-verification, what may influence whether people feel the need to self-enhance?
If a college student wants to know if they are a good table tennis player, according to the text, where would they be unlikely to go?
If a college student wants to know if they are a good table tennis player, according to the text, where would they be unlikely to go?
What is the main reason for people needing to have a fairly accurate assessment of their abilities, as stated in the text?
What is the main reason for people needing to have a fairly accurate assessment of their abilities, as stated in the text?
What is the term used to describe people's tendency to see themselves more positively than others do?
What is the term used to describe people's tendency to see themselves more positively than others do?
What do people recall more easily than their failures?
What do people recall more easily than their failures?
What theory suggests that people may cope with specific threats to their self-worth by affirming unrelated aspects of themselves?
What theory suggests that people may cope with specific threats to their self-worth by affirming unrelated aspects of themselves?
In which cultures is self-enhancement more likely to be influenced, according to the text?
In which cultures is self-enhancement more likely to be influenced, according to the text?
What did the experiment mentioned in the text support regarding people's coping with threats to their self-worth?
What did the experiment mentioned in the text support regarding people's coping with threats to their self-worth?
What did the study reveal about high self-esteem individuals and self-affirmation after a failure experience?
What did the study reveal about high self-esteem individuals and self-affirmation after a failure experience?
What is the term used to describe the ability of self-enhancement to foster personal well-being, positive social interactions, and productive work?
What is the term used to describe the ability of self-enhancement to foster personal well-being, positive social interactions, and productive work?
What can be influenced by culture, leading to more evident self-enhancement?
What can be influenced by culture, leading to more evident self-enhancement?
What did the study of implicit self-esteem among Japanese students reveal?
What did the study of implicit self-esteem among Japanese students reveal?
What does self-affirmation theory suggest as a coping mechanism for threats to self-worth?
What does self-affirmation theory suggest as a coping mechanism for threats to self-worth?
What is the term used to describe the process of individuals bolstering their self-perceptions in other areas when facing threats?
What is the term used to describe the process of individuals bolstering their self-perceptions in other areas when facing threats?
What do individuals with low self-esteem tend to be less likely to do after a failure experience, according to the text?
What do individuals with low self-esteem tend to be less likely to do after a failure experience, according to the text?
What is the primary purpose of accurate self-assessment in the context of the faculty table tennis tournament?
What is the primary purpose of accurate self-assessment in the context of the faculty table tennis tournament?
What motivates self-improvement?
What motivates self-improvement?
What is the primary influence on the need for self-enhancement according to the text?
What is the primary influence on the need for self-enhancement according to the text?
What is the significance of self-improvement being focused on specific tasks rather than global traits?
What is the significance of self-improvement being focused on specific tasks rather than global traits?
How does self-verification influence individuals' preferences for interacting with others?
How does self-verification influence individuals' preferences for interacting with others?
What is the primary motivator for self-improvement according to the text?
What is the primary motivator for self-improvement according to the text?
What is the main drive behind people's evaluations of themselves and their attitudes?
What is the main drive behind people's evaluations of themselves and their attitudes?
According to social comparison theory, which type of comparisons are preferred for evaluating abilities and opinions?
According to social comparison theory, which type of comparisons are preferred for evaluating abilities and opinions?
What do individuals with simple self-conceptions focusing on one or two predominant attributes tend to be?
What do individuals with simple self-conceptions focusing on one or two predominant attributes tend to be?
In which stage of development does Erik Erikson propose that the sense of self begins to develop?
In which stage of development does Erik Erikson propose that the sense of self begins to develop?
What is the significance of personal control in decision-making, as mentioned in the text?
What is the significance of personal control in decision-making, as mentioned in the text?
What do people with strong self-schemas concerning independence may prioritize?
What do people with strong self-schemas concerning independence may prioritize?
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What is the definition of implicit self-esteem?
What is the definition of implicit self-esteem?
What is reflected appraisals, as mentioned in the text?
What is reflected appraisals, as mentioned in the text?
What can occur when individuals perceive themselves as members of a particular group?
What can occur when individuals perceive themselves as members of a particular group?
According to Stanley Schachter's theory of emotional experience, what do perceptions of emotions depend on?
According to Stanley Schachter's theory of emotional experience, what do perceptions of emotions depend on?
According to Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model, how does the performance of other people in our social environment affect our self-evaluation?
According to Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model, how does the performance of other people in our social environment affect our self-evaluation?
What does the comparison effect, as per the text, lead to?
What does the comparison effect, as per the text, lead to?
What does Terror Management Theory propose about people's behavior when their mortality is threatened?
What does Terror Management Theory propose about people's behavior when their mortality is threatened?
What cultural differences in self-enhancement exist, as mentioned in the text?
What cultural differences in self-enhancement exist, as mentioned in the text?
What does Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model explain about the impact of other people's performance on our self-evaluation?
What does Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model explain about the impact of other people's performance on our self-evaluation?
What is the reflection effect, as per the text?
What is the reflection effect, as per the text?
How does self-affirmation theory suggest people with low self-esteem may react after failure?
How does self-affirmation theory suggest people with low self-esteem may react after failure?
What does Terror Management Theory propose about people's vulnerability to anxiety about mortality?
What does Terror Management Theory propose about people's vulnerability to anxiety about mortality?
What is subjective well-being?
What is subjective well-being?
What effect did the exposure to Mr. Clean or Mr. Dirty have on participants' self-esteem?
What effect did the exposure to Mr. Clean or Mr. Dirty have on participants' self-esteem?
What did Festinger (1954) suggest about people's social comparisons?
What did Festinger (1954) suggest about people's social comparisons?
What makes people happier?
What makes people happier?
What does assimilation effect refer to as described in the text?
What does assimilation effect refer to as described in the text?
What impact did the unsolicited comparisons have on participants' self-evaluations according to the text?
What impact did the unsolicited comparisons have on participants' self-evaluations according to the text?
What is the primary influence on the need for self-enhancement according to the text?
What is the primary influence on the need for self-enhancement according to the text?
What do people seek regarding their self-concept, as mentioned in the text?
What do people seek regarding their self-concept, as mentioned in the text?
According to Trope (1983), what kind of tasks do people tend to pick in the absence of factors that might induce them to save face or strive to succeed?
According to Trope (1983), what kind of tasks do people tend to pick in the absence of factors that might induce them to save face or strive to succeed?
When people receive discrepant feedback from others, what may they be motivated to focus active attention on, according to the text?
When people receive discrepant feedback from others, what may they be motivated to focus active attention on, according to the text?
In the example given about a college student wanting to know if they are a good table tennis player, why are they unlikely to go to a children’s table tennis class or to the Turkish table tennis championship games?
In the example given about a college student wanting to know if they are a good table tennis player, why are they unlikely to go to a children’s table tennis class or to the Turkish table tennis championship games?
What do people with an independent sense of self endorse more than members of cultures with an interdependent sense of self?
What do people with an independent sense of self endorse more than members of cultures with an interdependent sense of self?
In the study by Kenneth and Gergen (1970), what impact did exposure to 'Mr. Dirty' have on participants' self-esteem?
In the study by Kenneth and Gergen (1970), what impact did exposure to 'Mr. Dirty' have on participants' self-esteem?
According to Festinger (1954), to whom do people compare themselves?
According to Festinger (1954), to whom do people compare themselves?
What is the evaluation of one's life in terms of satisfaction called?
What is the evaluation of one's life in terms of satisfaction called?
What may make people happier because they are open to positive reinterpretation more than material possessions?
What may make people happier because they are open to positive reinterpretation more than material possessions?
What is the primary factor related to well-being according to the text?
What is the primary factor related to well-being according to the text?
Which type of individuals are more likely to seek information about the best and the worst cases when the meaning of underlying dimension is not clear for them?
Which type of individuals are more likely to seek information about the best and the worst cases when the meaning of underlying dimension is not clear for them?
What can social comparison processes exert powerful effects on, according to the text?
What can social comparison processes exert powerful effects on, according to the text?
What do unsolicited comparisons have important effects on, according to the text?
What do unsolicited comparisons have important effects on, according to the text?
What do people compare themselves to?
What do people compare themselves to?
What did participants who had an opportunity for an upward comparison with 'Mr. Clean' suffer, according to the study mentioned in the text?
What did participants who had an opportunity for an upward comparison with 'Mr. Clean' suffer, according to the study mentioned in the text?
What leads to a sense of subjective well-being, according to the text?
What leads to a sense of subjective well-being, according to the text?
What is the evaluation of one's life in terms of satisfaction referred to as?
What is the evaluation of one's life in terms of satisfaction referred to as?
What did the study by Kenneth and Gergen (1970) investigate in relation to participants' self-esteem?
What did the study by Kenneth and Gergen (1970) investigate in relation to participants' self-esteem?
In the context of social comparison, what effect does the contrast effect lead to?
In the context of social comparison, what effect does the contrast effect lead to?
What is well-being more dependent on?
What is well-being more dependent on?
What theory suggests that people may cope with specific threats to their self-worth by affirming unrelated aspects of themselves?
What theory suggests that people may cope with specific threats to their self-worth by affirming unrelated aspects of themselves?
In the context of self-concept and identity, what does subjective well being evaluate?
In the context of self-concept and identity, what does subjective well being evaluate?
What did Festinger (1954) suggest people compare themselves to in social comparison processes?
What did Festinger (1954) suggest people compare themselves to in social comparison processes?
What can boost confidence and instill motivation or lead to feelings of incompetence and unsuccessfulness?
What can boost confidence and instill motivation or lead to feelings of incompetence and unsuccessfulness?
What concept suggests that people compare themselves to others based on related-attributes similarity?
What concept suggests that people compare themselves to others based on related-attributes similarity?
"Unsolicited comparisons can have important effects on a person," according to the text. What did the study by Kenneth and Gergen (1970) investigate in relation to these comparisons?
"Unsolicited comparisons can have important effects on a person," according to the text. What did the study by Kenneth and Gergen (1970) investigate in relation to these comparisons?
In the context of social comparison, what effect does the contrast effect lead to?
In the context of social comparison, what effect does the contrast effect lead to?
According to self-affirmation theory, how do people with low self-esteem react after failure?
According to self-affirmation theory, how do people with low self-esteem react after failure?
What does Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model explain about the impact of other people's performance on our self-evaluation?
What does Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model explain about the impact of other people's performance on our self-evaluation?
What is the reflection effect as per the text?
What is the reflection effect as per the text?
What is the significance of cultural differences in self-enhancement?
What is the significance of cultural differences in self-enhancement?
According to Terror Management Theory, what are people more likely to do when their mortality is threatened?
According to Terror Management Theory, what are people more likely to do when their mortality is threatened?
What does Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model explain about the impact of other people's performance on our self-evaluation?
What does Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model explain about the impact of other people's performance on our self-evaluation?
What occurs when another person outperforms us on a behavior that is relevant to our self-definition?
What occurs when another person outperforms us on a behavior that is relevant to our self-definition?
What do cultural differences in self-enhancement suggest about the prevalence of self-serving attributional bias?
What do cultural differences in self-enhancement suggest about the prevalence of self-serving attributional bias?
How does Terror Management Theory propose people react to their vulnerability to anxiety about mortality?
How does Terror Management Theory propose people react to their vulnerability to anxiety about mortality?
What is one of the three kinds of positive illusions mentioned in the text?
What is one of the three kinds of positive illusions mentioned in the text?
What do people remember better about themselves?
What do people remember better about themselves?
In what situation do people tend to engage in self-affirmation, according to the text?
In what situation do people tend to engage in self-affirmation, according to the text?
Which individuals were more likely to self-affirm after a failure experience in an experiment mentioned in the text?
Which individuals were more likely to self-affirm after a failure experience in an experiment mentioned in the text?
What does culture influence in relation to self-enhancement?
What does culture influence in relation to self-enhancement?
How does self-affirmation impact well-being and failure, according to the text?
How does self-affirmation impact well-being and failure, according to the text?
What kind of culture is more likely to foster self-enhancement, according to the text?
What kind of culture is more likely to foster self-enhancement, according to the text?
What do people tend to attribute positive outcomes to, according to the text?
What do people tend to attribute positive outcomes to, according to the text?
In what situations does self-enhancement become particularly important, according to the text?
In what situations does self-enhancement become particularly important, according to the text?
What do people evaluate more favorably than others, as per the text?
What do people evaluate more favorably than others, as per the text?
What is an example of a positive illusion mentioned in the text?
What is an example of a positive illusion mentioned in the text?
What is an example of how people respond to threats, as mentioned in the text?
What is an example of how people respond to threats, as mentioned in the text?
What is the primary motivation behind self-improvement according to the text?
What is the primary motivation behind self-improvement according to the text?
What is the role of self-schemas, including possible selves?
What is the role of self-schemas, including possible selves?
How does language impact Chinese-born students, according to the text?
How does language impact Chinese-born students, according to the text?
What can occur when individuals perceive themselves as members of a particular group, as per the text?
What can occur when individuals perceive themselves as members of a particular group, as per the text?
What are individuals predisposed to think according to self-discrepancy theory?
What are individuals predisposed to think according to self-discrepancy theory?
What is the specific type of social identity related to an individual's membership in a particular ethnic group?
What is the specific type of social identity related to an individual's membership in a particular ethnic group?
What motivates self-improvement according to the text?
What motivates self-improvement according to the text?
What is one source of self-knowledge mentioned in the text?
What is one source of self-knowledge mentioned in the text?
What does cross-cultural research show about independent and interdependent conceptions of self?
What does cross-cultural research show about independent and interdependent conceptions of self?
What is the significance of language on Chinese-born students, according to the text?
What is the significance of language on Chinese-born students, according to the text?
How can the academic self be dominant in a given situation?
How can the academic self be dominant in a given situation?
What is the primary motivator for self-improvement according to the text?
What is the primary motivator for self-improvement according to the text?
According to social comparison theory developed by Leon Festinger, what do people have a drive to do?
According to social comparison theory developed by Leon Festinger, what do people have a drive to do?
What is the goal of self-enhancement, as per the social comparison theory?
What is the goal of self-enhancement, as per the social comparison theory?
What does sense of communion involve, according to the text on social comparison theory?
What does sense of communion involve, according to the text on social comparison theory?
In the study, what did spontaneous social comparisons recorded in a study show?
In the study, what did spontaneous social comparisons recorded in a study show?
What does self-improvement involve, as per the text on social comparison theory?
What does self-improvement involve, as per the text on social comparison theory?
What is the primary factor related to well-being according to the text on social comparison theory?
What is the primary factor related to well-being according to the text on social comparison theory?
According to Terror Management Theory, what are people more likely to do when their mortality is threatened?
According to Terror Management Theory, what are people more likely to do when their mortality is threatened?
'Self-discrepancy theory' explains what happens when there are discrepancies between which two selves?
'Self-discrepancy theory' explains what happens when there are discrepancies between which two selves?
'Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model' explains what about the impact of other people's performance on our self-evaluation?
'Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model' explains what about the impact of other people's performance on our self-evaluation?
'Terror Management Theory' suggests that people may cope with specific threats to their self-worth by doing what?
'Terror Management Theory' suggests that people may cope with specific threats to their self-worth by doing what?
Study Notes
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The text discusses the difference between independent and interdependent selves and their impact on emotions, self-esteem, and life satisfaction.
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In independent cultures, people experience ego-focused emotions and place importance on self-esteem for life satisfaction.
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In contrast, interdependent cultures prioritize other-focused emotions and social norms as stronger predictors of life satisfaction.
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The text refers to a study by Diner and Diner (1995) which found a lower relation between self-esteem and life satisfaction in interdependent cultures.
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Ross and associates (2002) conducted a study on Chinese-born students and found that they had both East Asian and Western identities, with each being activated by its associated language.
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People with independent self-construals ignore context and focus on actors and their personal qualities, while those with interdependent self-construals process social stimuli by paying attention to their relation to the context.
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Self-schemas are organized cognitive structures about ourselves along important dimensions, such as independence-interdependence.
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People with strong self-schemas concerning independence may refuse help and display independence, while those with strong self-schemas concerning interdependence may prioritize relationships.
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The text mentions that not all schemas are positive and that negative beliefs about oneself can be well-developed and highly organized.
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Another study mentioned in the text investigated the role of implicit self-esteem in interdependent cultures and found some tendency to self-enhance indirectly.
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The text also mentions that there is variability in the degree to which the independent sense of self is expressed within Western cultures and that some Western ethnic and religious groups hold interdependent self-views despite living in a Western culture.
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Women are more likely than men to have an interdependent sense of self.
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A schema is an organized set of cognitions about some concept or stimulus, and people hold schemas about themselves, describing dimensions along which they think about themselves.
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The text discusses the difference between independent and interdependent selves and their impact on emotions, self-esteem, and life satisfaction.
-
In independent cultures, people experience ego-focused emotions and place importance on self-esteem for life satisfaction.
-
In contrast, interdependent cultures prioritize other-focused emotions and social norms as stronger predictors of life satisfaction.
-
The text refers to a study by Diner and Diner (1995) which found a lower relation between self-esteem and life satisfaction in interdependent cultures.
-
Ross and associates (2002) conducted a study on Chinese-born students and found that they had both East Asian and Western identities, with each being activated by its associated language.
-
People with independent self-construals ignore context and focus on actors and their personal qualities, while those with interdependent self-construals process social stimuli by paying attention to their relation to the context.
-
Self-schemas are organized cognitive structures about ourselves along important dimensions, such as independence-interdependence.
-
People with strong self-schemas concerning independence may refuse help and display independence, while those with strong self-schemas concerning interdependence may prioritize relationships.
-
The text mentions that not all schemas are positive and that negative beliefs about oneself can be well-developed and highly organized.
-
Another study mentioned in the text investigated the role of implicit self-esteem in interdependent cultures and found some tendency to self-enhance indirectly.
-
The text also mentions that there is variability in the degree to which the independent sense of self is expressed within Western cultures and that some Western ethnic and religious groups hold interdependent self-views despite living in a Western culture.
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Women are more likely than men to have an interdependent sense of self.
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A schema is an organized set of cognitions about some concept or stimulus, and people hold schemas about themselves, describing dimensions along which they think about themselves.
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The text discusses various theories related to self-esteem and how it affects people's reactions to feedback and mortality threats.
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Self-affirmation theory suggests that people with high self-esteem may exaggerate the positivity of their social qualities after failure, while those with low self-esteem may generalize their failure experience and lower both self-ratings of intellectual attributes and self-perceptions of social activities.
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Terror Management Theory proposes that people are vulnerable to anxiety about their mortality and seek ways to manage this anxiety through their cultural worldview and self-esteem.
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Terror Management Theory suggests that people are more likely to act on their worldview and aggress against others when their mortality is threatened.
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Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model explains how the performance of other people in our social environment can affect our self-evaluation, especially when we are psychologically close to them.
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According to Tesser, the closer the relationship or shared characteristics, the greater the impact of the other person's performance on our self-evaluation.
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The comparison effect occurs when another person outperforms us on a behavior that is relevant to our self-definition, leading to feelings of envy and frustration.
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The reflection effect occurs when another person outperforms us on a behavior that is irrelevant to our self-definition, leading to positive feelings and pride in their success.
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Cultural differences in self-enhancement exist, such as the self-serving attributional bias being more prevalent in Western cultures and a self-effacing bias in Japanese cultures.
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The faculty table tennis tournament is a crucial situation for assessing one's table tennis abilities.
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Accurate self-assessment helps anticipate and control future performance.
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People seek accurate self-relevant information, especially when they expect good news, but also when they expect bad news.
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Consistency in self-conception is important to people; they seek situations and interpret behavior to confirm existing self-conceptions (self-verification).
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People prefer interacting with others who see them positively; they selectively remember consistent feedback.
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Self-verification influences the need for self-enhancement; people with high self-esteem seek self-verifying feedback, while those with low self-esteem seek positive feedback.
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Self-improvement is motivated by the desire to improve abilities and skills; it is facilitated by setting goals, comparing oneself to others, and responding to criticism.
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Self-enhancement is the need to feel good about oneself and maintain self-esteem; people hold self-perceptions that are positively exaggerated (positive illusions).
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Self-improvement is more effective when focused on specific tasks, rather than global traits.
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Self-enhancement becomes more important following threats, failures, or blows to self-esteem.
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Social comparison theory developed by Leon Festinger suggests that people evaluate their opinions and abilities through comparisons with others
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People have a drive to make accurate assessments of themselves and their attitudes
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Comparisons with similar others preferred, and are used to evaluate abilities and opinions, emotions, personality, and outcomes
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Social comparisons serve various goals beyond accuracy: self-enhancement, self-improvement, and sense of communion
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Self-enhancement involves comparing oneself to those less fortunate to boost self-esteem
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Self-improvement involves comparing oneself to models of success to improve one's own performance
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Sense of communion involves making horizontal comparisons with similar others to enhance a sense of solidarity
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Social comparisons can be made intentionally or unintentionally
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Spontaneous social comparisons recorded in a study showed that people often compare their subjective responses with those of their close friends.
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Description
Take this quiz to explore whether you have an independent or interdependent self, and how it may affect your emotions and behaviors in different situations.
