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Independent vs. Interdependent Self Quiz
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Independent vs. Interdependent Self Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of implicit self-esteem?

  • Concrete positive evaluations of ourselves
  • Less conscious evaluations people make of themselves (correct)
  • Recognition of one's personal qualities
  • Explicit self-esteem scales

    • Which group is less likely to answer explicit self-esteem scales in a self-enhancing manner?

  • Young children
  • Adolescents and young adults
  • Asians, especially the Japanese (correct)
  • Elderly individuals

    • According to Erik Erikson, when do issues of self or identity become especially important?

  • In elderly age
  • In infancy
  • In adolescence and young adulthood (correct)
  • In childhood

    • At what stage does the sense of self begin to develop according to the text?

    <p>In infancy with the recognition that one is a separate individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-complexity?

    <p>The number of dimensions people use to think about themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group showed greater increases in self-esteem upon acceptance and greater decreases upon rejection, according to the text?

    <p>Students with high self-esteem based on academic competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do self-efficacy beliefs play in self-regulation, according to the text?

    <p>They are important for planning and coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of personal control in decision-making, according to the text?

    <p>It plays a significant role in decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with simple self-conceptions focusing on one or two predominant attributes are:

    <p>More vulnerable to failure and less resilient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two motivational systems mentioned in the text?

    <p>Approach and avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can working self-concept be different from stable self-concept, as per the text?

    <p>By involving multiple dimensions of one's identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and personal control, according to the text?

    <p>They are specific, control-related perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can make individuals more vulnerable to increases and decreases in self-esteem, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>When attributes central to their self are at stake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of self-complexity for self-regulation, as per the text?

    <p>It is important for self-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals with simple self-conceptions fare compared to those with complex self-conceptions, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>They are less resilient and more vulnerable to failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social identity?

    <p>A part of an individual's self-concept derived from their membership in social groups and the emotional significance attached to that membership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ethnic identity?

    <p>A specific type of social identity related to an individual's membership in a particular ethnic group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about minority group members is true?

    <p>Developing a sense of self can be challenging for minority group members during adolescence and young adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four identity orientations based on?

    <p>The degree of identification with one's ethnic group and the majority group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur when individuals perceive themselves as members of a particular group?

    <p>Self-stereotyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethnic identity relate to when accompanied by a positive mainstream orientation?

    <p>High self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of self vary across cultures?

    <p>With a strong emphasis on individuality and self-discovery in the US and an interdependent self in many Eastern, Southern European, and Latin cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do independent and interdependent conceptions of self have important consequences on?

    <p>How people think about themselves, relate to others, and experience emotions and motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals done?

    <p>By rating agreement or disagreement with various statements on a scale from 1 to 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do examples of statements used in the measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals include?

    <p>Agreement with respect for authority and the belief that one's actions are determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others in social relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are possible selves?

    <p>Goals or fears about future traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do possible selves help individuals?

    <p>By articulating goals and focusing on achieving them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did imagining a successful possible self have in a study?

    <p>It led to longer task duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of self-schemas, including possible selves?

    <p>To guide behavior and help remember relevant information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to self-discrepancy theory, what happens when there are discrepancies between actual self and ideal self?

    <p>It leads to disappointment and sadness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-regulation?

    <p>The control and direction of actions influenced by various aspects of the self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the working self-concept?

    <p>The aspect of self that determines thoughts and behavior in a given situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can the academic self be dominant?

    <p>In a classroom situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can self-esteem be based on?

    <p>Various attributes such as athletic or academic performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do discrepancies between actual self and ought self produce?

    <p>Fear or anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are individuals predisposed to think according to self-discrepancy theory?

    <p>In terms of meeting their ideal self or others' expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one source of self-knowledge mentioned in the text?

    <p>Observing one's own behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can influence self-concept?

    <p>Socialization during childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that perceptions of emotions depend on both physiological arousal and cognitive label?

    <p>Stanley Schachter's theory of emotional experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reflected appraisals, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Explicit feedback from parents, peers, and teachers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can provide insight into certain aspects of the self but may not be useful for important aspects?

    <p>Observing one's own behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did McGuire and associates find about students' self-descriptions?

    <p>Students often mention distinctive aspects of themselves when asked to describe themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can influence people's perceptions of their own qualities?

    <p>Feedback from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used when direct information is not available but can be biased?

    <p>Comparative self-assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does socialization play in shaping self-concept?

    <p>Significant role during childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In independent cultures, people prioritize which of the following as stronger predictors of life satisfaction?

    <p>Ego-focused emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study found a lower relation between self-esteem and life satisfaction in interdependent cultures?

    <p>Diner and Diner (1995)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of language on Chinese-born students, according to the text?

    <p>Activates both East Asian and Western identities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people with independent self-construals focus on, according to the text?

    <p>Actors and their personal qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are self-schemas, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Organized cognitive structures about oneself along important dimensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people with strong self-schemas concerning independence may do?

    <p>Refuse help and display independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did another study mentioned in the text investigate in interdependent cultures?

    <p>The role of implicit self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the variability within Western cultures in the expression of the independent sense of self attributed to?

    <p>Ethnic and religious groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is more likely than men to have an interdependent sense of self, according to the text?

    <p>Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people hold schemas about, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can negative beliefs about oneself be?

    <p>Organized cognitive structures about oneself along important dimensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does implicit self-esteem come from?

    <p>Recognition of being a separate individual in infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study of implicit self-esteem among Japanese students reveal?

    <p>They value letters in their names more than other letters in the alphabet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erik Erikson, at what stage does the sense of self begin to develop?

    <p>Infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of self-knowledge in the development of the sense of self, as per the text?

    <p>It contributes to the understanding of personal qualities and abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is important for self-regulation?

    <p>Self-complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do individuals with simple self-conceptions, focusing on one or two predominant attributes, tend to be, as per the text?

    <p>More prone to failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do self-efficacy beliefs play in self-regulation?

    <p>They are specific, control-related perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two motivational systems mentioned in the text?

    <p>Approach and avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of language on Chinese-born students?

    <p>Negative impact on self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of personal control in decision-making, according to the text?

    <p>It is important for planning and coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can influence people's perceptions of their own qualities?

    <p>Cultural background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are possible selves, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Future-oriented representations of the self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the variability within Western cultures in the expression of the independent sense of self attributed to?

    <p>Individualistic values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is working self-concept as mentioned in the text?

    <p>A temporary self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are possible selves?

    <p>Goals or fears representing potential future traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of self-schemas, including possible selves?

    <p>To help individuals identify relevant situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When there are discrepancies between the actual self and ideal self, what does self-discrepancy theory suggest?

    <p>It leads to disappointment and sadness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the working self-concept?

    <p>It determines thoughts and behavior in a given situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can influence people's perceptions of their own qualities, as per the text?

    <p>Ethnic identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-regulation involve, according to the text?

    <p>Control and direction of actions influenced by various aspects of the self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the academic self be dominant in a given situation?

    <p>In a classroom situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reflected appraisals, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>'Mirror-like' views of oneself based on others' feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does language impact Chinese-born students, according to the text?

    <p>It affects the expression of the independent sense of self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are individuals with simple self-conceptions focusing on one or two predominant attributes?

    <p>'Mirror-like' views of oneself based on ethnic identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did another study mentioned in the text investigate in interdependent cultures?

    <p>The effect of language on expression of the independent sense of self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two motivational systems mentioned in the text?

    <p>Ideal self and ought self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can self-knowledge come from, according to the text?

    <p>Socialization and personal experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to self-knowledge through how others perceive and react to us?

    <p>Reflected appraisals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Stanley Schachter's theory of emotional experience, what do perceptions of emotions depend on?

    <p>Physiological arousal and cognitive label</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used when direct information is not available, but such comparisons can be biased?

    <p>Comparative self-assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another source of self-knowledge mentioned in the text besides socialization and personal experiences?

    <p>Labeling arousal states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did McGuire and associates find about students' self-descriptions?

    <p>Students often mention distinctive aspects of themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of language on Chinese-born students, according to the text?

    <p>It can influence their self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of personal control in decision-making, according to the text?

    <p>It influences self-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do individuals with simple self-conceptions focusing on one or two predominant attributes do?

    <p>They have a narrow sense of self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the part of an individual's self-concept derived from their membership in social groups and the emotional significance attached to that membership?

    <p>Social identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What predicts the amount of contact individuals have with their ethnic group and the larger society?

    <p>Ethnic identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When individuals perceive themselves as members of a particular group and behave in line with the group's norms, including both positive and negative attributes, it is known as:

    <p>Self-stereotyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific type of social identity related to an individual's membership in a particular ethnic group?

    <p>Ethnic identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the degree of identification with one's ethnic group and the majority group?

    <p>Identity orientations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cross-cultural research show about independent and interdependent conceptions of self?

    <p>They affect how people think about themselves, relate to others, and experience emotions and motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between ethnic identity and self-esteem?

    <p>It is related to high self-esteem only when accompanied by a positive mainstream orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In independent cultures, what do people place importance on for life satisfaction?

    <p>Personal qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ross and associates find about Chinese-born students?

    <p>They had both East Asian and Western languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people with strong self-schemas concerning independence may do?

    <p>Refuse help and display independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study mentioned in the text investigate in interdependent cultures?

    <p>The role of implicit self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As per the text, who is more likely than men to have an interdependent sense of self?

    <p>Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reflected appraisals, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Perceptions of others' views about oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of language on Chinese-born students, according to the text?

    <p>&quot;Both East Asian and Western languages&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do individuals with strong self-schemas concerning interdependence may prioritize?

    <p>&quot;Relationships&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people hold schemas about, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>&quot;Organized cognitive structures about oneself&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can working self-concept be different from stable self-concept, as per the text?

    <p>It reflects current thoughts and feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Trope (1983), in the absence of factors inducing people to save face or strive to succeed, they tend to pick tasks that are most informative about their abilities, tasks that he calls ___.

    <p>Diagnostic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of self-verification, what may influence whether people feel the need to self-enhance?

    <p>Feedback from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a college student wants to know if they are a good table tennis player, according to the text, where would they be unlikely to go?

    <p>Turkish table tennis championship games</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for people needing to have a fairly accurate assessment of their abilities, as stated in the text?

    <p>To make future outcomes predictable and controllable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe people's tendency to see themselves more positively than others do?

    <p>Self-Enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people recall more easily than their failures?

    <p>Successes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory suggests that people may cope with specific threats to their self-worth by affirming unrelated aspects of themselves?

    <p>Self-Affirmation Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cultures is self-enhancement more likely to be influenced, according to the text?

    <p>Individualistic Cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the experiment mentioned in the text support regarding people's coping with threats to their self-worth?

    <p>Affirming unrelated aspects of themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study reveal about high self-esteem individuals and self-affirmation after a failure experience?

    <p>They were more likely to self-affirm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ability of self-enhancement to foster personal well-being, positive social interactions, and productive work?

    <p>Self-Enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be influenced by culture, leading to more evident self-enhancement?

    <p>Perception of personal qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study of implicit self-esteem among Japanese students reveal?

    <p>Cultural differences in self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-affirmation theory suggest as a coping mechanism for threats to self-worth?

    <p>Affirming unrelated aspects of themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of individuals bolstering their self-perceptions in other areas when facing threats?

    <p>Reflective Appraisal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do individuals with low self-esteem tend to be less likely to do after a failure experience, according to the text?

    <p>Engage in positive self-affirmations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of accurate self-assessment in the context of the faculty table tennis tournament?

    <p>To anticipate and control future performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates self-improvement?

    <p>Facilitated by setting goals and responding to criticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence on the need for self-enhancement according to the text?

    <p>Following threats, failures, or blows to self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of self-improvement being focused on specific tasks rather than global traits?

    <p>It is more effective for improving abilities and skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-verification influence individuals' preferences for interacting with others?

    <p>They selectively remember consistent feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivator for self-improvement according to the text?

    <p>Facilitated by setting goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drive behind people's evaluations of themselves and their attitudes?

    <p>Self-enhancement through comparisons with those less fortunate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to social comparison theory, which type of comparisons are preferred for evaluating abilities and opinions?

    <p>Horizontal comparisons with similar others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do individuals with simple self-conceptions focusing on one or two predominant attributes tend to be?

    <p>More vulnerable to self-esteem fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of development does Erik Erikson propose that the sense of self begins to develop?

    <p>Early childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of personal control in decision-making, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>It affects self-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people with strong self-schemas concerning independence may prioritize?

    <p>Individual achievements over group accomplishments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    8

    <p>The variability within Western cultures in the expression of the independent sense of self attributed to cultural norms around achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of implicit self-esteem?

    <p>A person's unconscious evaluation of their own worth and value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reflected appraisals, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>The evaluations made by an individual about their own worth based on others' appraisals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur when individuals perceive themselves as members of a particular group?

    <p>An increase in self-esteem fluctuations upon acceptance and rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Stanley Schachter's theory of emotional experience, what do perceptions of emotions depend on?

    <p>Both physiological arousal and cognitive label</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model, how does the performance of other people in our social environment affect our self-evaluation?

    <p>The closer the relationship or shared characteristics, the greater the impact on our self-evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the comparison effect, as per the text, lead to?

    <p>Feelings of envy and frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Terror Management Theory propose about people's behavior when their mortality is threatened?

    <p>They are more likely to act on their worldview and aggress against others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cultural differences in self-enhancement exist, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Self-enhancement is more prevalent in Western cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model explain about the impact of other people's performance on our self-evaluation?

    <p>It only impacts our self-evaluation if we are psychologically close to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reflection effect, as per the text?

    <p>Positive feelings and pride in their success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-affirmation theory suggest people with low self-esteem may react after failure?

    <p>They may generalize their failure experience and lower both self-ratings of intellectual attributes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Terror Management Theory propose about people's vulnerability to anxiety about mortality?

    <p>People are vulnerable to anxiety about their mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is subjective well-being?

    <p>The evaluation of one's life in terms of satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did the exposure to Mr. Clean or Mr. Dirty have on participants' self-esteem?

    <p>Exposure to Mr. Clean increased self-esteem, while exposure to Mr. Dirty decreased self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Festinger (1954) suggest about people's social comparisons?

    <p>People compare themselves to similar others based on performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes people happier?

    <p>Experiences and open positive reinterpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does assimilation effect refer to as described in the text?

    <p>Assimilating information about others into one's own self-perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the unsolicited comparisons have on participants' self-evaluations according to the text?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence on the need for self-enhancement according to the text?

    <p>Cultural influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people seek regarding their self-concept, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>An inaccurate self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Trope (1983), what kind of tasks do people tend to pick in the absence of factors that might induce them to save face or strive to succeed?

    <p>Diagnostic tasks that will be most informative about their abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When people receive discrepant feedback from others, what may they be motivated to focus active attention on, according to the text?

    <p>Dispelling the incorrect view threatening their consistent self-conception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example given about a college student wanting to know if they are a good table tennis player, why are they unlikely to go to a children’s table tennis class or to the Turkish table tennis championship games?

    <p>They expect to do well in the first setting and poorly in the second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people with an independent sense of self endorse more than members of cultures with an interdependent sense of self?

    <p>Scale items related to self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Kenneth and Gergen (1970), what impact did exposure to 'Mr. Dirty' have on participants' self-esteem?

    <p>Increased it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Festinger (1954), to whom do people compare themselves?

    <p>Similar others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evaluation of one's life in terms of satisfaction called?

    <p>Subjective well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may make people happier because they are open to positive reinterpretation more than material possessions?

    <p>Experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor related to well-being according to the text?

    <p>Experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of individuals are more likely to seek information about the best and the worst cases when the meaning of underlying dimension is not clear for them?

    <p>Simple self-conceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can social comparison processes exert powerful effects on, according to the text?

    <p>Self-evaluations, moods, and responses to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do unsolicited comparisons have important effects on, according to the text?

    <p>Self-esteem and self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people compare themselves to?

    <p>Similar others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did participants who had an opportunity for an upward comparison with 'Mr. Clean' suffer, according to the study mentioned in the text?

    <p>A drop in self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to a sense of subjective well-being, according to the text?

    <p>Experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evaluation of one's life in terms of satisfaction referred to as?

    <p>Subjective well being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Kenneth and Gergen (1970) investigate in relation to participants' self-esteem?

    <p>The impact of unsolicited comparisons on self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of social comparison, what effect does the contrast effect lead to?

    <p>Tending to contrast oneself with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is well-being more dependent on?

    <p>Experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory suggests that people may cope with specific threats to their self-worth by affirming unrelated aspects of themselves?

    <p>Self-discrepancy theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of self-concept and identity, what does subjective well being evaluate?

    <p>Satisfaction with one's life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Festinger (1954) suggest people compare themselves to in social comparison processes?

    <p>Similar others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can boost confidence and instill motivation or lead to feelings of incompetence and unsuccessfulness?

    <p>Social comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept suggests that people compare themselves to others based on related-attributes similarity?

    <p>&quot;Related-attributes similarity&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Unsolicited comparisons can have important effects on a person," according to the text. What did the study by Kenneth and Gergen (1970) investigate in relation to these comparisons?

    <p>The impact of unsolicited comparisons on self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of social comparison, what effect does the contrast effect lead to?

    <p>Tending to contrast oneself with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to self-affirmation theory, how do people with low self-esteem react after failure?

    <p>They generalize their failure experience and lower both self-ratings of intellectual attributes and self-perceptions of social activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model explain about the impact of other people's performance on our self-evaluation?

    <p>The closer the relationship, the greater the impact on our self-evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reflection effect as per the text?

    <p>Positive feelings and pride when another person outperforms us on a behavior irrelevant to our self-definition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of cultural differences in self-enhancement?

    <p>It is more prevalent in Western cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Terror Management Theory, what are people more likely to do when their mortality is threatened?

    <p>Aggress against others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model explain about the impact of other people's performance on our self-evaluation?

    <p>The closer the relationship, the greater the impact on our self-evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when another person outperforms us on a behavior that is relevant to our self-definition?

    <p>Comparison effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cultural differences in self-enhancement suggest about the prevalence of self-serving attributional bias?

    <p>More prevalent in Western cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Terror Management Theory propose people react to their vulnerability to anxiety about mortality?

    <p>Seek ways to manage anxiety through cultural worldview and self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the three kinds of positive illusions mentioned in the text?

    <p>Believing to have less control over events than one actually does</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people remember better about themselves?

    <p>Positive things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation do people tend to engage in self-affirmation, according to the text?

    <p>When they face a threat to their self-worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individuals were more likely to self-affirm after a failure experience in an experiment mentioned in the text?

    <p>High self-esteem individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does culture influence in relation to self-enhancement?

    <p>It fosters more self-enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-affirmation impact well-being and failure, according to the text?

    <p>It improves well-being and reduces the negative effects of failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of culture is more likely to foster self-enhancement, according to the text?

    <p>Individualistic cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people tend to attribute positive outcomes to, according to the text?

    <p>Themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situations does self-enhancement become particularly important, according to the text?

    <p>Under threat conditions, to compensate for setbacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people evaluate more favorably than others, as per the text?

    <p>Their own academic performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a positive illusion mentioned in the text?

    <p>Believing to be happier than most others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of how people respond to threats, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>By bolstering their self-perceptions in other areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation behind self-improvement according to the text?

    <p>The motivation to improve abilities and skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of self-schemas, including possible selves?

    <p>To influence people's perceptions of their own qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does language impact Chinese-born students, according to the text?

    <p>It influences self-enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur when individuals perceive themselves as members of a particular group, as per the text?

    <p>They seek situations to confirm existing self-conceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are individuals predisposed to think according to self-discrepancy theory?

    <p>They experience discomfort when there are discrepancies between actual self and ideal self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific type of social identity related to an individual's membership in a particular ethnic group?

    <p>Ethnic identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates self-improvement according to the text?

    <p>The desire to improve abilities and skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one source of self-knowledge mentioned in the text?

    <p><em>Personal experiences</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cross-cultural research show about independent and interdependent conceptions of self?

    <p>They vary across cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of language on Chinese-born students, according to the text?

    <p>It influences self-enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the academic self be dominant in a given situation?

    <p>Through selective remembering of consistent feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivator for self-improvement according to the text?

    <p>The motivation to improve abilities and skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to social comparison theory developed by Leon Festinger, what do people have a drive to do?

    <p>Compare their opinions and abilities with others for accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of self-enhancement, as per the social comparison theory?

    <p>To boost self-esteem by comparing oneself to those less fortunate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sense of communion involve, according to the text on social comparison theory?

    <p>Making horizontal comparisons with similar others to enhance a sense of solidarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study, what did spontaneous social comparisons recorded in a study show?

    <p>People often compare their subjective responses with those of their close friends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-improvement involve, as per the text on social comparison theory?

    <p>Comparing oneself to models of success to improve one's own performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor related to well-being according to the text on social comparison theory?

    <p>Self-enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Terror Management Theory, what are people more likely to do when their mortality is threatened?

    <p>Affirm unrelated aspects of themselves to cope with specific threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Self-discrepancy theory' explains what happens when there are discrepancies between which two selves?

    <p>'Actual self' and 'ideal self'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model' explains what about the impact of other people's performance on our self-evaluation?

    <p>'Actual self' and 'ideal self' discrepancies influence it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Terror Management Theory' suggests that people may cope with specific threats to their self-worth by doing what?

    <p>Affirming unrelated aspects of themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The text discusses the difference between independent and interdependent selves and their impact on emotions, self-esteem, and life satisfaction.

    • In independent cultures, people experience ego-focused emotions and place importance on self-esteem for life satisfaction.

    • In contrast, interdependent cultures prioritize other-focused emotions and social norms as stronger predictors of life satisfaction.

    • The text refers to a study by Diner and Diner (1995) which found a lower relation between self-esteem and life satisfaction in interdependent cultures.

    • Ross and associates (2002) conducted a study on Chinese-born students and found that they had both East Asian and Western identities, with each being activated by its associated language.

    • People with independent self-construals ignore context and focus on actors and their personal qualities, while those with interdependent self-construals process social stimuli by paying attention to their relation to the context.

    • Self-schemas are organized cognitive structures about ourselves along important dimensions, such as independence-interdependence.

    • People with strong self-schemas concerning independence may refuse help and display independence, while those with strong self-schemas concerning interdependence may prioritize relationships.

    • The text mentions that not all schemas are positive and that negative beliefs about oneself can be well-developed and highly organized.

    • Another study mentioned in the text investigated the role of implicit self-esteem in interdependent cultures and found some tendency to self-enhance indirectly.

    • The text also mentions that there is variability in the degree to which the independent sense of self is expressed within Western cultures and that some Western ethnic and religious groups hold interdependent self-views despite living in a Western culture.

    • Women are more likely than men to have an interdependent sense of self.

    • A schema is an organized set of cognitions about some concept or stimulus, and people hold schemas about themselves, describing dimensions along which they think about themselves.

    • The text discusses the difference between independent and interdependent selves and their impact on emotions, self-esteem, and life satisfaction.

    • In independent cultures, people experience ego-focused emotions and place importance on self-esteem for life satisfaction.

    • In contrast, interdependent cultures prioritize other-focused emotions and social norms as stronger predictors of life satisfaction.

    • The text refers to a study by Diner and Diner (1995) which found a lower relation between self-esteem and life satisfaction in interdependent cultures.

    • Ross and associates (2002) conducted a study on Chinese-born students and found that they had both East Asian and Western identities, with each being activated by its associated language.

    • People with independent self-construals ignore context and focus on actors and their personal qualities, while those with interdependent self-construals process social stimuli by paying attention to their relation to the context.

    • Self-schemas are organized cognitive structures about ourselves along important dimensions, such as independence-interdependence.

    • People with strong self-schemas concerning independence may refuse help and display independence, while those with strong self-schemas concerning interdependence may prioritize relationships.

    • The text mentions that not all schemas are positive and that negative beliefs about oneself can be well-developed and highly organized.

    • Another study mentioned in the text investigated the role of implicit self-esteem in interdependent cultures and found some tendency to self-enhance indirectly.

    • The text also mentions that there is variability in the degree to which the independent sense of self is expressed within Western cultures and that some Western ethnic and religious groups hold interdependent self-views despite living in a Western culture.

    • Women are more likely than men to have an interdependent sense of self.

    • A schema is an organized set of cognitions about some concept or stimulus, and people hold schemas about themselves, describing dimensions along which they think about themselves.

    • The text discusses various theories related to self-esteem and how it affects people's reactions to feedback and mortality threats.

    • Self-affirmation theory suggests that people with high self-esteem may exaggerate the positivity of their social qualities after failure, while those with low self-esteem may generalize their failure experience and lower both self-ratings of intellectual attributes and self-perceptions of social activities.

    • Terror Management Theory proposes that people are vulnerable to anxiety about their mortality and seek ways to manage this anxiety through their cultural worldview and self-esteem.

    • Terror Management Theory suggests that people are more likely to act on their worldview and aggress against others when their mortality is threatened.

    • Tesser's Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model explains how the performance of other people in our social environment can affect our self-evaluation, especially when we are psychologically close to them.

    • According to Tesser, the closer the relationship or shared characteristics, the greater the impact of the other person's performance on our self-evaluation.

    • The comparison effect occurs when another person outperforms us on a behavior that is relevant to our self-definition, leading to feelings of envy and frustration.

    • The reflection effect occurs when another person outperforms us on a behavior that is irrelevant to our self-definition, leading to positive feelings and pride in their success.

    • Cultural differences in self-enhancement exist, such as the self-serving attributional bias being more prevalent in Western cultures and a self-effacing bias in Japanese cultures.

    • The faculty table tennis tournament is a crucial situation for assessing one's table tennis abilities.

    • Accurate self-assessment helps anticipate and control future performance.

    • People seek accurate self-relevant information, especially when they expect good news, but also when they expect bad news.

    • Consistency in self-conception is important to people; they seek situations and interpret behavior to confirm existing self-conceptions (self-verification).

    • People prefer interacting with others who see them positively; they selectively remember consistent feedback.

    • Self-verification influences the need for self-enhancement; people with high self-esteem seek self-verifying feedback, while those with low self-esteem seek positive feedback.

    • Self-improvement is motivated by the desire to improve abilities and skills; it is facilitated by setting goals, comparing oneself to others, and responding to criticism.

    • Self-enhancement is the need to feel good about oneself and maintain self-esteem; people hold self-perceptions that are positively exaggerated (positive illusions).

    • Self-improvement is more effective when focused on specific tasks, rather than global traits.

    • Self-enhancement becomes more important following threats, failures, or blows to self-esteem.

    • Social comparison theory developed by Leon Festinger suggests that people evaluate their opinions and abilities through comparisons with others

    • People have a drive to make accurate assessments of themselves and their attitudes

    • Comparisons with similar others preferred, and are used to evaluate abilities and opinions, emotions, personality, and outcomes

    • Social comparisons serve various goals beyond accuracy: self-enhancement, self-improvement, and sense of communion

    • Self-enhancement involves comparing oneself to those less fortunate to boost self-esteem

    • Self-improvement involves comparing oneself to models of success to improve one's own performance

    • Sense of communion involves making horizontal comparisons with similar others to enhance a sense of solidarity

    • Social comparisons can be made intentionally or unintentionally

    • Spontaneous social comparisons recorded in a study showed that people often compare their subjective responses with those of their close friends.

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    Description

    Take this quiz to explore whether you have an independent or interdependent self, and how it may affect your emotions and behaviors in different situations.

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