Independence Struggle in America
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Questions and Answers

What was the first British colony established in North America, and in what year?

Virginia was the first British colony established in North America in 1607.

How many colonies were established by the British in North America by 1733?

Thirteen colonies were established by the British by 1733.

What was a significant factor that contributed to the establishment of different colonies in North America?

The expectation of religious freedom and commercial benefits were significant factors.

What role did the British government play in the colonization of America?

<p>The British government provided approval and assistance for colonization but did not directly manage it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the last of the thirteen colonies established, and when?

<p>Georgia was the last of the thirteen colonies established in 1733.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the governance system in the colonies established by the British.

<p>Each colony was ruled by a governor appointed by the British government and assisted by a locally elected legislative council.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common characteristic among the colonies established between 1607 and 1682?

<p>Twelve of the thirteen colonies were started between 1607 and 1682.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the distance between the colonies and Britain affect their governance?

<p>The long distance and lack of developed communication allowed for a local self-governance system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiated the rebellion against the Russian government before the March Revolution of 1917?

<p>Farmers' rebellions and labor strikes initiated the rebellion against the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary outcome of the March Revolution in 1917?

<p>The March Revolution resulted in the abdication of the Tsar from the throne.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did World War I affect food production in Russia?

<p>World War I caused a disturbance in farming due to the mass recruitment of farmers into the army.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who led the group that took administrative power after the Tsar abdicated?

<p>The new administration was led by Kerensky.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demands were the people making during the protests leading up to the March Revolution?

<p>People were demanding land for farmers, peace for soldiers, and food for everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What actions did farmers take in response to their dissatisfaction with the new government?

<p>Farmers engaged in subversive activities, including setting fire to lands and robbing landowners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the new government’s actions affect the soldiers' morale?

<p>The soldiers became disheartened as the new government continued the war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the public reaction to the political reforms made by the Tsars before the rebellion?

<p>The public remained unsatisfied with the Tsars' political reforms and continued to launch struggles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Christian church play in the governance of Russia during the tsarist rule?

<p>The Christian church supported the stern administration of the tsars, helping to maintain control over the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main themes of the Russian Revolution in 1917?

<p>The main themes were peace, land, and food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the economic system in Russia contribute to the grievances of farmers?

<p>Farmers were subjected to a feudal economic system, where they paid taxes on their harvest to the aristocrats, church, and government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the social class structure in Russia during the 20th century?

<p>The social structure was characterized by a stark division between the wealthy aristocrats and the impoverished farmers, with the labor class being a small minority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the 1905 rebellion in the context of Russian governance?

<p>The 1905 rebellion was a reaction to the corruption and failures of the tsarist government, particularly following the loss to Japan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the dictatorial style of governance impact the daily lives of the Russian people?

<p>The dictatorial governance led to severe restrictions on freedoms, heavy taxation, and exploitation of labor, causing profound suffering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did industrial development influence social conditions in Russia?

<p>Industrial development created a labor class, improving their conditions slightly compared to farmers, but still leaving them as a minority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideology did the tsars follow, and how did this affect their policies?

<p>The tsars adhered to the ideology of anointed kingship, believing their power was divinely granted which led to a focus on maintaining their authority rather than addressing social issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What roles did aristocrats play in the economic suffering of French farmers?

<p>Aristocrats charged high prices for essential services like grinding mills and bakeries, and they could tax farmers without paying government taxes themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary slogan that arose from the protests against British taxation after 1763?

<p>'No member, no tax.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was the middle class distinguished from the aristocrats in French society?

<p>The middle class was educated and wealthy but lacked proper recognition and access to government positions, which were largely held by uneducated aristocrats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the three significant taxes that contributed to the financial burden on the general public in France?

<p>The three significant taxes were Taille, Gabelle, and Capitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What act led to the strongest protest among the American colonists?

<p>The Stamp Act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the taille tax on French citizens?

<p>The taille was a property tax that varied by region and imposed a financial burden on citizens, particularly those in areas without exemptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the British government respond to the protests against the Stamp Act?

<p>They canceled the Stamp Act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were the economic conditions in France a catalyst for the French Revolution?

<p>The bankrupt treasury due to extravagant royal expenditures and a burdensome tax system led to widespread discontent among the populace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the custom duties imposed by Britain in 1767, and why were they introduced?

<p>Custom duties were imposed on items like glass, lead, paper, and tea to increase British income.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What incident occurred during a protest campaign in Boston related to British taxation?

<p>Five people died when British forces fired on the protesters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Gabelle tax play in the economy and society of France?

<p>The Gabelle tax was charged on salt, forcing every adult to buy a set amount yearly, leading to illegal salt transport and imprisonment for many.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the concept of measuring one's status based on ability rather than birth emerge in French society?

<p>The educational and wealthy middle class felt overlooked while uneducated aristocrats held power, prompting a push for equality based on merit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the tax on tea in the context of British colonial policy?

<p>The tax on tea symbolized British authority to impose taxes on the colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the 60% tax burden on the general public in France?

<p>The 60% tax burden severely limited the economic freedom of the general public, contributing to their frustration and eventual revolt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome resulted from the American boycott of British products?

<p>Britain suffered greater losses than the income gained from taxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the British government do in the 1773 bill regarding tea supply?

<p>They gave power to one company to supply tea to the American states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the negative effects of the area-based administration system on trade in France?

<p>The area-based administration system imposed different laws and taxes which created obstacles for local and foreign trade, making it expensive for traders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did high taxes affect the middle class in France during this period?

<p>The middle class faced high taxes which deterred their economic growth and created financial insecurity in an already stagnant economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was indicated as a consequence of the state treasury being bankrupt?

<p>The bankruptcy of the state treasury resulted in a lack of security for investments made by the middle class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Montesquieu's main argument in 'The Spirit of Laws'?

<p>Montesquieu argued against the concentration of power in one individual and advocated for the separation of powers into three institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Voltaire contribute to revolutionary thought?

<p>Voltaire emphasized the right to free expression and criticized the monarchy and the church's monopoly on ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Rousseau introduce in 'The Social Contract'?

<p>Rousseau introduced the idea of popular sovereignty, stating that rulers should act for the people's benefit and could be removed if they didn't.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the economic conditions contribute to the French Revolution?

<p>The economic hardships, including high taxes and lack of security for investments, galvanized the middle class to seek change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did dissatisfaction with monarchy play in the lead up to the revolution?

<p>Dissatisfaction with the monarchy stemmed from their failure to address the needs and rights of the middle class, fuelling revolutionary sentiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

No Taxation Without Representation

The belief that the British Parliament had no right to tax American colonies because they lacked representation in Parliament.

The Stamp Act

The British government's attempt to levy a tax on all printed materials in the American colonies.

The Townshend Acts

The British government's attempt to raise revenue by imposing taxes on imported goods such as glass, lead, paper, and tea.

The Boston Massacre

A protest in Boston where British soldiers fired on colonists, killing five.

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Boycott

A political strategy of refusing to buy goods from a particular country as a form of protest.

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The Tea Act

The British government's attempt to give the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the American colonies.

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Resistance

The act of actively resisting or challenging authority.

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Desire for Freedom

The growing sentiment in the American colonies for greater political freedom and autonomy from British rule.

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Anointed kingship

A belief that kings are chosen by God and have a divine right to rule.

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Feudalism

A social system in which the wealthy aristocracy owns land and farmers work as laborers, often in poor conditions.

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Industrialization

The rise of factories and industrial production in Russia.

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Russo-Japanese War

The event where Russia lost to Japan, contributing to social unrest.

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Themes of the Russian Revolution

The struggle for land, peace, and food that fueled the Russian Revolution.

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Corruption and Religion

The corrupt monarchy and its focus on religion over social issues.

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Farmers' Tax Burden

Tax burden placed on farmers to support the government and aristocracy.

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Labor Community

The working class that emerged from industrialization, with a slightly better status compared to farmers.

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Russian Rebellions

Popular uprisings, including farmer rebellions, labor strikes, and naval mutinies, challenging the Tsarist government.

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Tsarist Reforms

The Tsar's response to unrest, involving minor political changes, but failing to address the root causes of discontent.

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Bolshevik Party

Led by Lenin, the Bolshevik party operated secretly after being silenced by the Tsarist regime.

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World War I

A global conflict that severely impacted Russia, leading to immense casualties and disruptions.

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Military Conscription

Conscripted Russian farmers and laborers left their land and work, disrupting agricultural production and causing food shortages.

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March Revolution

A major strike that transformed into a widespread uprising, culminating in the Tsar's abdication in March 1917.

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Kerensky's Government

The new government, led by Kerensky, failed to satisfy popular demands for land, peace, and food.

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Farmer Subversive Activities

Farmers, driven by desperation and unrest, engaged in violent actions against landowners, reflecting the growing discontent.

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Start of British Colonization in North America

The establishment of Virginia in 1607 marked the beginning of British colonization in North America, which continued for a century.

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Role of Individuals and Companies in Colonization

Individuals, groups, and companies played a significant role in colonizing America, rather than direct control by the British government. However, the British government granted approval and provided assistance in colonization.

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Thirteen British Colonies in North America

By 1733, thirteen British colonies had been established in North America. These colonies were formed over a period of time, with diverse reasons for their creation.

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Motivations for Founding the Colonies

The primary reason for the establishment of these colonies was the pursuit of religious freedom and economic opportunities. These colonies had different characteristics including population, lifestyles, and economic activities.

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British Government's Control in the Colonies

The British government granted warrants to colonists who established colonies, but the colonists were required to accept the authority of the British government and implement British laws.

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Governance in the Colonies

Each colony had a governor appointed by the British government, and a legislative council elected by the colonists to assist the governor.

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Local Self-Governance in the Colonies

Due to the long distance between Britain and the colonies, and the lack of a developed communication system, residents of the colonies established a system of local self-governance.

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Emergence of a Separate English-Speaking Community

By the mid-18th century, the thirteen British colonies in North America had emerged as a distinct English-speaking community.

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Area Based Administration System

A system where laws and taxes varied across different regions of France, leading to complexity and unfairness.

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French Middle Class

The group of people in France who were involved in trade, commerce, and skilled professions. They wanted a fairer economic system.

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Taxes and Regulations

Excessive taxes and regulations levied on trade and transportation within France. These burdens hindered the growth of businesses and economic development.

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Bankrupt State Treasury

The economic instability of the French monarchy due to its financial mismanagement. This lack of security discouraged investment by the middle class.

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Separation of Powers

The idea that power should be divided among different branches of government, such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

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Freedom of Speech

The right of individuals to express their thoughts and ideas freely, without censorship by the government or religious institutions.

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People's Sovereignty

The idea that ultimate political authority rests with the people, who can choose their leaders and shape their own government.

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Social Contract

A philosophy emphasizing social contract, where individuals willingly give up some rights in exchange for the benefits of living in an organized society governed by laws.

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Taille

A tax levied on houses and lands in France, but not consistently applied across all regions.

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Gabelle

A tax on salt in France, requiring every adult to purchase a set amount annually, with varying prices across regions, leading to smuggling and imprisonment.

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Capitation

A tax introduced in 1695 and charged to everyone, but in practice, it was primarily borne by the general public.

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The Struggle of the French Middle Class

The struggle for recognition and rights by France's middle class, despite their wealth and education, in a society dominated by the aristocracy.

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Equality based on Merit and Wealth

The concept of equality based on merit and wealth, not birth, which emerged in France as a challenge to the established social hierarchy.

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Plight of French Farmers

French farmers, comprising 92% of the population, faced significant economic hardship due to high taxes, living costs, and exploitation by the aristocracy.

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French Financial Crisis

A time when France faced financial ruin due to excessive spending by the monarchy, costly wars, an inefficient tax system, and a lack of effective financial management.

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Causes of the French Revolution

The French Revolution was triggered by a combination of economic, social, and political inequalities, including high taxes, social injustice, and the abuse of power by the aristocracy.

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Study Notes

Significant Revolutions in the World

  • Revolution is a significant change in a particular field within a short time.
  • Examples include industrial, religious, and political revolutions.
  • This lesson focuses on political revolutions.

7.1 Independence Struggle in America

  • The American independence struggle was a fight for freedom from the British empire.
  • Christopher Columbus landed in the Bahamas in 1492, and Amerigo Vespucci later explored the American continent.
  • Europeans colonized the Americas, with the British settling in the Northern part and establishing the United States of America.
  • Colonization was driven by religious freedom, trade, and wealth accumulation.
  • The direct influence of the British government in colonization was initially less direct, with groups and individuals more involved.
  • Thirteen states in America were established between 1607 and 1733.
  • American colonists sought religious freedom and commercial benefits.
  • Diversities existed among the thirteen states regarding population, lifestyles, and economic matters.
  • The colonies developed separately and later rose as a unique English-speaking community during the mid-18th century.

Colonization by the British

  • Several European powers colonized America.
  • The British and French colonized the northern part of America.
  • The British colonies in Northern America ultimately formed the United States.

Reasons for the American Revolution

  • Americans were accustomed to self-governance with limited British interference.
  • British economic policies favored British interests over American ones.
  • The British government failed to understand American desires during the 1760s and 1770s.
  • New laws and taxes passed by Britain after 1763 ignited protests by Americans struggling for freedom.
  • The American desire for freedom increased.

Struggle for Freedom

  • Protests arose from the new acts and taxes imposed by Britain after 1763.
  • The Stamp Act sparked substantial protests, leading to a desire for freedom in the colonies.
  • Colonists argued against taxation without representation.
  • Colonial resistance escalated to boycotts of British goods and acts of rebellion.
  • The Boston Tea Party in 1773 represented a culmination of colonial resistance.
  • Political battles escalated, with war between the British and American forces.
  • America gained independence from Britain in 1783.

Results of the Freedom Struggle

  • Thirteen states united to gain independence.
  • This event had a significant impact on the concept of human rights.
  • A new independent nation, the United States of America, was born.
  • The struggle resulted in a written constitution.
  • George Washington became the first president.

7.2 French Revolution

  • The French Revolution was a rebellion against the French monarchy in 1789.
  • A significant catalyst was the economic and social problems in France.
  • The French monarchy led to corruption.
  • The king had an extravagant lifestyle, leading to financial pressures.
  • The French people revolted against the monarchy.
  • There was a desire for political, economic, and social change in France.

Political Reasons for the French Revolution

  • The French monarchy, particularly Louis XVI, was seen as corrupt and disconnected from the general population.
  • The opulence of the monarchy contrasted sharply with the struggles of the common people.
  • The centralized power concentrated in the hands of the King was a huge problem.
  • The French monarchy was seen by much of society as disconnected from and unaware of the common people's problems.
  • The King's lavish lifestyle greatly exacerbated the economic issues for the poor.

Economic Conditions that Led to the French Revolution

  • The French treasury was severely drained by royal extravagance and military spending.
  • Unnecessary expenditures for wars (like involvement in the American Revolution) placed a considerable strain on the treasury.
  • Heavy taxation on the common people further exacerbated economic conditions.
  • An inefficient tax system resulted in unfair and inconsistent tax burdens.
  • Excessive spending on the monarchy’s luxury lifestyle hindered the development of the country’s economy.

Philosophical Ideas that Helped the French Revolution

  • Thinkers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau advocated for concepts like the separation of powers, checks on power, and individual rights.
  • Ideas about individual liberties and popular sovereignty contributed to the growing discontent with the existing monarchy.
  • Philosophers promoted ideas that contributed to demands for change in France.
  • The writers’ concepts formed concepts that helped lead to the revolution.

7.3 Russian Revolution

  • Russia was a large empire in need of substantial governance.
  • The Tsarist regime was facing pressure from numerous parts of society.
  • Economic and social issues led to protests and internal conflicts within the empire.
  • World War I made the situation worse, resulting in significant hardship for citizens.
  • In the wake of this, the March Revolution of 1917 emerged, and the Tsar abdicated.
  • The Bolsheviks rose to power, led by Lenin, establishing a socialist state.

Reasons for the Russian Revolution

  • Economic hardship, like high food costs and shortages, created widespread discontent.
  • The Tsar’s autocratic rule and lack of political representation further angered the population.
  • Russia’s participation in World War I and subsequent losses led to widespread unhappiness over the casualties and hardships it caused.
  • The corruption and abuse of the political system were major factors leading to dissatisfaction among the people.

Results of the Russian Revolution

  • The establishment of a new government led by the Bolsheviks.
  • The end of World War I involvement for Russia.
  • The abolition of land ownership by individuals was a significant step.
  • The redistribution of land to farmers and peasants helped promote peace in Russia.
  • The creation of a socialist state marked a big change in the structure of the governance system.

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This quiz explores the American independence struggle against British rule. It covers the motivations behind colonization and the significant events that led to the formation of the United States. Test your knowledge on key figures, dates, and the impact of this important political revolution.

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