Podcast
Questions and Answers
What event triggered an imperial crisis for Inka nobles?
What event triggered an imperial crisis for Inka nobles?
- The spread of Old World diseases (correct)
- The arrival of Spanish conquistadores
- The discovery of gold in Peru
- Internal conflicts among Andean leaders
Which conquistador obtained permission to expedition along the Pacific coast?
Which conquistador obtained permission to expedition along the Pacific coast?
- Diego de Almagro
- Hernán Cortés
- Francisco Pizarro (correct)
- Fernando de Luque
How did the Spanish model of colonization originally operate?
How did the Spanish model of colonization originally operate?
- Through state-sponsored trading expeditions
- By establishing permanent settlements immediately
- Via military expeditions funded by noblemen (correct)
- Using peaceful trade agreements
What was a common outcome for many early private ventures in exploration?
What was a common outcome for many early private ventures in exploration?
What allowed Spanish conquistadores to survive long enough to form alliances with Andean elites?
What allowed Spanish conquistadores to survive long enough to form alliances with Andean elites?
What strategy was similar to the Spanish approach in the conquest of the Americas?
What strategy was similar to the Spanish approach in the conquest of the Americas?
What was the goal of noblemen who mounted military expeditions in the Iberian model?
What was the goal of noblemen who mounted military expeditions in the Iberian model?
What significant issue did Inka nobles face during the time of the Spanish arrival?
What significant issue did Inka nobles face during the time of the Spanish arrival?
What was the primary function of Cusco in the Inka Empire?
What was the primary function of Cusco in the Inka Empire?
Which group was primarily responsible for sending human sacrifices and laborers to Cusco?
Which group was primarily responsible for sending human sacrifices and laborers to Cusco?
What role did the Coya have during imperial ceremonies?
What role did the Coya have during imperial ceremonies?
What challenges did the Inka face as their empire grew?
What challenges did the Inka face as their empire grew?
How did the Inka emperor maintain control over the large empire?
How did the Inka emperor maintain control over the large empire?
What was the significance of solar observations conducted in Cusco?
What was the significance of solar observations conducted in Cusco?
What was one of the purposes of public celebrations in Cusco?
What was one of the purposes of public celebrations in Cusco?
Which object or figure played a sacred role during the Inka ceremonies?
Which object or figure played a sacred role during the Inka ceremonies?
What was the primary purpose of the Requerimiento document read by the Spanish?
What was the primary purpose of the Requerimiento document read by the Spanish?
How did the Spanish interpreters affect the understanding of their message?
How did the Spanish interpreters affect the understanding of their message?
What did the Spaniards claim to be servants of in the Requerimiento?
What did the Spaniards claim to be servants of in the Requerimiento?
How did the Spaniards attempt to intimidate the Indigenous people?
How did the Spaniards attempt to intimidate the Indigenous people?
What was one belief that Atahuallpa held regarding the Spaniards?
What was one belief that Atahuallpa held regarding the Spaniards?
How did the Spanish representation of themselves differ from the realities perceived by the Inka?
How did the Spanish representation of themselves differ from the realities perceived by the Inka?
What was the reaction of the Inka to news of Pizarro’s progress during the civil war?
What was the reaction of the Inka to news of Pizarro’s progress during the civil war?
Which of the following best describes the hybrid understanding of the Spaniards' identity by the Andean people?
Which of the following best describes the hybrid understanding of the Spaniards' identity by the Andean people?
What was Atahuallpa's initial action to try to secure his release from Spanish captivity?
What was Atahuallpa's initial action to try to secure his release from Spanish captivity?
How did Pizarro utilize the time spent waiting for the ransom from Atahuallpa?
How did Pizarro utilize the time spent waiting for the ransom from Atahuallpa?
What did Atahuallpa's attempt to position himself for freedom involve?
What did Atahuallpa's attempt to position himself for freedom involve?
What significant event occurred regarding Huascar while Atahuallpa was imprisoned?
What significant event occurred regarding Huascar while Atahuallpa was imprisoned?
Who was crowned as Inka after Atahuallpa's execution?
Who was crowned as Inka after Atahuallpa's execution?
What benefit did the Andean nobility gain from their new identity as Christian subjects?
What benefit did the Andean nobility gain from their new identity as Christian subjects?
What impact did the Spanish legal system have on Inka noblewomen during colonization?
What impact did the Spanish legal system have on Inka noblewomen during colonization?
What was the outcome of Tupa Huallpa's journey to Cusco?
What was the outcome of Tupa Huallpa's journey to Cusco?
What was a potential motive for Andean elites to align with the Spaniards?
What was a potential motive for Andean elites to align with the Spaniards?
How did the kurakas adapt under Spanish rule?
How did the kurakas adapt under Spanish rule?
What was Pizarro’s reaction to the news of Atahuallpa's alleged conspiracy against the Spaniards?
What was Pizarro’s reaction to the news of Atahuallpa's alleged conspiracy against the Spaniards?
What was a notable action taken by the Spanish viceroy Francisco de Toledo in the 1570s?
What was a notable action taken by the Spanish viceroy Francisco de Toledo in the 1570s?
What suspicion did Spanish colonists have towards the kurakas?
What suspicion did Spanish colonists have towards the kurakas?
In what way did Inka noblemen contribute to the Spanish colonial economy?
In what way did Inka noblemen contribute to the Spanish colonial economy?
What was one of the motivations behind the resettlement of rural populations into Spanish-style towns?
What was one of the motivations behind the resettlement of rural populations into Spanish-style towns?
What happened to the administrative practices of the Inka nobility under Spanish strategies?
What happened to the administrative practices of the Inka nobility under Spanish strategies?
Study Notes
Inka Empire and Challenges
- Andean region's diversity and limited pre-Inka urbanism complicated imperial governance.
- Cusco served as the capital, perceived as a universal center connecting human and supernatural realms.
- Unlike imperial China, Tawantinsuyu lacked strong ethnic unity; most Inka lived near Cusco.
- Provincial lords visited Cusco to engage with the Inka ruler and fulfill tribute obligations.
- Public ceremonies in Cusco ranked royal houses (panaqa) and distinguished Inka nobility from subjects.
- Imperial calendar and agricultural management relied on solar observations conducted in Cusco.
Reactions to European Invasion
- The spread of Old World diseases led to a crisis within the Inka Empire, prompting nobles to seek power consolidation.
- Spanish conquistadores exploited the turmoil, forming alliances with Andean elites for colonial takeover.
- Francisco Pizarro formed expeditions based on rumors of indigenous wealth, influenced by historical patterns of noble military ventures.
The Conquistador Model
- Spanish noblemen sought territory and wealth through military expeditions, offering captured land for royal recognition.
- The Requerimiento declared Spanish intentions to convert Indigenous peoples, creating uncertainty due to mistranslations.
- Mythical associations with Viracocha, the Inka creator god, arose due to the conquistadors’ claim of divine representation.
Inka-Spanish Alliances
- Atahuallpa offered a significant ransom for his release after capture, maintaining power while under Spanish watch.
- Huascar’s death during strife complicated loyalties, as Andean elites sought alliances with Pizarro against Atahuallpa.
- After Atahuallpa’s execution, his half-brother Tupa Huallpa was installed as the new Inka, aligning with Spanish interests.
Changes in Nobility and Power Dynamics
- Andean nobility gained Christian legal status, allowing property protection and inheritance, impacting gender power dynamics.
- Inka elite gradually adapted to Spanish societal structures, shifting from imperial officials to Christian subjects.
- Spanish colonists mistrusted local kurakas, attributing blames such as excess tribute collection and maintaining indigenous customs.
The New Political Economy
- The 1570s saw viceroy Francisco de Toledo implementing policies to diminish Inka nobility's influence.
- Enforcement of new censuses and resettlement of populations aimed at easier governance and labor regulation.
- Toledo’s reform efforts challenged traditional Inka governance and reflected a shift in administrative practices.
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Description
Explore the complexities of the Incan Empire, focusing on the diversity of the Andean region and the challenges posed by its limited pre-Inka urbanism. Understand how the Inkas maintained order and viewed Cusco as the universal center connecting human and supernatural realms.
