Incan Empire and Urbanism Challenges
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Questions and Answers

What event triggered an imperial crisis for Inka nobles?

  • The spread of Old World diseases (correct)
  • The arrival of Spanish conquistadores
  • The discovery of gold in Peru
  • Internal conflicts among Andean leaders
  • Which conquistador obtained permission to expedition along the Pacific coast?

  • Diego de Almagro
  • Hernán Cortés
  • Francisco Pizarro (correct)
  • Fernando de Luque
  • How did the Spanish model of colonization originally operate?

  • Through state-sponsored trading expeditions
  • By establishing permanent settlements immediately
  • Via military expeditions funded by noblemen (correct)
  • Using peaceful trade agreements
  • What was a common outcome for many early private ventures in exploration?

    <p>Economic ruin for some survivors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allowed Spanish conquistadores to survive long enough to form alliances with Andean elites?

    <p>A combination of luck and strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy was similar to the Spanish approach in the conquest of the Americas?

    <p>Taking prisoners and valuable plunder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the goal of noblemen who mounted military expeditions in the Iberian model?

    <p>To secure royal titles and economic benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant issue did Inka nobles face during the time of the Spanish arrival?

    <p>A power vacuum due to internal conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary function of Cusco in the Inka Empire?

    <p>It acted as the capital where diverse regions were unified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was primarily responsible for sending human sacrifices and laborers to Cusco?

    <p>Provincial lords and officials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Coya have during imperial ceremonies?

    <p>She performed central roles alongside the Inka ruler.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges did the Inka face as their empire grew?

    <p>Maintaining the royal couple's presence at the imperial center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Inka emperor maintain control over the large empire?

    <p>By sending soldiers and officials from Cusco.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of solar observations conducted in Cusco?

    <p>To maintain the imperial calendar and manage agricultural cycles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the purposes of public celebrations in Cusco?

    <p>To rank the different royal houses within the Inka dynasty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which object or figure played a sacred role during the Inka ceremonies?

    <p>Ancestral mummies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Requerimiento document read by the Spanish?

    <p>To announce intentions of missionary work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Spanish interpreters affect the understanding of their message?

    <p>They introduced uncertainty through mistranslation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Spaniards claim to be servants of in the Requerimiento?

    <p>The creator of the universe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Spaniards attempt to intimidate the Indigenous people?

    <p>By firing guns and showing horsemanship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one belief that Atahuallpa held regarding the Spaniards?

    <p>They may have come from the creator Viracocha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Spanish representation of themselves differ from the realities perceived by the Inka?

    <p>Inka advisors recognized them as merely mortal men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reaction of the Inka to news of Pizarro’s progress during the civil war?

    <p>They received updates from chroniclers about the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the hybrid understanding of the Spaniards' identity by the Andean people?

    <p>Some believed they were invaders sent by gods, while others knew they were human.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Atahuallpa's initial action to try to secure his release from Spanish captivity?

    <p>He offered a rich ransom of gold and silver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Pizarro utilize the time spent waiting for the ransom from Atahuallpa?

    <p>He melted down the ransom to distribute among his men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Atahuallpa's attempt to position himself for freedom involve?

    <p>Assembling a royal court in his prison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event occurred regarding Huascar while Atahuallpa was imprisoned?

    <p>Huascar was killed by Atahuallpa's captains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was crowned as Inka after Atahuallpa's execution?

    <p>Tupa Huallpa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit did the Andean nobility gain from their new identity as Christian subjects?

    <p>They were allowed to give sworn testimony in legal cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the Spanish legal system have on Inka noblewomen during colonization?

    <p>Much of their power and influence disappeared.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Tupa Huallpa's journey to Cusco?

    <p>He fell ill and died, allegedly poisoned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a potential motive for Andean elites to align with the Spaniards?

    <p>To gain independence from Inka rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the kurakas adapt under Spanish rule?

    <p>They were recognized as noblemen managing tribute collection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Pizarro’s reaction to the news of Atahuallpa's alleged conspiracy against the Spaniards?

    <p>He executed Atahuallpa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable action taken by the Spanish viceroy Francisco de Toledo in the 1570s?

    <p>He implemented new censuses counted by Spanish officials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What suspicion did Spanish colonists have towards the kurakas?

    <p>They suspected kurakas of enriching themselves through excess tribute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did Inka noblemen contribute to the Spanish colonial economy?

    <p>By mobilizing tribute from local populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the motivations behind the resettlement of rural populations into Spanish-style towns?

    <p>To facilitate easier supervision by Spanish authorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the administrative practices of the Inka nobility under Spanish strategies?

    <p>They were attacked based on Inka-era precedents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inka Empire and Challenges

    • Andean region's diversity and limited pre-Inka urbanism complicated imperial governance.
    • Cusco served as the capital, perceived as a universal center connecting human and supernatural realms.
    • Unlike imperial China, Tawantinsuyu lacked strong ethnic unity; most Inka lived near Cusco.
    • Provincial lords visited Cusco to engage with the Inka ruler and fulfill tribute obligations.
    • Public ceremonies in Cusco ranked royal houses (panaqa) and distinguished Inka nobility from subjects.
    • Imperial calendar and agricultural management relied on solar observations conducted in Cusco.

    Reactions to European Invasion

    • The spread of Old World diseases led to a crisis within the Inka Empire, prompting nobles to seek power consolidation.
    • Spanish conquistadores exploited the turmoil, forming alliances with Andean elites for colonial takeover.
    • Francisco Pizarro formed expeditions based on rumors of indigenous wealth, influenced by historical patterns of noble military ventures.

    The Conquistador Model

    • Spanish noblemen sought territory and wealth through military expeditions, offering captured land for royal recognition.
    • The Requerimiento declared Spanish intentions to convert Indigenous peoples, creating uncertainty due to mistranslations.
    • Mythical associations with Viracocha, the Inka creator god, arose due to the conquistadors’ claim of divine representation.

    Inka-Spanish Alliances

    • Atahuallpa offered a significant ransom for his release after capture, maintaining power while under Spanish watch.
    • Huascar’s death during strife complicated loyalties, as Andean elites sought alliances with Pizarro against Atahuallpa.
    • After Atahuallpa’s execution, his half-brother Tupa Huallpa was installed as the new Inka, aligning with Spanish interests.

    Changes in Nobility and Power Dynamics

    • Andean nobility gained Christian legal status, allowing property protection and inheritance, impacting gender power dynamics.
    • Inka elite gradually adapted to Spanish societal structures, shifting from imperial officials to Christian subjects.
    • Spanish colonists mistrusted local kurakas, attributing blames such as excess tribute collection and maintaining indigenous customs.

    The New Political Economy

    • The 1570s saw viceroy Francisco de Toledo implementing policies to diminish Inka nobility's influence.
    • Enforcement of new censuses and resettlement of populations aimed at easier governance and labor regulation.
    • Toledo’s reform efforts challenged traditional Inka governance and reflected a shift in administrative practices.

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    Description

    Explore the complexities of the Incan Empire, focusing on the diversity of the Andean region and the challenges posed by its limited pre-Inka urbanism. Understand how the Inkas maintained order and viewed Cusco as the universal center connecting human and supernatural realms.

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