Inadequate Access to Antibiotics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for the decline in antibiotic production quotas?

  • Inadequate access to antibiotics in low-income countries
  • Decrease in antibiotic spending and consumption since the 1980s (correct)
  • Lack of investment in research and development of new antibiotics
  • Overprescription of antibiotics in high-income countries

What percentage of annual global deaths in children under 5 were due to a lack of access to penicillin and its derivatives in 1999?

  • Less than 5% (correct)
  • Less than 1%
  • More than 20%
  • More than 10%

What is the term used to describe underinvestment in public goods resulting in their undersupply, as seen in the case of antibiotics?

  • Tragedy of the commons (correct)
  • Economic paradox
  • Global health disparity
  • Public health crisis

In which region did a study show that 80% of under fives had at least one sign of infection and 47% had haemoparasites?

<p>Central African Republic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are penicillins considered a cost-effective option?

<p>They are one of the cheapest drug types on the market (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of inadequate access to antibiotics in low-income countries?

<p>High prevalence of infectious diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the inadequate access to healthcare, according to the given information?

<p>Overuse and misuse of antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when microbes evolve to resist the effects of antibiotics?

<p>Multiple antibiotics are prescribed to treat specific infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of inadequate access to antibiotics, according to the text?

<p>Increased healthcare costs and difficulty in treating infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of antibiotics in medical history?

<p>Antibiotics have increased the average lifespan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of failed access to specific antibiotics?

<p>Significant disability and decreased quality of life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy on infections?

<p>It leads to improved health outcomes and reduced disability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antibiotics on symptoms and function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Antibiotics improve symptoms and function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor in the issue of inadequate access to antimicrobial medicines?

<p>Availability of antimicrobial medicines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of inadequate access to antibiotics on health-related quality of life (HRQL)?

<p>It has a negative impact on HRQL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of addressing the issue of inadequate access to antibiotics?

<p>Reduced healthcare costs and improved patient outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of children with dysentery not receiving effective antibiotics?

<p>They may not receive treatment or purchase medicine from a private pharmacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the finding of a study in Ghana regarding the use of cotrimoxazole in case management of pneumonia?

<p>It was rarely used in health centers due to lack of stock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between public and private sector healthcare in India, according to a study on childhood diarrhea?

<p>Quality of care is lower in private sector due to over-prescription (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is economic availability of a drug referring to?

<p>The ability of an individual or household to afford a drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of economic hardships on the use of medicines and antibiotics?

<p>People reduce their health expenditure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in developing countries regarding antibiotic use?

<p>Limited availability of antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of price elasticity in the context of essential drugs?

<p>To measure the change in quantity demanded in relation to the change in price (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for high prices of new antibiotics, according to pharmaceutical companies?

<p>High cost of research and development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major challenge in antibiotic procurement in developing countries?

<p>Government contracts often go to the lowest bidder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of price inelasticity of essential drugs?

<p>Higher burdens on individual patients and the state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the purchase of expensive drugs with lower effectiveness in some countries?

<p>International development loans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of inadequate access to antibiotics in developing countries?

<p>Increased morbidity and mortality rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to the evolution of drug-resistant strains in developing countries?

<p>Inappropriate use of antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated annual number of deaths in developing countries due to inadequate access to antibiotics?

<p>Over 10 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of untreated infections on developing countries?

<p>Productivity loss and long-term treatment costs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of antibiotics in disease prevention, especially in areas with limited access to healthcare and clean water?

<p>To reduce morbidity and mortality rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the widespread use of antibiotics in developing countries?

<p>Increased antibiotic resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of inadequate access to antibiotics on children in Africa?

<p>Increased risk of dying from bacterial infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the example of a disease that can be prevented with penicillin treatment in developing countries?

<p>Rheumatic Heart Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increasing resistance through vaccination strategies?

<p>Trade-off between reduced morbidity and increased treatment difficulties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of antibiotic use in relation to infections?

<p>The transmission of infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of introducing an antibiotic in the basic infectious disease model?

<p>The introduction of an antibiotic increases the removal rate of infected individuals from the infectious to non-infectious class (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of understanding resistance as an ecological process?

<p>Guiding policies for antibiotic restriction to certain patient or clinical syndromes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of research on the epidemiology of resistance?

<p>To clarify the specific socio-economic, behavioral, or environmental factors that sustain antibiotic-resistant infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of antibiotics exerting selection pressure on a population of organisms?

<p>Antibiotics exert selection pressure that enriches resistant and susceptible organisms at the expense of those killed by the drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential solution to increasing antibiotic supply in developing countries?

<p>Strategic purchasing through pooling funds to purchase large quantities of antibiotics at lower prices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of improving antibiotic access in developing countries?

<p>To address the infectious disease burden in developing countries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of controlling antimicrobial resistance and encouraging appropriate use of existing antibiotics on demand?

<p>It decreases demand in the long term (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of strengthening supply chains in developing countries?

<p>To increase antibiotic supply through a combination of public and private sector intervention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a debated approach to improving antibiotic access in developing countries?

<p>Providing financial incentives for research and development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could help achieve a dramatic decline in demand for antibiotics in developing countries?

<p>Public health campaigns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the lack of product differentiation between forms of antibiotic treatments for different diseases?

<p>Inflexibility in pricing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely outcome of price competition between rival antibiotic producers?

<p>Higher quantity exchanged (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why will the development of new antibiotics become a less attractive venture in a short period?

<p>Rapid obsolescence due to resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is recommended to influence increased supply of antibiotics while maintaining an acceptable price and quality?

<p>Market regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary to establish in communities to address the issue of antibiotic access and appropriate use?

<p>Surveillance systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with higher use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and overuse of the same antibiotics?

<p>Low access to antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To improve the availability and accessibility of antibiotics, it is essential to establish a knowledge base on what?

<p>Inappropriate antibiotic use and access (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vital in fostering a sense of shared responsibility for public health?

<p>Defining and enforcing community healthcare rights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be continually monitored and revised based on local conditions?

<p>Surveillance systems and strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the pharmaceutical industry's decision to invest in antibiotic development?

<p>Profit incentives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible mechanism to encourage companies to develop new antibiotics?

<p>Offering tax breaks and longer patent life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of regulatory frameworks in the pharmaceutical industry?

<p>To ensure quality, safety, and efficacy of drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated amount of market entry reward that could regain sustained industry interest in antibiotic development?

<p>$4 billion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of government policy interventions in antibiotic development?

<p>To increase access to antibiotics in developing countries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of paying or reimbursing companies for products with little or no interest to the company itself?

<p>Shift in investment from chronic disease drugs to antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for governments to intervene in drug supply?

<p>To address inefficiency, inequity, and protect public health and safety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of public awareness campaigns in European OECD countries?

<p>To educate people about the appropriate use of antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP)?

<p>To support country capacity for containment of antimicrobial resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the WHO's global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance?

<p>To improve access to antimicrobials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for governments to subsidize pharmaceuticals?

<p>To make pharmaceuticals affordable to the general public (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of international collaborations to address drug-resistant infections?

<p>To address drug-resistant infections, ranging from R&amp;D to creating guidelines and raising awareness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in addressing the issue of antimicrobial resistance?

<p>Lack of acceptance of the issue by politicians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)?

<p>To improve the health of children in the world's poorest countries by increasing access to immunization and vaccines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for governments to provide incentives for research and development of drugs for diseases with high social burdens?

<p>To encourage the development of drugs for diseases with high social burdens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the WHO's global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries?

<p>To improve access to antimicrobials in developing countries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership?

<p>To promote global solutions through consensus and common objectives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in developing countries regarding antibiotic research and development?

<p>Preference for intervention research over development of own research capabilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of insufficient financing of research into diseases mainly affecting the poor?

<p>An immense cumulative effect on the health of poor people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of empowering communities to take control of their health?

<p>Improving the skills and motivation of healthcare workers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the Global Forum for Health Research?

<p>Enhancing north/south and south/south partnerships in health research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main constraint faced by insurance programs aimed at promoting responsible antibiotic use?

<p>Economic rationalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of collaborations between countries, NGOs, and organizations to address the limited efficacy of antibiotics?

<p>Joint problem-solving and knowledge sharing to address the issue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can point-of-care tests improve antibiotic delivery?

<p>By targeting antibiotics to patients who need them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the reluctance of donor agencies to support R&D?

<p>The long timescales and uncertain returns of R&amp;D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of telemedicine in addressing the access problem?

<p>Increasing access to healthcare services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the imbalance in health research, where less than 10% of worldwide resources are spent on health problems affecting developing countries?

<p>A significant impact on the health of poor people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of educational efforts for healthcare providers regarding antibiotic use?

<p>To promote responsible antibiotic use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of dysfunctional primary care in rural areas?

<p>Low confidence and motivation among healthcare providers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of failed access to specific antibiotics?

<p>A significant impact on the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of poor people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in promoting responsible antibiotic use?

<p>Human nature and lack of system-based changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of strengthening district-level health services?

<p>Improving the skills and motivation of healthcare workers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of research on the epidemiology of resistance?

<p>To understand the spread of antibiotic resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of point-of-care tests in improving antibiotic delivery?

<p>Targeting antibiotics to patients who need them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of inadequate access to essential medicines in developing countries?

<p>Lack of access to healthcare leads to poor health outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of strategies to promote responsible antibiotic use?

<p>Decreasing the misuse of antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of linking better infrastructure and supply systems to low-cost private healthcare providers through telemedicine?

<p>Increasing access to care and improving clinical outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which healthcare settings may point-of-care testing increase total healthcare costs if not linked to patient management changes?

<p>In various healthcare settings across different countries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of digital health solutions in the context of increasing access to antibiotics?

<p>To enhance the tracking and access of antibiotics through IT in the public and private health sectors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in developing countries regarding the use of point-of-care testing for infectious diseases?

<p>Lack of commercial funding for POCT development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of implementing infection control measures at home through telemedicine?

<p>Preventing infections and improving clinical outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of high-level health policy and planning in the public and private sector?

<p>Making changes in antibiotic use and access (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of point-of-care testing in developing countries?

<p>Lack of commercial funding for POCT development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of stigma associated with certain diseases, such as leprosy and TB?

<p>Hindering the control of these diseases, as they are often seen as diseases of the past (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of rapid diagnostic tests in managing infectious diseases in remote and under-resourced areas?

<p>Giving a logical basis to the decision to treat or defer therapy in ambiguous cases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using digital health solutions to improve antibiotic use and access?

<p>Increasing the availability and accessibility of antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can stigma and labeling have on individuals seeking medical advice or information about antibiotics?

<p>Decrease access to antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are donations and free medication not sustainable solutions to inadequate access to antibiotics?

<p>Development of antibiotic resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can poverty reduction help increase access to antibiotics in low-income countries?

<p>Improves access to antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of improving clean water and sanitation in developing countries?

<p>Enhanced availability of effective antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do labeling theories relate to the use of antibiotics in low and middle-income countries?

<p>Lead to the stereotypical manner of that label (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is offering free antibiotics considered a short-term solution to inadequate access?

<p>Increases the spread of resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can educated individuals impact the use of effective antibiotics in their communities?

<p>Understand the importance of effective antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the possible result of antibiotic donations on the competitive pharmaceutical industry?

<p>Undermine the market for antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the stigma associated with drug use impact individuals and their communities?

<p>Lead to rejection and future problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the drawback of relying on quick fixes like donating large amounts of antibiotics to tackle inadequate access?

<p>Leads to the development of antibiotic resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the ineffectiveness of antibiotic treatment?

<p>Overuse of antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of antibiotic use that is unnecessary?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Penicillin, the first antibiotic?

<p>It saved many allied troops' lives during World War 2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are antibiotics often prescribed for preventative measures?

<p>To prevent secondary bacterial infections in people with viral upper respiratory infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antibiotics on viruses?

<p>They have no effect on viruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of some antibiotics that act on a narrow spectrum of bacteria?

<p>They are more effective against a specific type of bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the use of antibiotics in the modern era?

<p>Their overuse and misuse are leading to bacterial resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of antibiotic misuse, such as using antibiotics for viral infections?

<p>Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance in terms of healthcare resources?

<p>Increased consumption of healthcare resources and cost of medical care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the spread of resistant bacteria between humans and animals?

<p>Food and environmental reservoirs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of antibiotic overuse and misuse in hospitals?

<p>Increased risk of adverse drug reactions and allergic effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for prescribing antibiotics for non-bacterial infections?

<p>Patients often expect antibiotics to be prescribed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance in terms of disease outcomes?

<p>Increased susceptibility to infection and likelihood of harmful disease outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding antibiotic resistance globally?

<p>It is a significant global health threat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance in terms of medical treatment?

<p>Treatments are longer and more toxic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria?

<p>The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the over-prescription of antibiotics in the current fee-for-service medical model?

<p>Physicians are often rewarded for treating more patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the lack of capacity to manage diagnostic uncertainty and fear of failure in physicians?

<p>Higher antibiotic use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of antibiotic resistance on invasive group B streptococcus and pneumococcal infections among children?

<p>A shift in the types of strains causing infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria?

<p>Antibiotics become less effective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary public health threat posed by antibiotic resistance?

<p>Increased mortality and prolonged illness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of collaborations between countries, NGOs, and organizations to address the limited efficacy of antibiotics?

<p>Compromised ability to treat bacterial infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of antibiotic resistance on developing countries?

<p>It has a significant impact on developing countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in promoting responsible antibiotic use?

<p>Lack of capacity to manage diagnostic uncertainty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the growing malpractice costs on physicians?

<p>They are more likely to avoid missed diagnoses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of the increasing number of primary care office visits on antibiotic use?

<p>It increases the number of antibiotic prescriptions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated annual cost of resistant infections in Australia?

<p>$37.8 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of antibiotic stewardship programs?

<p>To ensure each patient receives the most appropriate antibiotic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of resistant bacteria on patients with weaker immune systems?

<p>They have a greater impact on them (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the strategy to address overuse and misuse of antibiotics?

<p>Changing consumer and provider behavior at both individual and organizational levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of educating people about the best ways to prevent and treat common infections?

<p>It reduces the demand for antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of antibiotics prescribed to adults that are unnecessary?

<p>50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of establishing a definitive diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis?

<p>To ensure antibiotics are only used when necessary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of many prescribers not believing that resistance is a problem on antibiotic prescribing?

<p>It increases antibiotic use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of education and awareness campaigns to combat resistant infections?

<p>Producing resource materials to inform the public and health workers about the best antibiotic treatment for common infectious syndromes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of improving the diagnosis of infections?

<p>To ensure antibiotics are only used when necessary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver of antibiotic resistance in healthcare settings?

<p>Overuse of 'wonder drugs' and inadequate knowledge about optimal prescribing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of antibiotic overuse and misuse in healthcare settings?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the global impact of antibiotic resistance?

<p>A significant public health problem with global effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in addressing antibiotic-resistant infections in low-income countries?

<p>Inadequate access to alternative antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between antibiotic use and resistance rates in individual hospitals?

<p>Strong correlation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of antibiotic stewardship programs?

<p>To conserve the effectiveness of antibiotics for future generations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of prolonged use of antibiotics?

<p>Higher likelihood of persistent nasopharyngeal colonization of bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is antibiotic resistance considered a natural phenomenon?

<p>Because resistance to external threats is a survival strategy for bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the unforeseen negative effects of antibiotics on human health?

<p>Having detrimental effects on the human host and commensal flora (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do antibiotics contribute to antibiotic resistance?

<p>By exerting pressure on bacteria that accelerates the development of resistant strains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can increased use of powerful broad-spectrum antibiotics lead to?

<p>Accelerated antibiotic resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can result from antibiotics disrupting the body's defenses against infection?

<p>Severe allergic reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is antibiotic resistance a growing concern?

<p>As a result of increased infections and treatment failures from overuse and misuse of antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct implication of antibiotic resistance on healthcare systems?

<p>Increased number of patients requiring care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are measures like improving immunization and infection control recommended to limit the spread of resistant bacteria?

<p>To ensure antibiotics remain useful for future generations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the possible outcomes of antibiotic resistance on the global community?

<p>Increase in the prevalence of infectious diseases and potential deaths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do physicians often prescribe antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections?

<p>Due to difficulty distinguishing between bacterial and viral infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the overuse of antibiotics in dental and medical fields?

<p>Increased diagnostic uncertainty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do patients sometimes not comply with antibiotic treatment regimens?

<p>Due to perceived severity of illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do patient expectations influence antibiotic prescribing behaviors?

<p>Patients expect to receive a prescription without valid reasons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are antibiotics unnecessarily prescribed following dental extraction?

<p>To prevent wound infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for prescribing unnecessary antibiotics for otitis media?

<p>To avoid pressure from parents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do patient knowledge and information impact antibiotic prescriptions?

<p>Patients are less likely to misuse antibiotics if well-informed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of ambulatory pediatric prescribing in the US accounts for antibiotics?

<p>60% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences prescriber and consumer concepts of antibiotic therapy duration and choice?

<p>Patient demand and expectations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to a cycle of continual overuse of antibiotics according to a study in the Netherlands?

<p>Parental expectation of illness severity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major factor contributing to antibiotic overprescribing in pneumonia?

<p>Rapid diagnosis expectations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant contextual factor influencing antibiotic prescribing in respiratory tract infections?

<p>Not following guidelines/protocols (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which system did a two-year infection prevention effort show significant results by preventing over 1500 infections?

<p>Michigan Health Care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would a 10% reduction in MRSA infections save a hospital in the five-year period after an infection control initiative?

<p>$1.5 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of antibiotic stewardship programs?

<p>Monitoring and encouraging appropriate antibiotic use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of improved diagnostic tools in medical care?

<p>Better targeted antibiotic use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was identified as a high priority for infectious disease specialists to conduct research on?

<p>Prevention of infections and antibiotic resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do infectious disease specialists play in influencing colleagues?

<p>Providing expert advice on infections and treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates CDC efforts to prevent infections in health care systems?

<p>To save human lives and suffering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could improved diagnostic tools potentially lead to, specific to antibiotic prescribing practices?

<p>Decreased antibiotic prescribing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver of 'irrational prescribing' of antibiotics?

<p>Patients' expectations and demand for antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of antibiotic overuse and misuse in bacterial infections?

<p>Increased antibiotic resistance and resistant infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of antibiotics in treating certain infections?

<p>To treat tuberculosis and prevent infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of reduced research and development spending on antibiotics?

<p>Decreased availability of new antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial for healthcare providers to be cautious when prescribing antibiotics?

<p>To avoid prescribing antibiotics when not appropriate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of incorrect diagnoses in primary care?

<p>Narrow-spectrum drug selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of overuse and misuse of antibiotics?

<p>Emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the CDC, what percentage of antibiotics prescribed in US hospitals are unnecessary?

<p>30% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increased rate of morbidity and mortality from infection worldwide?

<p>Proliferation of antibiotic-resistant strains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of sharing leftover antibiotics with family and friends?

<p>Increased antibiotic resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of antibiotics on bacterial infections?

<p>Killing or inhibiting bacterial growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of antibiotic overuse and misuse?

<p>Antibiotic resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of overuse and misuse of antibiotics in animal food?

<p>Residues in animal tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of industrial and municipal discharges of inadequately treated wastes?

<p>Environmental contamination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of treating viral infections with antibiotics?

<p>Development of antibiotic resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of addressing antibiotic resistance and misuse?

<p>To ensure the continued use of antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the overuse of antibiotics in agricultural areas?

<p>Contamination of ground and surface water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the widespread prescription of broad spectrum antibiotics?

<p>Because they are a more practical solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the 'just in case' strategy used by doctors when prescribing antibiotics?

<p>Non-evidence-based prescribing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which antibiotic resistance spreads from person to person?

<p>When an infected person is not effectively treated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the public's expectation of antibiotics for coughs, colds, and sore throats?

<p>They provide quick symptom relief (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of not following the exact dosage instructions when taking antibiotics?

<p>Increased risk of side effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the lack of understanding by prescribers regarding antibiotic use?

<p>Patient pressure and expectations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of high-quality research on antibiotic consumption and resistance?

<p>It provides a clear link between antibiotic consumption and resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of antibiotic resistance on a global scale?

<p>It increases the global burden of disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?

<p>Through natural selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the decline in the use of sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics in animal feed in the US?

<p>Consumer pressure and health hazards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the selective pressure exerted by an antibiotic on the genetic codes of bacteria?

<p>Antibiotic resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the use of antibiotics in prophylaxis?

<p>Ineffective tool in preventing the spread of infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the emergence of MRSA and VRSA?

<p>Increased morbidity and mortality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely consequence of the inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans and animals?

<p>Catastrophic impact on global health and patient quality of life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increased susceptibility to infection in patients with resistant bacteria?

<p>Resistance traits attached to virulence factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do patients often expect antibiotics from their doctors, leading to inappropriate prescribing?

<p>Because patients are unaware of the difference between antibiotics and other medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of antibiotic resistance in developing countries?

<p>Increased morbidity and mortality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why pharmaceutical companies are discouraged from developing new antibiotics?

<p>The high cost of developing effective new antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to the emergence of superbugs?

<p>Resistance traits attached to virulence factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the use of sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics in animal feed in many countries?

<p>Increased antibiotic resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of antibiotic resistance in terms of medical procedures?

<p>Many medical procedures may not be performed due to the high risk of infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increased mortality rate in the United States due to MRSA?

<p>Emergence of MRSA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of self-medication with antibiotics?

<p>The development of antibiotic resistance, leading to more severe infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for antibiotic resistance in livestock and agriculture?

<p>The economic, ethical, and health-related factors involved in antibiotic use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the use of antibiotics in prophylaxis to prevent certain diseases from occurring?

<p>Increased risk of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of antibiotic resistance on medical treatment?

<p>The treatment of infections is more challenging and potentially catastrophic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do general practitioners often prescribe antibiotics excessively?

<p>To ensure diagnosis certainty and expedite symptom resolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of not completing the full course of antibiotic treatment?

<p>The development of antibiotic resistance, leading to more severe infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of antibiotic misuse in terms of healthcare resources?

<p>Increased healthcare costs and resources due to the need for more complex treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the emergence of resistant bacteria, leading to detrimental effects on new hosts?

<p>Stronger selective pressure for the evolution of resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the widespread use of antibiotics, despite their benefits in treating bacterial infections?

<p>Emergence of antibiotic resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of increased healthcare costs due to antibiotic resistance?

<p>Reduced funding for public sector services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of public awareness campaigns aimed at addressing antibiotic resistance?

<p>To reduce the demand for antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the overuse of antibiotics in the treatment of respiratory conditions?

<p>Development of superbugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to the overuse of antibiotics in outpatient visits?

<p>Patient demand for antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the prolongation of illness associated with antibiotic resistance?

<p>Greater burden on family and informal caregivers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of strategies aimed at addressing antibiotic resistance?

<p>To reduce the demand for antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the educational interventions aimed at health professionals?

<p>Reduced demand for antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in addressing the issue of antibiotic resistance?

<p>Need for better quality trials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients in a New Zealand survey believed antibiotics were effective in treating viral infections?

<p>40% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to a study, what percentage lower rate of antibiotic use was observed in senior citizens who received education on antibiotic risks?

<p>36% lower (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy has been shown to reduce antibiotic consumption by almost half, according to a Cochrane review?

<p>Delayed prescribing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Wise Use of Antibiotics' programme in New Zealand?

<p>To educate professionals and the public about the prudent use of antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of policies focus on rewarding antibiotic prescribers for good performance?

<p>Incentive policies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the organization that has developed quality indicators to assist healthcare professionals in improving patient outcomes cost-effectively?

<p>Infectious Disease Society of America (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of symptom severity scores or algorithms in managing URTIs?

<p>To predict the likelihood of bacterial infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a recent RCT in England that used a simple acronym to reduce antibiotic prescribing for uncomplicated URIs?

<p>20% reduction in antibiotic prescribing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative to antibiotics being researched as an attractive alternative to prevent certain infections?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of antimicrobial risk-assessment and stewardship programs at the institutional level?

<p>To improve patient outcomes cost-effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of developing new antibiotics that target specific microbes?

<p>To combat resistance and provide long-term cures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the decrease in research into antimicrobial agents in the past few decades?

<p>Increased focus on developing vaccines and long-term illness medication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of alternative approaches to infection control, such as the use of 20% permethrin impregnated chaddars?

<p>To reduce the overuse and misuse of antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of global efforts to raise awareness and implement policy changes to address the antimicrobial resistance crisis?

<p>To educate the public and policymakers on how to slow the effects of antibiotic resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X)?

<p>To promote global collaboration and cooperation for the development of new antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, leading to increased resistance?

<p>Decreased effectiveness of existing antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of education campaigns aimed at combating resistant infections?

<p>To educate the public and policymakers on how to slow the effects of antibiotic resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of research into the development of new antibiotics?

<p>To develop antibiotics that target specific microbes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of implementing infection control measures in healthcare settings?

<p>Decreased incidence of infectious diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of collaborative efforts between countries, NGOs, and organizations to address the limited efficacy of antibiotics?

<p>To promote global awareness and cooperation for the development of new antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the delay in the approval of new antibiotics?

<p>The lengthy time between active research and development and approval for use in patient treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated cost of developing a new antibiotic?

<p>Between $800 million and $1.3 billion USD (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many new antibiotics were approved for sale between 1983 and 1987?

<p>16 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the streptogramin antibiotic that was approved for use in the USA in 1999?

<p>Quinupristin/dalfopristin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the abandonment of antibiotic development?

<p>The potential for the drug to not even make it to market (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are toxicology studies required for new antibiotics more extensive than for other drug types?

<p>Due to the potential toxicity of antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of delaying treatment to establish diagnosis in patients with infections caused by resistant bacteria?

<p>Increased morbidity and risk of treatment failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the development of new antibiotic agents not keeping pace with the emergence of resistant bacterial strains?

<p>Because of the complexity and expense of in-vitro and in-vivo studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why antibiotic research and development have become less attractive to the pharmaceutical industry?

<p>The shorter clinical life-span of effective antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the lack of new antibiotic classes?

<p>The challenging discovery process and demanding regulatory environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the overuse of antibiotics in agriculture?

<p>Rapid selection of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why large pharmaceutical companies have left the antibiotic field?

<p>The decreasing supply of new antibiotics to tackle emerging resistant infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in developing new antibiotics?

<p>The time it takes to bring a lead compound to preclinical development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why antibiotics have become less effective?

<p>The extensive use and misuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of antibiotic resistance?

<p>Increased morbidity and mortality rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the decline in the identification of novel antibiotic classes?

<p>The challenging discovery process and demanding regulatory environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of public-private partnerships in promoting antibiotic development?

<p>Reducing the cost of antibiotic research and development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of regulations and financial incentives in combating antibiotic resistance?

<p>They do not promote new antibiotic development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 'market entry rewards' or 'transferable exclusivity vouchers' in promoting antibiotic development?

<p>To delink the revenue of the drug from the volume sold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of antibiotic stewardship programs?

<p>To change health practitioners' prescribing habits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of patent buyouts in promoting antibiotic development?

<p>They are limited to a time when new antibiotics are available (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of de-linking the revenue of the drug from the volume sold?

<p>Increasing the return on investment for a successful antibiotic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of government funding for antibiotic research and development?

<p>To provide economic incentives for pharmaceutical companies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of simulation studies in evaluating antibiotic development strategies?

<p>They can predict the benefits of different strategies in terms of public health and combating antibiotic resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the inadequate access to antibiotics in developing countries?

<p>Increased mortality and morbidity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of public-private partnerships in promoting antibiotic development in developing countries?

<p>Providing financial support and incentives for antibiotic development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that hinders large pharmaceutical companies from developing antibiotics?

<p>High cost of bringing new antibiotics to market (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are regulatory requirements for antibiotics more stringent than other classes of drugs?

<p>Because antibiotics require clinical efficacy similar to cancer drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated time required to market a new antibiotic?

<p>10-12 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the high cost of antibiotic research and development?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do regulatory bodies have high efficacy standards for antibiotics?

<p>To ensure antibiotics are effective against a broad range of microorganisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in developing new antibiotics for rare diseases in high-income countries?

<p>The cost of conducting trials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do health technology assessment bodies require high-cost antibiotics to demonstrate comparative effectiveness?

<p>To determine the cost-effectiveness of antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of reclassification of new antibiotics to higher risk categories of drugs?

<p>Companies are more likely to abandon antibiotic projects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of sustained global efforts to improve antibiotic use?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that influences antibiotic research and development?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which combination therapy can prevent the development of resistance to a particular antibiotic?

<p>By inhibiting the growth of mutants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of antibiotic stewardship programs?

<p>To optimize the management of infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using antibiotics in combination with efflux pump inhibitors?

<p>Enhanced bacterial kill (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in addressing the issue of antibiotic resistance in resource-poor communities?

<p>Inadequate healthcare infrastructure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which antibiotic resistance can be minimized in combination therapy?

<p>By reducing the emergence of resistant mutants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of immunomodulatory therapies in combating antibiotic resistance?

<p>To promote host immune responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using combination therapy in treating resistant infections?

<p>Enhanced bacterial kill (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which antibiotic stewardship programs can reduce antibiotic resistance?

<p>By optimizing the management of infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of insufficient antibiotic concentration in the site of infection?

<p>Proliferation of resistant mutants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of developing new antibiotics with low mutational fitness costs?

<p>To combat existing resistant infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of understanding the immune system's defenses and pathogens' evasion tactics?

<p>Manipulating immune responses to develop treatments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in developing new antibiotics?

<p>cost and lack of financial benefits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of advances in genetic sequencing and studies into bacteria's genetics?

<p>Understanding the genetics of bacteria and their disease-causing processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of high-throughput screening of compounds for activity against bacterial targets?

<p>Reducing the high attrition rate at the development candidate stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of engineering bacteriophages?

<p>Creating custom-built antimicrobial agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of understanding the genetics of bacteria and their disease-causing processes?

<p>Leading to potential gene therapy methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in developing countries regarding antibiotic research and development?

<p>Companies' disinterest in developing antibiotics for developing countries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of metagenomics in antibiotic development?

<p>Accessing the remaining 99% of microbes for genetic material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of genome sequencing in antibiotic development?

<p>Leading to new drug targets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of the 'antibiotic re-profiling initiative'?

<p>Providing new drugs at lower costs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using synthetic biology in antibiotic development?

<p>Designing and constructing new biological parts, devices, and systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of historical and recent successful examples of antibiotic development?

<p>Collaborative efforts between scientists from various sectors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of global collaboration and knowledge sharing in antibiotic development?

<p>Enhancing the development of antibiotics in various ways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between historical and recent antibiotic development approaches?

<p>The focus on high-throughput screening and empirical testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of leaders in pharmaceutical and biomedical industries in terms of antibiotic development?

<p>Guiding the discovery of new drugs through research on mechanisms of bacterial infection and antibiotic action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of the approach described in the text over current broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents?

<p>Not exacerbating antibiotic resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of regulatory barriers in developing new antibiotics?

<p>Duplication of trials and delays in availability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are new antibiotic drugs intended for major populations required to be safe and effective in those populations?

<p>To protect public health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have cost containment and health economic analyses impacted the use of antibiotics in recent years?

<p>Promoted rational prescribing and shorter treatment durations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a role in the development of new antibiotics according to market trends?

<p>Patent protection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario are doctors unlikely to prescribe a new antibiotic?

<p>If the new antibiotic directly competes with existing treatments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can pharmaceutical companies be incentivized to develop new antibiotics?

<p>Extend patent protection and provide tax credits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the development of new antibiotics considered unattractive despite incentives?

<p>Low cost of generics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is government funding crucial in encouraging the development of new antibiotics?

<p>To share risk with pharmaceutical companies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes research and development of new antibiotics less attractive than developing other medications?

<p>Risky and costly nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do Sake and Nachum suggest collaboration with the government to fund antibiotic research and development?

<p>To address the lack of investment in antibiotic research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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