In Vitro Fertilization Overview

They are used to assess the embryo's genetic characteristics before transfer.

Multiple births increase the risks of early labor and low birth weight.

Miscarriage rates rise with increasing maternal age in IVF pregnancies.

<p>Possible complications include bleeding, inflammation, or damage to nearby organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a condition where the ovaries become swollen and painful due to fertility drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have the potential to develop into many different specialized cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal age is the main risk factor for the development of birth defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single culture medium and sequential culture medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotides, amino acids, vitamins, and cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Number of cells, evenness of growth, and degree of fragmentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A system that optimizes pregnancy rates based on embryo morphology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Embryos are transferred 3 days after retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in higher pregnancy rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number available, the age of the woman, and health factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using a thin plastic catheter that goes through the cervix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbial pesticides consist of naturally occurring or genetically controlled microorganisms that control pests by producing toxins, causing diseases, or preventing other microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plant-Incorporated Protectants (PIPs) are pesticides produced from genetic material added to the plant, enabling the plant to manufacture its pest control substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control pests through nontoxic mechanisms, such as disrupting mating with insect sex pheromones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A widely used microbial pesticide is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which targets caterpillars, some fly larvae, and some beetle larvae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bt var.kurstaki is toxic to lepidopteran larvae, such as butterflies, skippers, and moths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neem extract disrupts the life cycle of pests and is effective against several insects like rice cutworm and tobacco caterpillar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Man-made pheromones disrupt insect mating by creating confusion during their search for mates or by attracting male insects to traps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biochemical pesticides differ from traditional pesticides by using naturally occurring substances and nontoxic mechanisms for pest control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human embryonic stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscular weakness, rigidity, and a fine, slowly spreading tremor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopaminergic neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be developed into new neurons for transplantation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural materials like plants, bacteria, fungi, and minerals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They pose fewer risks and break down more quickly, leading to less pollution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They suppress rather than eliminate pest populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biopesticides have relatively critical application times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GnRH agonists are used for down regulation of the pituitary ovarian axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Typically, the injection lasts for about ten days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FSH is used for hyperstimulation of the ovaries to develop follicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring oestradiol levels helps assess the development of ovarian follicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The procedure performed is called follicular aspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is injected for final maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GnRH antagonists prevent spontaneous ovulation during stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main goal is to trigger the development of multiple follicles in the ovaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IVF is a type of assistive reproductive technology that involves retrieving eggs from a woman's ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stimulation step aims to induce super ovulation, allowing the production of multiple eggs during one menstrual cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five steps are: Stimulation, Egg retrieval, Insemination and fertilization, Embryo culture, and Embryo selection and embryo transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fertility drugs are medications prescribed to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs during a cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment cycles for IVF are generally started on the third day of menstruation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An embryo is a fertilized egg that is transferred to a woman's uterus during the IVF process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IVF may be advisable in cases of tubal disease, unexplained infertility, endometriosis, and male factor infertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple eggs increase the likelihood of developing viable embryos for successful implantation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A type of assisted reproductive technology where eggs are retrieved and fertilized with sperm outside the body.

A fertilized egg.

Stimulating the ovaries to produce multiple eggs.

Collecting eggs from the woman's ovaries

Medications that stimulate egg production.

Stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, embryo selection, and embryo transfer

Medical procedures to help people have children

Placing the fertilized embryo into the woman's uterus

Methods to stimulate the ovaries for egg retrieval in fertility treatments.

A fertility treatment protocol that suppresses the ovaries first, then stimulates them with hormones like FSH.

A fertility treatment protocol that skips the initial suppression phase and immediately stimulates the ovaries with hormones.

A medication that reduces the production of reproductive hormones, initially suppressing the ovaries, used in lengthy protocols.

A hormone used in fertility treatments to stimulate the growth of ovarian follicles that contain eggs.

A drug that prevents the natural surge in LH, used to prevent premature ovulation during the final stimulation phase.

Procedure to collect mature eggs from the ovaries.

Hormone used to induce final egg maturation; mimics the role of LH.

Using different culture mediums at different stages of embryo development, for example, one medium for day 3, another for blastocyst stage.

Techniques that allow for fluid flow and embryo movement within the culture medium, mimicking natural conditions.

A new technology where embryos are encapsulated in a vessel that allows for nutrient and waste exchange, mimicking the natural environment.

Evaluating embryos based on factors like number of cells, evenness of growth, and fragmentation.

A protein found in embryos that can be considered a secondary parameter for selection, especially when evaluating embryos with similar morphological qualities.

Transferring embryos to the uterus at the blastocyst stage, a later stage of embryo development.

Risk associated with transferring multiple embryos, which clinics and regulatory bodies aim to minimize.

A thin plastic tube used to transfer embryos into the woman's uterus.

A procedure where cells are removed from a developing embryo before it implants in the uterus, allowing for genetic testing.

The chance of having twins, triplets, or more when multiple embryos are transferred to the uterus during IVF.

A condition caused by fertility drugs that stimulates the ovaries, leading to swollen, painful ovaries.

The loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks, occurring at similar rates in IVF and naturally conceived pregnancies.

Potential risks associated with the procedure to collect eggs from the ovaries, including bleeding, damage to organs, and complications from anesthesia.

A condition where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube, leading to a non-viable pregnancy.

Cells with the ability to develop into many different cell types, considered the raw material for building various tissues and organs.

The process where stem cells differentiate and become specialized cells with specific functions, like muscle cells or blood cells.

Using stem cells grown in a lab to create insulin-producing cells, which are then transplanted into a diabetic patient to help regulate blood sugar levels.

A chronic neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to tremors, rigidity, and movement problems.

Treatment for Parkinson's disease where stem cells are grown into dopamine-producing neurons and transplanted into the brain to replace the damaged cells.

Stem cells present in the umbilical cord after birth, capable of repairing damaged cells.

Pesticides derived from natural sources like plants, bacteria, fungi, and minerals, offering a safer alternative to synthetic chemicals.

Biopesticides provide effective pest control, promote human and environmental safety, and minimize pollution.

Biopesticides are generally more targeted and specific in their action, decompose faster, and have lower environmental impact than conventional chemical pesticides.

Biopesticides act slowly, have specific application times, and suppress rather than eliminate pests, with limited persistence and a short shelf life.

Pesticides containing microorganisms, like bacteria, fungi, or viruses, that can kill or suppress targeted pests.

Pesticides produced by plants genetically modified to contain pest-killing substances.

Pesticides derived from naturally occurring substances that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms, such as interfering with mating or attracting pests to traps.

A soil-dwelling bacterium that produces proteins toxic to certain insect larvae.

A specific strain of Bacillus thuringiensis toxic to lepidopteran (butterfly, skipper, and moth) larvae.

A specific strain of Bacillus thuringiensis toxic to wax moth larvae.

A specific strain of Bacillus thuringiensis toxic to mosquito, midge, fungus gnats, and blackfly larvae.