Podcast
Questions and Answers
A patient with damage limited to their hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus is most likely to exhibit which of the following memory impairments?
A patient with damage limited to their hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus is most likely to exhibit which of the following memory impairments?
- Anterograde amnesia primarily affecting the formation of new episodic memories. (correct)
- Retrograde amnesia affecting both episodic and semantic memory.
- Loss of semantic memory with intact episodic memory.
- Impaired procedural memory, affecting skills and habits learned before the injury.
Which of the following best describes the function of grid cells found in the medial entorhinal cortex?
Which of the following best describes the function of grid cells found in the medial entorhinal cortex?
- Creating a coordinate system for navigation by firing at evenly spaced locations. (correct)
- Encoding specific spatial locations, with each cell firing only in one particular spot.
- Storing memories of specific events that occurred in different locations.
- Integrating sensory information to create a visual representation of the environment.
According to Hebb's postulate, what cellular mechanism underlies learning and memory?
According to Hebb's postulate, what cellular mechanism underlies learning and memory?
- The pruning of unused synapses to prevent interference with relevant information.
- Reduced activity in frequently used neural pathways to increase efficiency.
- Increased myelination of axons to speed up the transmission of action potentials.
- The strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons that fire together. (correct)
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the principle of 'associativity' in the context of long-term potentiation (LTP)?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the principle of 'associativity' in the context of long-term potentiation (LTP)?
What is the primary difference between short-term synaptic plasticity and long-term synaptic plasticity?
What is the primary difference between short-term synaptic plasticity and long-term synaptic plasticity?
A patient demonstrates improved performance on a mirror-tracing task over several days but has no conscious recollection of ever performing the task before. This phenomenon is best explained by:
A patient demonstrates improved performance on a mirror-tracing task over several days but has no conscious recollection of ever performing the task before. This phenomenon is best explained by:
In the Morris water maze experiment, what is the function of hippocampal place cells?
In the Morris water maze experiment, what is the function of hippocampal place cells?
How does the function of the mammillary bodies relate to memory, as evidenced by cases like patient BJ?
How does the function of the mammillary bodies relate to memory, as evidenced by cases like patient BJ?
Flashcards
Implicit Memory
Implicit Memory
A type of learning that occurs without conscious awareness, including priming, procedural memory, associative and non-associative learning, plus skills and habits.
HM Case Study
HM Case Study
Removal of the medial temporal lobe (including the hippocampus and amygdala) which impaired encoding and consolidation of explicit memories, leading to anterograde amnesia.
KC Case Study
KC Case Study
Damage to hippocampus + parahippocampal gyrus, resulting in loss of episodic memory, while semantic memory remained intact.
Cortical Association Areas
Cortical Association Areas
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Place Cells
Place Cells
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Grid Cells
Grid Cells
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Hebb's Postulate
Hebb's Postulate
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Synaptic Plasticity
Synaptic Plasticity
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Study Notes
- Similar terms for implicit memory include priming, procedural, associative learning, and non-associative learning
- Skills and habits are related to implicit memory, as is habituation
- When in a hunger state, people recall food images easier, it is an example of unconscious memory
- HM refers to a patient with medial temporal lobe resection involving the hippocampus and amygdala; damage to the medial temporal lobe is linked to memory
- Anterograde amnesia is mostly normal otherwise
- KC refers to a patient with hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus damage
- Retrograde and anterograde amnesia both result in episodic memory loss, while semantic memory is retained
- BJ refers to a patient with injured mammillary bodies, and issues with a brain-wide memory network
- Retrograde and anterograde amnesia both stem from injuries
- Cortical association areas are where different objects get stored in different areas
- Amnesiacs show increased performance on mirror tasks despite lacking memory of doing it
- Amnesiacs are still able to be primed
- Amnesiacs are good at prediction tasks but bad at declarative memory tasks
- Parkinson's patients are bad at prediction tasks but they are perfect at declarative memory tasks
- Parkinson's patients get better when on L-DOPA
- The Morris Water Maze is a test for spatial learning, which requires the hippocampus
- In the Morris Water Maze, place cells of pyramidal neurons fire when the subject is in a specific place
- To navigate the Morris Water Maze, the subject needs to rotate with the rotation of external landmarks
- Grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex take input to the hippocampus
- Grid cells fire at evenly spaced locations to make a Euclidean map for navigation
- Hebb's Postulate states that repeated excitement of one neuron leads to growth and increased efficiency
- Synaptic plasticity is a change in the strength of synaptic transmission, which can be short or long term
- A glutamatergic synapse is a supramolecular complex composed of axon terminal boutons and postsynaptic dendritic spines
- Bliss/Lomo's experiments involved in vivo rabbit hippocampus, extracellular field recordings, and the perforant path
- Memory storage in the CNS is activity-dependent
Synaptic Plasticity
- Short-term synaptic plasticity involves pre-synaptic changes
- Short-term synaptic plasticity lasts from milliseconds to minutes
- Facilitation in short-term synaptic plasticity involves an increase in calcium ions (Ca2+)
- Depression in short-term synaptic plasticity involves a decrease in neurotransmitters (NT)
- Long-term synaptic plasticity lasts longer than one hour
- Long-term synaptic plasticity involves post-synaptic changes
- Potentiation in long-term synaptic plasticity increases strength
- Depression in long-term synaptic plasticity decreases strength
Synaptic Transmission
- Cooperativity: Weak inputs close in time are retained
- Associativity: Weak input paired with strong inputs are retained
- Synapse specificity: Information is only stored at activated synapses
- Persistence: Long-term potentiation (LTP) stays from hours to over a year
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