NH_3

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What is the main focus of early models of cognitive functions mentioned in the text?

Top-down analysis and cognitive functioning

Bottom-up analysis and neural implementation

Top-down analysis and neural implementation (correct)

Bottom-up analysis and cognitive functioning

Which neuroimaging techniques emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, as per the text?

PET and fMRI (correct)

MRI and Ultrasound

CT scans and X-rays

EEG and MEG

What is one of the earliest methods of studying functional specialization mentioned in the text?

Genetic testing

FMRI scans

Single-cell recordings

Lesion studies (correct)

What is emphasized about the different regions of the cerebral cortex as mentioned in the text?

Types of cell populations and their density Signup and view all the answers

Who identified 52 different cortical regions in 1909 using staining techniques?

Korbinian Brodmann Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of frontal lobe damage on Phineas Gage according to the text?

Recovery to a large extent Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the context of major depression?

Stimulating neurogenesis and new synaptic connections in the hippocampus and amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes deep brain stimulation from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating depression?

Sends electrical impulses through implanted electrodes to specific brain targets Signup and view all the answers

How does optogenetics differ from both transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and deep brain stimulation in terms of neuronal activation?

Activates neurons using specific wavelengths of light Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of prolonged and excessive use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for treating depression?

Brain damage leading to long-lasting memory impairments Signup and view all the answers

In the context of optogenetics, what role do opsin genes play in neuronal activation?

Control whether a neuron fires or not Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have over electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating depression?

Safer application method Signup and view all the answers

What is a voxel?

A three-dimensional version of a pixel Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging technique is better for providing information about the precise sequence of events as information is processed?

EEG Signup and view all the answers

Why is it often necessary to increase the voxel size in neuroimaging?

To capture small fluctuations in the BOLD signal Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential application of optogenetics mentioned in the text?

Treatment of depression Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of techniques can help develop models of effective connectivity according to the text?

Neuroimaging and EEG Signup and view all the answers

What issue arises when data are being normalized in neuroimaging?

Differences in brain structure across participants Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is responsible for memory and places, according to the text?

Parahippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What does the BOLD signal measure in fMRI?

Blood flow and cognitive activity Signup and view all the answers

Which technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images showing brain activity?

fMRI Signup and view all the answers

What does rTMS stand for in the context of brain stimulation techniques?

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is targeted with rTMS to reduce symptoms of depression?

Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope (KESM) in brain research?

Digitizing brain tissue for 3-D reconstruction Signup and view all the answers

How does the radioactive isotope used in studies decay?

Into a nonradioactive atom after about a minute Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood known as in fMRI?

BOLD contrast Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Single cell recordings?

To identify neurons that respond to specific stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which type of brain wave is primarily associated with a state of arousal or alertness?

Beta Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes MEG (magnetoencephalography) from EEG in terms of spatial resolution?

MEG is less susceptible to distortions from skull compared to EEG Signup and view all the answers

What kind of brain activity does an ERP measure?

Response related to specific stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging technique involves combining x-ray photographs from different angles into a composite representation?

CT Scan Signup and view all the answers

When is the Theta wave predominantly observed?

During deep meditation, hynagogic state, creativity, and memory retrieval Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinctive feature of Gamma waves among other types of brain waves?

Thought to signal active exchange of information between brain areas Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging technique is primarily used in medical diagnosis due to its ability to measure brain activity?

PET (positron emission tomography) Scan Signup and view all the answers

What does network neuroscience primarily focus on?

Understanding how different brain regions work together Signup and view all the answers

How does network research differ from traditional localizationist research?

It can be conducted when individuals are not engaged in any task Signup and view all the answers

Why is the network approach well-suited for understanding schizophrenia?

It reveals the dense connectivity between different brain regions Signup and view all the answers

What is one important application of network neuroscience mentioned in the text?

Identifying PTSD patients unlikely to respond to psychotherapy Signup and view all the answers

How might scientists achieve similar results to deep brain stimulation without surgery according to the text?

By using multiple electrodes or stimulation sites Signup and view all the answers

How can clinicians access regions buried deep in the brain, like those targeted in DBS treatments for Parkinson's?

By targeting areas closer to the brain surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using tract tracing to explore anatomical connectivity?

To identify where the cell projects to Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of anatomical wiring diagrams developed through tract tracing?

They do not provide information about the direction of information flow between neural regions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of diffusion tractography in studying human anatomical connectivity?

To explore anatomical connectivity in living humans Signup and view all the answers

What generates the electrical impulse known as an action potential?

Opening of sodium channels leading to sodium influx into the cell Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the entry of positively charged ions have on the membrane potential during an action potential?

It reverses the membrane potential, making the inside positive Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of sodium-potassium pumps in neuron function?

They regulate the resting membrane potential after an action potential Signup and view all the answers

In what way do neurons represent intensity according to the text?

By their rate of firing Signup and view all the answers

Why are anatomical wiring diagrams not ideal for studying cognitive functioning?

They do not consider information flow direction between neural regions Signup and view all the answers