47 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of β-blocker therapy?
Increased peripheral vascular resistance
Which β-blocker is specifically mentioned for its beneficial effects in reducing lipid peroxidation and vascular wall thickening?
Carvedilol
For which condition is intravenous labetalol specifically used due to its ability to rapidly lower blood pressure?
Hypertensive emergencies
Which β-blocker provides a prophylactic effect in the treatment of migraines?
Propranolol
What is the main purpose of carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure?
To prevent cardiovascular mortalities
Which adverse effects are associated with α1 blockade?
Orthostatic hypotension and dizziness
Which agent is known for reducing cardiac rate and potential for arrhythmias after myocardial infarction?
Propranolol
What is the purpose of reserpine, as mentioned in the text?
Interference with neurotransmitter release
Which of the following statements accurately describes the effect of β blockers on sexual function in males?
β blockers do not affect normal ejaculation due to their effect on α-adrenergic activation
What metabolic disturbances can occur due to β blockade?
Prevention of counterregulatory effects of catecholamines during hypoglycemia
Which lipid profile changes are associated with the use of nonselective β blockers?
Increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein
Why are cardioselective β blockers preferred in treating asthma patients who use insulin?
They have less effect on bronchial smooth muscle and glycogenolysis
True or False: There are clinically useful β2 antagonists available for use.
False
True or False: β blockers induce postural hypotension due to the blockade of α adrenoceptors.
False
True or False: Propranolol primarily blocks β1 receptors and has no effect on β2 receptors.
False
Nebivolol has no vasodilator properties mediated by nitric oxide.
False
Coldness of extremities is less frequent in patients treated with cardioselective β blockers.
True
Pindolol and acebutolol are pure antagonists with no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA).
False
Blocking β2 receptors leads to vasodilation.
False
Propranolol, when given at therapeutic doses, has a significant membrane-stabilizing effect on the heart.
False
Patients with hypertension may experience a gradual reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures with long-term use of propranolol.
True
β blockers generally have a significant effect against ventricular arrhythmias, especially those induced by exercise.
False
What is the primary effect of drugs that block α adrenoceptors?
Decreased peripheral vascular resistance
How do adrenergic antagonists, which are α-adrenergic blocking agents, affect blood pressure?
They lower peripheral vascular resistance
What is the consequence of α adrenoceptor blockade on the sympathetic tone of the blood vessels?
Decreased sympathetic tone of the blood vessels
What is the mechanism of action of phenoxybenzamine?
Linking covalently to both α1- and α2-receptors
How long do the effects of phenoxybenzamine last after a single administration?
24 hours
What is the limited clinical application of phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine attributed to?
Irreversible block and noncompetitive nature
What is the main reason phenoxybenzamine has been unsuccessful in maintaining lowered blood pressure in hypertension?
It blocks presynaptic inhibitory α2 receptors in the heart, contributing to increased cardiac output.
How do α-adrenergic blockers affect the vasoconstrictive action of epinephrine?
They reverse the vasoconstrictive action of epinephrine.
What effect do α-adrenergic blockers have on the actions of isoproterenol?
They have no effect on the actions of isoproterenol.
Why has phenoxybenzamine been discontinued for maintaining lowered blood pressure in hypertension?
It blocks presynaptic inhibitory α2 receptors in the heart, contributing to increased cardiac output.
What effect do β blockers have on serum lipid and blood glucose levels?
They do not alter serum lipid or blood glucose levels
Which β blocker is specifically mentioned for its effects on reducing lipid peroxidation and vascular wall thickening?
Carvedilol
For which condition is intravenous labetalol specifically used due to its ability to rapidly lower blood pressure?
Hypertensive emergencies
What is the potential cause of impaired sexual activity in some men who are on β-blocker therapy?
Blockade of α-adrenergic activation
What are the metabolic disturbances that can occur due to β-blockade according to the text?
Prevention of counterregulatory effects of catecholamines during hypoglycemia
How do patients administered nonselective β-blockers typically experience changes in their serum lipid profile?
Increased LDL and triglycerides, and reduced HDL cholesterol
What is the primary difference between nonselective and cardioselective β blockers?
Nonselective β blockers block both β1 and β2 receptors, while cardioselective β blockers primarily block β1 receptors
In what way do α adrenoceptors contribute to the maintenance of normal sympathetic control of the vasculature?
By maintaining the responsiveness of the vasculature to sympathetic signals
What is a notable effect of propranolol on cardiovascular function?
Diminishes cardiac output with negative inotropic and chronotropic effects
What is the significance of the names of all β blockers ending in “-olol”?
It indicates their specific mechanism of action on adrenergic receptors
What is the mechanism of action of phenoxybenzamine?
It irreversibly blocks both α1- and α2-receptors
What is the primary reason for the limited clinical applications of phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine?
They have limited selectivity for α-adrenoceptors
How long do the effects of phenoxybenzamine last after a single administration?
24 hours
What is the consequence of α adrenoceptor blockade on the sympathetic tone of the blood vessels?
Decreased sympathetic tone
How do the effects of phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine compare in terms of duration of action?
Phenoxybenzamine has a longer duration of action than phentolamine
Explore the effects of β blockers on sexual function in males and metabolic disturbances. Understand the relationship between α-adrenergic activation, β-receptor blockade, and its impact on ejaculation, bladder sphincter function, and metabolic processes such as glycogenolysis and glucagon secretion.
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