Impact of the Second Industrial Revolution on the US
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant effect of the Bessemer steel process during the Second Industrial Revolution?

  • It helped mechanize manufacturing processes. (correct)
  • It created a new market for agricultural products.
  • It increased the demand for manual labor.
  • It decreased the production costs of coal mining.

How did scientific management impact laborers during the Second Industrial Revolution?

  • It focused on creating safer working environments.
  • It increased output but dehumanized workers. (correct)
  • It resulted in higher wages for all laborers.
  • It improved job satisfaction and worker morale.

Which method did corporations ideally use to achieve a monopoly in the market?

  • Innovation in product design.
  • Vertical integration. (correct)
  • Horizontal integration. (correct)
  • Government regulation.

What was one consequence of the lack of government regulations during the Second Industrial Revolution?

<p>Formation of monopolies and trusts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the working conditions for men employed in factories during this period?

<p>60-hour work weeks with poverty wages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major tragedy that influenced fire safety regulations?

<p>The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the socio-political policy that favored established inhabitants over immigrants?

<p>Nativism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immigrant groups faced increased prejudice during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Chinese immigrants and Eastern Europeans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a demographic change in the workforce during the Second Industrial Revolution?

<p>Higher employment opportunities for women. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary factor contributing to the high workplace accident rates during the Second Industrial Revolution?

<p>Dangerous working conditions without safety measures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main purposes of the Page Act of 1875?

<p>To forbid the importation of immigrant labor for immoral purposes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did muckrakers contribute to urban improvement during the Industrial Age?

<p>By highlighting social issues through investigative journalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Social Darwinism?

<p>A belief that certain groups are inherently superior and destined to succeed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Spanish-American War for the United States?

<p>It expanded its territories and emerged as a world power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main health challenges faced by soldiers during the Spanish-American War?

<p>Diseases such as yellow fever and typhoid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major driving force behind the urbanization process in the United States during the late 1800s?

<p>Rural to urban migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the purpose of the Anti-Imperialist League?

<p>To oppose the American imperialism and involvement in foreign affairs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction did farmers have during the Gilded Age in response to unfavorable conditions?

<p>They organized into movements to address their grievances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the United States acquire the Philippines after the Spanish-American War?

<p>By paying Spain $20 million as part of the Treaty of Paris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did urban planning efforts have on major cities during this period?

<p>Improved housing and public health conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Second Industrial Revolution

A period of major economic growth and factory-based industry in the U.S., from the Civil War to WWI.

Bessemer steel process

A process for mass-producing steel, crucial to the mechanization of manufacturing in the U.S.

Scientific Management

A system for making workers more efficient and productive, often at the expense of human well-being.

Monopoly

Complete control of an industry or market by one company.

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Horizontal Integration

A method of creating a monopoly by buying out competitors.

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Vertical Integration

Controlling all stages of production, from raw materials to the final product.

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Sherman Antitrust Act

A federal law intended to prevent monopolies and promote competition.

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Nativism

Favoritism of established residents over immigrants in US politics.

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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

A 1911 tragedy exposing dangerous working conditions and prompting workplace safety regulations.

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Industrial jobs

Employment in factories during the Industrial Revolution, mostly filled by immigrants, women, and children.

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Social Darwinism

A philosophy that applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to society, arguing that some individuals were more successful due to their innate superiority. It was used to justify imperialism and the dominance of the wealthy.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

A law passed in 1882 that prohibited Chinese immigration to the United States and barred Chinese workers from becoming citizens, fueled by nativist sentiments and fears of competition for jobs.

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Ellis Island

An island in New York Harbor that served as a major immigration processing center for millions of European immigrants arriving in the United States from the late 19th century to the early 20th century.

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Urbanization in the late 1800s and early 1900s

The rapid growth of cities in the United States during this era, driven by immigration and migration from rural areas, leading to overcrowding, sanitation issues, and social changes.

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Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption, social problems, and abuses in American society during the Progressive Era, often targeting corrupt officials and wealthy industrialists.

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Imperialism

A policy of a stronger nation extending its power and influence over weaker nations, often through military force, economic control, or political domination.

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Yellow Journalism

A sensationalized and often exaggerated style of journalism that emphasized dramatic stories and eye-catching headlines, used to attract readers and sell newspapers, often with little regard for factual accuracy.

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Spanish-American War

A conflict between the United States and Spain in 1898, sparked by concerns over Cuba's independence, the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine, and American expansionist ambitions, resulting in U.S. victory and the acquisition of new territories.

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Treaty of Paris (1898)

A treaty signed by Spain and the United States that officially ended the Spanish-American War, granting Cuba's independence, giving Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States, and selling the Philippines to the United States.

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Granger Movement

An organization of farmers who fought for political and economic reforms, aiming to address issues like railroad monopolies, high tariffs, and unfair agricultural practices.

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Study Notes

Second Industrial Revolution Impact on US

  • Mechanized manufacturing emerged with the Bessemer steel process
  • Scientific management increased labor efficiency, but dehumanized workers
  • Corporations formed pools and monopolies through horizontal and vertical integration
  • Limited government regulation, with attempts like the Sherman Antitrust Act

Industrial Era Labor Conditions

  • Millions of unskilled industrial jobs, especially for immigrants, women, and children
  • Low wages (no minimum wage), long hours (60-hour workweeks), no paid holidays
  • Extremely dangerous workplaces with high accident rates and no disability payments
  • The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory tragedy highlighted unsafe working conditions, leading to workplace safety regulations
  • Labor unions formed to improve working conditions
  • Child labor gradually decreased; white-collar opportunities emerged

Rise of Nativism and Xenophobia

  • Nativism, favoring established inhabitants over immigrants, grew during the industrial era
  • Socio-political policy specifically in the United States in the 1800s.
  • Fueled by Social Darwinism
  • Key immigration laws: Page Act (1875) and Chinese Exclusion Act
  • Ethnic groups sought relief from persecution and better lives

Urbanization and City Problems

  • Urbanization (concentration of people in cities) occurred in the late 1800s/early 1900s
  • Immigration and rural-urban migration fueled urban growth
  • Insufficient infrastructure (clean water, sanitation, housing) for urban populations
  • Cities became overcrowded, dangerous, and ethnically segregated slums, with high disease rates.
  • "Muckrakers" exposed problems, prompting urban planning
  • Building regulations, street cleaning, water improvements, public services, and transportation were implemented
  • Parks were established to improve quality of life

American Imperialism

  • The U.S. transitioned from isolationism to expanding its global influence
  • Social and International Darwinism justified expansion into other countries
  • U.S. gained territories in Alaska, Hawaii, and after the Spanish-American War
  • The Anti-Imperialist League opposed American involvement in foreign affairs
  • Continued U.S. interaction and influence in places such as the Middle East was noted

Spanish-American War (1898)

  • Conflict between the United States and Spain, caused by Cuban independence concerns, U.S. territorial desires, Yellow Journalism, and the USS Maine explosion.
  • Yellow Journalism exaggerated news stories to influence public opinion.
  • U.S. swiftly defeated Spain in the Caribbean and Pacific
  • Battles lead to minimal casualty compared to illnesses like yellow fever and typhoid.
  • Treaty of Paris: Cuba's independence but under U.S. protection; U.S. gained Puerto Rico, Guam; paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines
  • The war propelled Theodore Roosevelt to war hero status, with Rough Riders, and Buffalo Soldiers fighting

Farmer's Issues and Populist Movement

  • Farmers faced economic hardship due to falling prices and policies favoring industry
  • Farmer's organizations, like the Granger movement and Farmers' Alliances, lobbied for change
  • Granger laws were overturned, leading farmers to form the Populist Party
  • Populist Party advocated for the free coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and direct election of senators
  • James Weaver's campaign showcased the Populist platform
  • William Jennings Bryan co-opted free silver issue, ending the Populist movement

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Explore the transformative effects of the Second Industrial Revolution on American society, industry, and labor conditions. This quiz covers topics such as mechanized manufacturing, corporate monopolies, labor conditions for immigrants, and the rise of nativism. Test your knowledge on these crucial historical developments and their implications.

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