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What was the attitude of many Americans towards the influx of new immigrants during the Gilded Age?
What was the attitude of many Americans towards the influx of new immigrants during the Gilded Age?
What was the primary motivation behind the United States' expansionist policies during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
What was the primary motivation behind the United States' expansionist policies during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
What was the goal of the Granger movement and the Farmers' Alliances?
What was the goal of the Granger movement and the Farmers' Alliances?
What was the significance of the Page Act of 1875?
What was the significance of the Page Act of 1875?
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What philosophy supported the idea that some nations were better suited for power and should control lesser developed nations?
What philosophy supported the idea that some nations were better suited for power and should control lesser developed nations?
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What was the main goal of businesses during the Second Industrial Revolution?
What was the main goal of businesses during the Second Industrial Revolution?
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What was the primary source of labor for factories during the Second Industrial Revolution?
What was the primary source of labor for factories during the Second Industrial Revolution?
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What was the outcome of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory tragedy?
What was the outcome of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory tragedy?
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What was the main purpose of scientific management during the Second Industrial Revolution?
What was the main purpose of scientific management during the Second Industrial Revolution?
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What was the result of the lack of government regulations during the Second Industrial Revolution?
What was the result of the lack of government regulations during the Second Industrial Revolution?
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What contributed to the Wall Street Crash of 1929?
What contributed to the Wall Street Crash of 1929?
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What was the main reason behind the election of Warren G. Harding in 1920?
What was the main reason behind the election of Warren G. Harding in 1920?
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What was the main goal of the Anti-Saloon League and Woman's Christian Temperance Union during the temperance movement?
What was the main goal of the Anti-Saloon League and Woman's Christian Temperance Union during the temperance movement?
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What was the Harlem Renaissance?
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
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What was the outcome of the 21st Amendment in 1933?
What was the outcome of the 21st Amendment in 1933?
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What is the primary focus of the political philosophy of Progressivism?
What is the primary focus of the political philosophy of Progressivism?
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What was the primary cause of the United States entering World War I in 1917?
What was the primary cause of the United States entering World War I in 1917?
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What was a significant outcome of the Progressive Era?
What was a significant outcome of the Progressive Era?
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What was a characteristic of the Roaring Twenties in the United States?
What was a characteristic of the Roaring Twenties in the United States?
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What was the outcome of the alliances formed in Europe before World War I?
What was the outcome of the alliances formed in Europe before World War I?
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What was the significance of the Cotton Club in Harlem during the 1920s?
What was the significance of the Cotton Club in Harlem during the 1920s?
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What was the climax of the First Red Scare?
What was the climax of the First Red Scare?
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What was the primary cause of the Wall Street Crash of 1929?
What was the primary cause of the Wall Street Crash of 1929?
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What was the main goal of the New Deal's relief programs?
What was the main goal of the New Deal's relief programs?
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What was the outcome of the First Red Scare?
What was the outcome of the First Red Scare?
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What was the primary goal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs?
What was the primary goal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs?
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Which of the following events is often cited as a potential starting point for World War II?
Which of the following events is often cited as a potential starting point for World War II?
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What was the result of the Soviet Union's decision to turn against Germany in 1940?
What was the result of the Soviet Union's decision to turn against Germany in 1940?
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What was the outcome of the Nuremberg Trials following World War II?
What was the outcome of the Nuremberg Trials following World War II?
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What was the main fear of Americans during the investigation of communist citizens by the HUAC?
What was the main fear of Americans during the investigation of communist citizens by the HUAC?
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What was the main consequence of the passage of the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
What was the main consequence of the passage of the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
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What was the purpose of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066 during World War II?
What was the purpose of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066 during World War II?
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What was the significance of the March on Washington during the Civil Rights Movement?
What was the significance of the March on Washington during the Civil Rights Movement?
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What was the outcome of the Vietnam War?
What was the outcome of the Vietnam War?
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What was the main goal of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s?
What was the main goal of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s?
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What was the condition of the internment camps set up during World War II?
What was the condition of the internment camps set up during World War II?
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What was the main goal of the conferences between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin during World War II?
What was the main goal of the conferences between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin during World War II?
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What was the significance of the Iron Curtain during the Cold War?
What was the significance of the Iron Curtain during the Cold War?
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What was the policy of containment practiced by the United States during the Cold War?
What was the policy of containment practiced by the United States during the Cold War?
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What was the result of the fear of Communism in the United States during the Cold War?
What was the result of the fear of Communism in the United States during the Cold War?
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What was the main goal of corporations during the Second Industrial Revolution?
What was the main goal of corporations during the Second Industrial Revolution?
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What was the main consequence of the lack of government regulations during the Second Industrial Revolution?
What was the main consequence of the lack of government regulations during the Second Industrial Revolution?
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What was the primary source of labor for factories during the Second Industrial Revolution?
What was the primary source of labor for factories during the Second Industrial Revolution?
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What was the significance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory tragedy in 1911?
What was the significance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory tragedy in 1911?
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What was the name of the policy that favored the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants in the 1800s in the United States?
What was the name of the policy that favored the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants in the 1800s in the United States?
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What was the main purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act?
What was the main purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act?
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What was the main goal of scientific management during the Second Industrial Revolution?
What was the main goal of scientific management during the Second Industrial Revolution?
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What was the main goal of the Farmers' Alliances?
What was the main goal of the Farmers' Alliances?
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What was the primary motivation behind the United States' expansionist policies during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
What was the primary motivation behind the United States' expansionist policies during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
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What was the outcome of the 1892 presidential election for the Populist Party?
What was the outcome of the 1892 presidential election for the Populist Party?
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What was the primary focus of Progressivism?
What was the primary focus of Progressivism?
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Which of the following was a cause of World War I?
Which of the following was a cause of World War I?
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What was a significant outcome of the Progressive Era?
What was a significant outcome of the Progressive Era?
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What was a characteristic of the Roaring Twenties in the United States?
What was a characteristic of the Roaring Twenties in the United States?
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What was the outcome of the alliances formed in Europe before World War I?
What was the outcome of the alliances formed in Europe before World War I?
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What were the consequences of the Wall Street Crash of 1929?
What were the consequences of the Wall Street Crash of 1929?
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What was the primary goal of the Republican political platform in the 1920s?
What was the primary goal of the Republican political platform in the 1920s?
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What was the result of the Wall Street Crash of 1929?
What was the result of the Wall Street Crash of 1929?
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What was the main reason behind the election of Warren G. Harding in 1920?
What was the main reason behind the election of Warren G. Harding in 1920?
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What was the main goal of the New Deal?
What was the main goal of the New Deal?
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What was the main impact of Prohibition on the nation?
What was the main impact of Prohibition on the nation?
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What was the climax of the First Red Scare?
What was the climax of the First Red Scare?
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What was the main focus of the Harlem Renaissance?
What was the main focus of the Harlem Renaissance?
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What was the significance of the Cotton Club?
What was the significance of the Cotton Club?
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What was the outcome of the First Red Scare?
What was the outcome of the First Red Scare?
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What was the primary goal of the New Deal programs?
What was the primary goal of the New Deal programs?
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What was the outcome of the Soviet Union's decision to turn against Germany in 1940?
What was the outcome of the Soviet Union's decision to turn against Germany in 1940?
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What was the significance of the Japanese Internment camps during World War II?
What was the significance of the Japanese Internment camps during World War II?
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What was one of the causes of World War II?
What was one of the causes of World War II?
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What was the outcome of the Nuremberg Trials following World War II?
What was the outcome of the Nuremberg Trials following World War II?
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What was the purpose of the reparations authorized by Ronald Reagan?
What was the purpose of the reparations authorized by Ronald Reagan?
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What was the main goal of the conferences between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin during World War II?
What was the main goal of the conferences between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin during World War II?
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What was the result of the fear of Communism in the United States during the Cold War?
What was the result of the fear of Communism in the United States during the Cold War?
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What was the significance of the Iron Curtain during the Cold War?
What was the significance of the Iron Curtain during the Cold War?
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What was the policy of containment practiced by the United States during the Cold War?
What was the policy of containment practiced by the United States during the Cold War?
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What was the main concern of Americans during the investigation of communist citizens by the HUAC?
What was the main concern of Americans during the investigation of communist citizens by the HUAC?
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What was the outcome of the Vietnam War?
What was the outcome of the Vietnam War?
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What was the main goal of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s?
What was the main goal of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s?
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What was the significance of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
What was the significance of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
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What was the consequence of the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War?
What was the consequence of the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War?
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Study Notes
The Second Industrial Revolution
- The Second Industrial Revolution transformed industry in the United States
- The Bessemer steel process helped mechanize manufacturing
- Scientific management made laborers more efficient and productive, but at the expense of dehumanizing workers
Business Organization and Monopolies
- Corporations sought to outsmart competition and the free market through pools, monopolies, and trusts
- Horizontal integration and vertical integration were strategies used to control markets and industries
- Few government regulations existed to control anti-competitive practices, but the Sherman Antitrust Act was a notable attempt to regulate
Working Conditions and Labor Unions
- Between the Civil War and World War I, America experienced a period of industrialization, with millions of unskilled workers, including immigrants, women, and children, working in poor conditions
- Workers faced poverty wages, long hours, and dangerous workplaces, with few protections and no disability payments
- Labor unions formed to improve working conditions, and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911 led to fire safety regulations
Xenophobia and Nativism
- The Industrial Revolution era saw a rise in xenophobia and nativism, with feelings of prejudice and suspicion against Chinese immigrants and Eastern European ethnic groups
- Nativism, a socio-political policy, favored the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants
- The Page Act of 1875 and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 were key immigration laws that regulated the influx of immigrants
Imperialism
- Imperialism is the practice of a more powerful nation exerting military, economic, and political control over another country
- The United States expanded its influence around the globe, first in Alaska and Hawaii, and later in the Spanish-American War
- American imperialism was not fully supported within politics, and the Anti-Imperialist League formed in opposition
The Gilded Age and Farming
- American farmers faced dire political and economic circumstances during the Gilded Age, with federal policy favoring industry and prices falling due to international economic factors
- The Granger movement and Farmers' Alliances formed to combat monopolistic pricing and promote reforms
- The Populist Party emerged, with goals including the free coinage of silver and graduated income tax
Progressivism
- Progressivism is a political philosophy that focuses on improving society
- Politicians like William Jennings Bryan and Robert La Follette propelled progressivism in local governments
- Theodore Roosevelt supported progressivism, viewing it as a way to create a strong and stable country
World War I
- World War I had four main causes: alliances, nationalism, militarism, and imperialism
- The war pitted the Allies (Great Britain, France, and Russia) against the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire)
- The United States entered the war in 1917 due to factors including unrestricted submarine warfare, propaganda campaigns, and the Zimmerman Telegram
The Roaring Twenties
- The 1920s were a period of economic and cultural boom in the United States
- Significant advances in technology allowed for mass production and consumption of goods
- Corporations, such as Ford Motor Company, found new ways of manufacturing and advertising goods
- Middle-class Americans increasingly turned to credit to make purchases, leading to a dramatic increase in household debt
The Harlem Renaissance
- The Harlem Renaissance was a black intellectual and artistic movement originating in Harlem, New York
- The movement, also known as the New Negro movement, emphasized African heritage and intellectualism
- Artists, writers, and musicians, such as Aaron Douglas, WEB Du Bois, and Langston Hughes, contributed to the movement
The First Red Scare
- The First Red Scare was a period of time, and series of actions, centered around America's fear of communism
- It began after World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution, and grew due to social and political factors
- The Palmer Raids in 1919-1920 resulted in the arrest of suspected radicals, anarchists, and communists
The Great Depression and the New Deal
- The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression
- The New Deal was a series of policies and programs enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to counter the effects of the Great Depression
- The New Deal expanded the economic role of government in American life, and included programs such as the Works Progress Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps
World War II
- World War II began in 1939 when Adolf Hitler invaded Poland
- The Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) formed, and the Allied Powers (Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States) formed in response
- The Soviet Union turned against Germany after Hitler violated the Non-Aggression pact in 1940### Causes of World War II
- Failures of the League of Nations to maintain international peace
- Weakened China due to civil war, allowing Japan to invade and take over
- Unresolved anger from World War I and the Treaty of Versailles
- Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941
Impact of World War II
- Significant casualties from the war and among innocent civilians
- The Holocaust resulted in the largest losses of life, targeting Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, and people with handicaps
- Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Nuremberg Trials
- Territorial holdings and new countries emerged after World War II
- Germany was split into East and West Germany
- The Cold War (1945-1991) resulted from the ideological differences in Europe
Japanese Internment
- Resulted from increasing anti-Japanese sentiments following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor
- Japanese people were forced into internment camps, stripped of their basic rights
- Conditions in the camps were poor, with lack of running water and access to toilets
- Ronald Reagan issued a bill authorizing reparations, including a government apology, $20,000 for internment camp survivors, and a fund to educate the public about internment camps
World War II Conferences
- The Atlantic Charter established war aims for the Allies
- Roosevelt, Churchill, and the leaders of many Allied nations met at least 20 times to discuss priorities and strategy
- The Yalta Conference planned the future of Europe, dividing Germany into four occupation zones
- The Potsdam Conference planned to remake Germany and issued an ultimatum to Japan
The Cold War
- The Iron Curtain was a symbolic divide between democratic and Communist states
- The Curtain ran from the border of Germany and Poland to where East met West at the Adriatic Sea
- Soviet leader Joseph Stalin promised to hold a free election in Eastern European states but did not
- The term Iron Curtain was popularized by Winston Churchill in a 1946 speech
- The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Germany
- The Berlin Wall fell in 1989 following a revolution in Poland and the declining influence of the Soviet Union
Containment Policy
- The United States practiced the policy of containment to prevent the spread of Communism abroad
- This had implications within the country, leading to fear and suspicion of Communist infiltration
- Americans began to worry about the infiltration of Communism in American society
- J. Edgar Hoover secretly investigated and detained people suspected of being Communist sympathizers
Vietnam War
- The Vietnam War was a proxy war between the Soviet Union and China, backing communist North Vietnam, and the United States, providing military and economic aid to South Vietnam
- The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to use all necessary means to fight the North Vietnamese
- The U.S. sent ground troops to Vietnam after Operation Rolling Thunder, a 1965 bombing campaign
- Many Americans turned against the Vietnam War after seeing the horrors of the 1968 Tet Offensive surprise attack
- A peace agreement was signed in 1973, and American forces withdrew from Vietnam
Civil Rights Movement
- The goal of the Civil Rights Movement was to end segregation and discrimination against Blacks
- The movement fought for equal rights and freedoms for Black Americans
- Significant events included the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, the emergence of the Little Rock Nine, the Montgomery bus boycott, the emergence of Freedom Riders groups, and the March on Washington
- The movement helped propel the government into creating laws that fostered equality among all and ended discriminatory practices against Black people
- The movement faced oppression, suppression, and violence from the government and other groups
The Second Industrial Revolution
- The Second Industrial Revolution transformed industry in the United States
- The Bessemer steel process helped mechanize manufacturing
- Scientific management made laborers more efficient and productive, but at the expense of dehumanizing workers
Business Organization and Monopolies
- Corporations sought to outsmart competition and the free market through pools, monopolies, and trusts
- Horizontal integration and vertical integration were strategies used to control markets and industries
- Few government regulations existed to control anti-competitive practices, but the Sherman Antitrust Act was a notable attempt to regulate
Working Conditions and Labor Unions
- Between the Civil War and World War I, America experienced a period of industrialization, with millions of unskilled workers, including immigrants, women, and children, working in poor conditions
- Workers faced poverty wages, long hours, and dangerous workplaces, with few protections and no disability payments
- Labor unions formed to improve working conditions, and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911 led to fire safety regulations
Xenophobia and Nativism
- The Industrial Revolution era saw a rise in xenophobia and nativism, with feelings of prejudice and suspicion against Chinese immigrants and Eastern European ethnic groups
- Nativism, a socio-political policy, favored the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants
- The Page Act of 1875 and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 were key immigration laws that regulated the influx of immigrants
Imperialism
- Imperialism is the practice of a more powerful nation exerting military, economic, and political control over another country
- The United States expanded its influence around the globe, first in Alaska and Hawaii, and later in the Spanish-American War
- American imperialism was not fully supported within politics, and the Anti-Imperialist League formed in opposition
The Gilded Age and Farming
- American farmers faced dire political and economic circumstances during the Gilded Age, with federal policy favoring industry and prices falling due to international economic factors
- The Granger movement and Farmers' Alliances formed to combat monopolistic pricing and promote reforms
- The Populist Party emerged, with goals including the free coinage of silver and graduated income tax
Progressivism
- Progressivism is a political philosophy that focuses on improving society
- Politicians like William Jennings Bryan and Robert La Follette propelled progressivism in local governments
- Theodore Roosevelt supported progressivism, viewing it as a way to create a strong and stable country
World War I
- World War I had four main causes: alliances, nationalism, militarism, and imperialism
- The war pitted the Allies (Great Britain, France, and Russia) against the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire)
- The United States entered the war in 1917 due to factors including unrestricted submarine warfare, propaganda campaigns, and the Zimmerman Telegram
The Roaring Twenties
- The 1920s were a period of economic and cultural boom in the United States
- Significant advances in technology allowed for mass production and consumption of goods
- Corporations, such as Ford Motor Company, found new ways of manufacturing and advertising goods
- Middle-class Americans increasingly turned to credit to make purchases, leading to a dramatic increase in household debt
The Harlem Renaissance
- The Harlem Renaissance was a black intellectual and artistic movement originating in Harlem, New York
- The movement, also known as the New Negro movement, emphasized African heritage and intellectualism
- Artists, writers, and musicians, such as Aaron Douglas, WEB Du Bois, and Langston Hughes, contributed to the movement
The First Red Scare
- The First Red Scare was a period of time, and series of actions, centered around America's fear of communism
- It began after World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution, and grew due to social and political factors
- The Palmer Raids in 1919-1920 resulted in the arrest of suspected radicals, anarchists, and communists
The Great Depression and the New Deal
- The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression
- The New Deal was a series of policies and programs enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to counter the effects of the Great Depression
- The New Deal expanded the economic role of government in American life, and included programs such as the Works Progress Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps
World War II
- World War II began in 1939 when Adolf Hitler invaded Poland
- The Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) formed, and the Allied Powers (Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States) formed in response
- The Soviet Union turned against Germany after Hitler violated the Non-Aggression pact in 1940### Causes of World War II
- Failures of the League of Nations to maintain international peace
- A weakened China due to civil war, which allowed Japan to invade and take over
- Unresolved anger from World War I and the Treaty of Versailles
- The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941
Impact of World War II
- Significant casualties from the war and innocent civilians
- The Holocaust, resulting in the largest losses of life, due to Adolf Hitler's systematic persecution of Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, and people with handicaps
- Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Nuremberg Trials
Post-WWII Territorial Changes
- Many new governments established as a result of German occupation
- Germany was split into two, developing East and West Germany
- Shifts in Europe contributed to the ideological differences of the Cold War (1945-1991)
Japanese Internment
- Result of increasing anti-Japanese sentiments following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor
- Japanese people were forced out of their homes and taken to internment camps
- Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066 was created to deter Japanese Americans from spying or sabotaging the war effort
- Poor living conditions, lack of basic rights, and eventual reparations
Allied Conferences
- Atlantic Charter established war aims for the Allies
- Roosevelt, Churchill, and other leaders met at least 20 times to discuss priorities and strategy
- Yalta Conference (1945) divided Germany into four occupation zones and haggled over Soviet Union's sphere of influence
- Potsdam Conference (1945) planned to remake Germany and issued an ultimatum to Japan
The Cold War
- Iron Curtain was a symbolic divide between democratic and Communist states
- Soviet leader Joseph Stalin promised to hold a free election in Eastern European states, but instead encouraged Communist governments
- Winston Churchill popularized the term Iron Curtain in a 1946 speech
- Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Germany
Containment Policy
- United States practiced the policy of containment to prevent the spread of Communism abroad
- Fear of Communism in American society led to investigations and detentions of suspected Communist sympathizers
- Labor unions were seen as breeding grounds for Communism, and the Taft-Hartley Act was passed to limit their power
- The Second Red Scare led to Americans reevaluating their daily interactions, wondering if they knew secret Communists
Proxy Wars
- Vietnam War (1954-1975) was a proxy war between the Soviet Union and the United States
- Soviet Union and China backed communist North Vietnam, while the U.S. provided military and economic aid to South Vietnam
- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to use all necessary means to fight the North Vietnamese
Civil Rights Movement
- Goal was to end segregation and discrimination against Blacks
- Significant events included the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, the emergence of the Little Rock Nine, the Montgomery bus boycott, the emergence of Freedom Riders groups, and the March on Washington
- Movement helped address issues faced by Black people and propelled the government into creating laws that fostered equality among all and ended discriminatory practices against Black people
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Description
Summary of key developments during the Second Industrial Revolution, including the Bessemer steel process, scientific management, and business organization.
