Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution

• The Second Industrial Revolution transformed industry in the United States
• The Bessemer steel process helped mechanize manufacturing
• Scientific management made laborers more efficient and productive, but at the expense of dehumanizing workers

Business Organization and Monopolies

• Corporations sought to outsmart competition and the free market through pools, monopolies, and trusts
• Horizontal integration and vertical integration were strategies used to control markets and industries
• Few government regulations existed to control anti-competitive practices, but the Sherman Antitrust Act was a notable attempt to regulate

Working Conditions and Labor Unions

• Between the Civil War and World War I, America experienced a period of industrialization, with millions of unskilled workers, including immigrants, women, and children, working in poor conditions
• Workers faced poverty wages, long hours, and dangerous workplaces, with few protections and no disability payments
• Labor unions formed to improve working conditions, and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911 led to fire safety regulations

Xenophobia and Nativism

• The Industrial Revolution era saw a rise in xenophobia and nativism, with feelings of prejudice and suspicion against Chinese immigrants and Eastern European ethnic groups
• Nativism, a socio-political policy, favored the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants
• The Page Act of 1875 and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 were key immigration laws that regulated the influx of immigrants

Imperialism

• Imperialism is the practice of a more powerful nation exerting military, economic, and political control over another country
• The United States expanded its influence around the globe, first in Alaska and Hawaii, and later in the Spanish-American War
• American imperialism was not fully supported within politics, and the Anti-Imperialist League formed in opposition

The Gilded Age and Farming

• American farmers faced dire political and economic circumstances during the Gilded Age, with federal policy favoring industry and prices falling due to international economic factors
• The Granger movement and Farmers' Alliances formed to combat monopolistic pricing and promote reforms
• The Populist Party emerged, with goals including the free coinage of silver and graduated income tax

Progressivism

• Progressivism is a political philosophy that focuses on improving society
• Politicians like William Jennings Bryan and Robert La Follette propelled progressivism in local governments
• Theodore Roosevelt supported progressivism, viewing it as a way to create a strong and stable country

World War I

• World War I had four main causes: alliances, nationalism, militarism, and imperialism
• The war pitted the Allies (Great Britain, France, and Russia) against the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire)
• The United States entered the war in 1917 due to factors including unrestricted submarine warfare, propaganda campaigns, and the Zimmerman Telegram

The Roaring Twenties

• The 1920s were a period of economic and cultural boom in the United States
• Significant advances in technology allowed for mass production and consumption of goods
• Corporations, such as Ford Motor Company, found new ways of manufacturing and advertising goods
• Middle-class Americans increasingly turned to credit to make purchases, leading to a dramatic increase in household debt

The Harlem Renaissance

• The Harlem Renaissance was a black intellectual and artistic movement originating in Harlem, New York
• The movement, also known as the New Negro movement, emphasized African heritage and intellectualism
• Artists, writers, and musicians, such as Aaron Douglas, WEB Du Bois, and Langston Hughes, contributed to the movement

The First Red Scare

• The First Red Scare was a period of time, and series of actions, centered around America's fear of communism
• It began after World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution, and grew due to social and political factors
• The Palmer Raids in 1919-1920 resulted in the arrest of suspected radicals, anarchists, and communists

The Great Depression and the New Deal

• The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression
• The New Deal was a series of policies and programs enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to counter the effects of the Great Depression
• The New Deal expanded the economic role of government in American life, and included programs such as the Works Progress Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps

World War II

• World War II began in 1939 when Adolf Hitler invaded Poland
• The Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) formed, and the Allied Powers (Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States) formed in response
• The Soviet Union turned against Germany after Hitler violated the Non-Aggression pact in 1940### Causes of World War II
• Failures of the League of Nations to maintain international peace
• Weakened China due to civil war, allowing Japan to invade and take over
• Unresolved anger from World War I and the Treaty of Versailles
• Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941

Impact of World War II

• Significant casualties from the war and among innocent civilians
• The Holocaust resulted in the largest losses of life, targeting Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, and people with handicaps
• Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Nuremberg Trials
• Territorial holdings and new countries emerged after World War II
• Germany was split into East and West Germany
• The Cold War (1945-1991) resulted from the ideological differences in Europe

Japanese Internment

• Resulted from increasing anti-Japanese sentiments following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor
• Japanese people were forced into internment camps, stripped of their basic rights
• Conditions in the camps were poor, with lack of running water and access to toilets
• Ronald Reagan issued a bill authorizing reparations, including a government apology, $20,000 for internment camp survivors, and a fund to educate the public about internment camps

World War II Conferences

• The Atlantic Charter established war aims for the Allies
• Roosevelt, Churchill, and the leaders of many Allied nations met at least 20 times to discuss priorities and strategy
• The Yalta Conference planned the future of Europe, dividing Germany into four occupation zones
• The Potsdam Conference planned to remake Germany and issued an ultimatum to Japan

The Cold War

• The Iron Curtain was a symbolic divide between democratic and Communist states
• The Curtain ran from the border of Germany and Poland to where East met West at the Adriatic Sea
• Soviet leader Joseph Stalin promised to hold a free election in Eastern European states but did not
• The term Iron Curtain was popularized by Winston Churchill in a 1946 speech
• The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Germany
• The Berlin Wall fell in 1989 following a revolution in Poland and the declining influence of the Soviet Union

Containment Policy

• The United States practiced the policy of containment to prevent the spread of Communism abroad
• This had implications within the country, leading to fear and suspicion of Communist infiltration
• Americans began to worry about the infiltration of Communism in American society
• J. Edgar Hoover secretly investigated and detained people suspected of being Communist sympathizers

Vietnam War

• The Vietnam War was a proxy war between the Soviet Union and China, backing communist North Vietnam, and the United States, providing military and economic aid to South Vietnam
• The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to use all necessary means to fight the North Vietnamese
• The U.S. sent ground troops to Vietnam after Operation Rolling Thunder, a 1965 bombing campaign
• Many Americans turned against the Vietnam War after seeing the horrors of the 1968 Tet Offensive surprise attack
• A peace agreement was signed in 1973, and American forces withdrew from Vietnam

Civil Rights Movement

• The goal of the Civil Rights Movement was to end segregation and discrimination against Blacks
• The movement fought for equal rights and freedoms for Black Americans
• Significant events included the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, the emergence of the Little Rock Nine, the Montgomery bus boycott, the emergence of Freedom Riders groups, and the March on Washington
• The movement helped propel the government into creating laws that fostered equality among all and ended discriminatory practices against Black people
• The movement faced oppression, suppression, and violence from the government and other groups

The Second Industrial Revolution

• The Second Industrial Revolution transformed industry in the United States
• The Bessemer steel process helped mechanize manufacturing
• Scientific management made laborers more efficient and productive, but at the expense of dehumanizing workers

Business Organization and Monopolies

• Corporations sought to outsmart competition and the free market through pools, monopolies, and trusts
• Horizontal integration and vertical integration were strategies used to control markets and industries
• Few government regulations existed to control anti-competitive practices, but the Sherman Antitrust Act was a notable attempt to regulate

Working Conditions and Labor Unions

• Between the Civil War and World War I, America experienced a period of industrialization, with millions of unskilled workers, including immigrants, women, and children, working in poor conditions
• Workers faced poverty wages, long hours, and dangerous workplaces, with few protections and no disability payments
• Labor unions formed to improve working conditions, and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911 led to fire safety regulations

Xenophobia and Nativism

• The Industrial Revolution era saw a rise in xenophobia and nativism, with feelings of prejudice and suspicion against Chinese immigrants and Eastern European ethnic groups
• Nativism, a socio-political policy, favored the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants
• The Page Act of 1875 and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 were key immigration laws that regulated the influx of immigrants

Imperialism

• Imperialism is the practice of a more powerful nation exerting military, economic, and political control over another country
• The United States expanded its influence around the globe, first in Alaska and Hawaii, and later in the Spanish-American War
• American imperialism was not fully supported within politics, and the Anti-Imperialist League formed in opposition

The Gilded Age and Farming

• American farmers faced dire political and economic circumstances during the Gilded Age, with federal policy favoring industry and prices falling due to international economic factors
• The Granger movement and Farmers' Alliances formed to combat monopolistic pricing and promote reforms
• The Populist Party emerged, with goals including the free coinage of silver and graduated income tax

Progressivism

• Progressivism is a political philosophy that focuses on improving society
• Politicians like William Jennings Bryan and Robert La Follette propelled progressivism in local governments
• Theodore Roosevelt supported progressivism, viewing it as a way to create a strong and stable country

World War I

• World War I had four main causes: alliances, nationalism, militarism, and imperialism
• The war pitted the Allies (Great Britain, France, and Russia) against the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire)
• The United States entered the war in 1917 due to factors including unrestricted submarine warfare, propaganda campaigns, and the Zimmerman Telegram

The Roaring Twenties

• The 1920s were a period of economic and cultural boom in the United States
• Significant advances in technology allowed for mass production and consumption of goods
• Corporations, such as Ford Motor Company, found new ways of manufacturing and advertising goods
• Middle-class Americans increasingly turned to credit to make purchases, leading to a dramatic increase in household debt

The Harlem Renaissance

• The Harlem Renaissance was a black intellectual and artistic movement originating in Harlem, New York
• The movement, also known as the New Negro movement, emphasized African heritage and intellectualism
• Artists, writers, and musicians, such as Aaron Douglas, WEB Du Bois, and Langston Hughes, contributed to the movement

The First Red Scare

• The First Red Scare was a period of time, and series of actions, centered around America's fear of communism
• It began after World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution, and grew due to social and political factors
• The Palmer Raids in 1919-1920 resulted in the arrest of suspected radicals, anarchists, and communists

The Great Depression and the New Deal

• The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression
• The New Deal was a series of policies and programs enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to counter the effects of the Great Depression
• The New Deal expanded the economic role of government in American life, and included programs such as the Works Progress Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps

World War II

• World War II began in 1939 when Adolf Hitler invaded Poland
• The Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) formed, and the Allied Powers (Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States) formed in response
• The Soviet Union turned against Germany after Hitler violated the Non-Aggression pact in 1940### Causes of World War II
• Failures of the League of Nations to maintain international peace
• A weakened China due to civil war, which allowed Japan to invade and take over
• Unresolved anger from World War I and the Treaty of Versailles
• The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941

Impact of World War II

• Significant casualties from the war and innocent civilians
• The Holocaust, resulting in the largest losses of life, due to Adolf Hitler's systematic persecution of Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, and people with handicaps
• Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Nuremberg Trials

Post-WWII Territorial Changes

• Many new governments established as a result of German occupation
• Germany was split into two, developing East and West Germany
• Shifts in Europe contributed to the ideological differences of the Cold War (1945-1991)

Japanese Internment

• Result of increasing anti-Japanese sentiments following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor
• Japanese people were forced out of their homes and taken to internment camps
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066 was created to deter Japanese Americans from spying or sabotaging the war effort
• Poor living conditions, lack of basic rights, and eventual reparations

Allied Conferences

• Atlantic Charter established war aims for the Allies
• Roosevelt, Churchill, and other leaders met at least 20 times to discuss priorities and strategy
• Yalta Conference (1945) divided Germany into four occupation zones and haggled over Soviet Union's sphere of influence
• Potsdam Conference (1945) planned to remake Germany and issued an ultimatum to Japan

The Cold War

• Iron Curtain was a symbolic divide between democratic and Communist states
• Soviet leader Joseph Stalin promised to hold a free election in Eastern European states, but instead encouraged Communist governments
• Winston Churchill popularized the term Iron Curtain in a 1946 speech
• Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Germany

Containment Policy

• United States practiced the policy of containment to prevent the spread of Communism abroad
• Fear of Communism in American society led to investigations and detentions of suspected Communist sympathizers
• Labor unions were seen as breeding grounds for Communism, and the Taft-Hartley Act was passed to limit their power
• The Second Red Scare led to Americans reevaluating their daily interactions, wondering if they knew secret Communists

Proxy Wars

• Vietnam War (1954-1975) was a proxy war between the Soviet Union and the United States
• Soviet Union and China backed communist North Vietnam, while the U.S. provided military and economic aid to South Vietnam
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to use all necessary means to fight the North Vietnamese

Civil Rights Movement

• Goal was to end segregation and discrimination against Blacks
• Significant events included the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, the emergence of the Little Rock Nine, the Montgomery bus boycott, the emergence of Freedom Riders groups, and the March on Washington
• Movement helped address issues faced by Black people and propelled the government into creating laws that fostered equality among all and ended discriminatory practices against Black people