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Questions and Answers
What is a common characteristic of cognitive impairment associated with Grebral haemorrhage?
What is a common characteristic of cognitive impairment associated with Grebral haemorrhage?
- Complete lack of cognitive ability
- Extreme euphoria
- High levels of alertness
- Severe confusion and disorientation (correct)
How does the severity of a Grebral haemorrhage correlate with the expected outcomes?
How does the severity of a Grebral haemorrhage correlate with the expected outcomes?
- Smaller haemorrhages generally result in poorer outcomes
- Severe damage is heavily influenced by the size and extent of the haemorrhage (correct)
- Mortality rate is independent of haemorrhage size
- Larger haemorrhages typically lead to better prognosis
What is a typical symptom experienced by individuals with Grebral haemorrhage?
What is a typical symptom experienced by individuals with Grebral haemorrhage?
- Persistent coughing fits
- Acute severe headache (correct)
- Fatigue from physical exertion
- Increased thirst and appetite
What demographic factor contributes to the case profile of a typical Grebral haemorrhage patient?
What demographic factor contributes to the case profile of a typical Grebral haemorrhage patient?
Which of the following issues are commonly associated with cognitive difficulties in patients with Grebral haemorrhage?
Which of the following issues are commonly associated with cognitive difficulties in patients with Grebral haemorrhage?
What is the primary cognitive impairment observed in the majority of patients after a major stroke?
What is the primary cognitive impairment observed in the majority of patients after a major stroke?
Which cognitive domain is associated with the majority of impaired learning after a major stroke?
Which cognitive domain is associated with the majority of impaired learning after a major stroke?
What is the link between thalamic infarct and cognitive impairments after a stroke?
What is the link between thalamic infarct and cognitive impairments after a stroke?
What percentage of patients experience executive function difficulties after a major stroke?
What percentage of patients experience executive function difficulties after a major stroke?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with major stroke symptoms?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with major stroke symptoms?
Why might cognitive impairments after a stroke not be immediately recognized?
Why might cognitive impairments after a stroke not be immediately recognized?
What major cognitive function is often impacted by difficulty switching between tasks after a stroke?
What major cognitive function is often impacted by difficulty switching between tasks after a stroke?
What common misconception exists regarding the symptoms of a stroke?
What common misconception exists regarding the symptoms of a stroke?
What is the primary effect of benispatial neglect on patients?
What is the primary effect of benispatial neglect on patients?
Which term refers to the inability to recognize faces?
Which term refers to the inability to recognize faces?
Which type of visual impairment involves recognizing only half of the visual field?
Which type of visual impairment involves recognizing only half of the visual field?
What does cognitive flexibility refer to in executive functions?
What does cognitive flexibility refer to in executive functions?
Which brain regions are primarily affected when a patient exhibits visual agnosia?
Which brain regions are primarily affected when a patient exhibits visual agnosia?
What kind of disorder involves difficulty with written language and verbal communication yet allows repeating words?
What kind of disorder involves difficulty with written language and verbal communication yet allows repeating words?
Which impairment is characterized by an inability to recognize colors?
Which impairment is characterized by an inability to recognize colors?
In the context of attention disorders, what is the main challenge for patients with benispatial neglect?
In the context of attention disorders, what is the main challenge for patients with benispatial neglect?
What is the main cause of embolic stroke?
What is the main cause of embolic stroke?
Which area is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?
Which area is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?
Which type of stroke is characterized by bleeding within the brain itself?
Which type of stroke is characterized by bleeding within the brain itself?
What is the primary function of the penumbra in an ischemic stroke?
What is the primary function of the penumbra in an ischemic stroke?
What distinguishes non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage from lobar haemorrhage?
What distinguishes non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage from lobar haemorrhage?
Which statement about CVA in younger individuals is true?
Which statement about CVA in younger individuals is true?
What is the approximate percentage of strokes that are ischemic?
What is the approximate percentage of strokes that are ischemic?
What does the term 'supratentorial' refer to in the context of cerebrovascular accidents?
What does the term 'supratentorial' refer to in the context of cerebrovascular accidents?
Which cognitive disorder is NOT commonly associated with a cerebrovascular accident in the area supplied by the middle cerebral artery?
Which cognitive disorder is NOT commonly associated with a cerebrovascular accident in the area supplied by the middle cerebral artery?
What is the duration of recovery in a Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)?
What is the duration of recovery in a Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)?
Which of the following symptoms is a common consequence of damage to the occipital lobe due to a stroke?
Which of the following symptoms is a common consequence of damage to the occipital lobe due to a stroke?
Which area of the brain is primarily affected by strokes that account for approximately 80% of cases?
Which area of the brain is primarily affected by strokes that account for approximately 80% of cases?
Which symptom is characterized by the inability to recognize familiar faces?
Which symptom is characterized by the inability to recognize familiar faces?
What aspect of function is primarily affected in individuals with hemispatial neglect?
What aspect of function is primarily affected in individuals with hemispatial neglect?
What is a defining characteristic of apraxia in patients with stroke-related impairments?
What is a defining characteristic of apraxia in patients with stroke-related impairments?
Which type of cognitive dysfunction is associated with damage to the brain's supply area provided by the posterior cerebral artery?
Which type of cognitive dysfunction is associated with damage to the brain's supply area provided by the posterior cerebral artery?
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Study Notes
Stroke and Cognitive Impairment
- Stroke can lead to cognitive impairment in 2/3 of patients, significantly impacting quality of life.
- Cognitive impairment can affect various domains, including attention, memory, and executive function.
Impact of Stroke on Cognition
- Attention: Difficulty focusing on specific tasks, for example, struggling to follow a movie storyline.
- Memory:
- Retrograde amnesia: Difficulty recalling past memories.
- Anterograde amnesia: Difficulty forming new memories.
- Executive function:
- Planning: Difficulty planning activities or tasks.
- Task switching: Difficulty switching between tasks
- Aphasia: Difficulty with language, often manifesting as speech and motor difficulties.
- Hemispatial neglect: Patients may fail to attend to stimuli on the side opposite the brain lesion, known as contralateral neglect.
- Visual Problems:
- Hemianopia: Impaired vision in half of the visual field.
- Quadrantanopia: Impaired vision in a quarter of the visual field.
- Visual agnosia: Inability to recognize objects or people.
- Prosopagnosia: Inability to recognize faces.
- Executive and Behavioral Issues:
- Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) supplies the frontal and parietal lobes.
- Disturbances in connections between Broca's and Wernicke's areas can affect language processing and verbal communication.
- Patients may experience difficulty with cognitive flexibility and task switching.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
- CVA refers to a stroke, affecting approximately 40,000 people annually.
- Stroke occurs in 15% of individuals between 18 and 50 years old.
- Stroke types:
- Ischemic stroke (80%): Blockage of a blood vessel leading to tissue death (infarct).
- Hemorrhagic stroke (20%): Bleeding in the brain.
- Embolic stroke: Clot from elsewhere in the body travels to the brain.
- Atherothrombosis: Formation of a blood clot in a brain artery.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Intracerebral haemorrhage: Bleeding within the brain.
- Lobar: Haemorrhage within one of the cerebral lobes.
- Non-lobar: Haemorrhage in other areas like the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, or brainstem.
- Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH): Bleeding in the space surrounding the brain.
Risk Factors and Symptoms
- Younger age: Older individuals are more prone to SAH.
- Severe headache: A common symptom of SAH.
Cerebral Artery Perfusion Areas
- Supratentorial: Brain regions above the tentorium cerebelli, which includes the cerebrum.
- Infratentorial: Brain regions below the tentorium cerebelli, including the brainstem and cerebellum.
Impact of Stroke on Brain Regions
- Supply area of anterior cerebral artery: Affects the dorsal and medial parts of the frontal and parietal lobes.
- Impacts: Language, executive function, social cognition, behaviour, emotions, and personality.
- Supply area of middle cerebral artery: Supplies the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, and deep brain structures.
- Impacts: Memory disorders, aphasia, apraxia, hemispatial neglect, and extinction.
- Supply area of posterior cerebral artery: Supplies the occipital and temporal lobes.
- Impacts: Hemianopsia, quadrantanopsia, and visual agnosia.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
- TIA is characterized by temporary neurological symptoms lasting less than 24 hours.
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