Impact of Solar Radiation on Crop Production

What was the main emphasis of the agricultural development programs in Nigeria during the period discussed?

Introduction of modern agricultural methods

Which program was launched in 1976 and specifically aimed at improving food production in Nigeria?

Operation Feed the Nation

What was one of the consequences of the oil boom in the 1970s on agriculture in Nigeria?

Decreased agricultural production

Which period saw a decline in the contribution of agriculture to Nigeria's GDP, according to the text?

1975-1979 Signup and view all the answers

What was the annual growth rate of agricultural production in Nigeria between 1970 and 1982?

< 1% Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the approach taken by the Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs) in Nigeria?

Integrated Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key objectives of the River Basin and Rural Development Authorities established in 1976?

Enhancing rural development Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the decline in agriculture's contribution to Nigeria's GDP over time?

Oil boom effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of CO2 for plant growth?

It is essential for Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

How is nitrogen made available to plants in the soil?

By lightning, rainfall, and N fixing microbes in pulses crops Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of toxic gases released to the atmosphere that are harmful to plants?

SO2 and CH4 Signup and view all the answers

How do plants take in CO2 for Photosynthesis?

By diffusion process from leaves through stomata Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of O2 in plant growth?

To aid in respiration of both plants and animals Signup and view all the answers

What does wind speed do when it comes to crops?

Damages crops by removing leaves and twigs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of solar radiation in plant growth?

Activation of photosynthetic processes Signup and view all the answers

Why is nitrogen considered an important plant nutrient?

As it is a major plant nutrient necessary for plant growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of photoperiodism in plants?

Response to day length Signup and view all the answers

Which range of radiation is crucial for the production of carbohydrates in plants?

0.4 - 0.5 μ (Blue - violet) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of wind movement in supporting plant growth?

Supplying moisture, heat, and CO2 Signup and view all the answers

How do short-day plants differ from day-neutral plants?

Short-day plants respond to day length for growth Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation is crucial for photosynthetic mechanisms in plants?

Visible radiation Signup and view all the answers

How does wind contribute to the process of photosynthesis in plants?

By supplying fresh CO2, moisture, and heat Signup and view all the answers

Why is a specific wind velocity range preferred for crop growth?

To ensure adequate supply of moisture and gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of auxin in seed germination?

Stimulates germination Signup and view all the answers

Why is the presence of reserved food important for germination?

To provide necessary food to the embryo Signup and view all the answers

How is dormancy defined in relation to seed growth?

Inhibition of seed growth despite favorable conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is seed viability a measure of?

The seeds' state of being alive, dormant, or dead Signup and view all the answers

How does heteroauxin differ from auxin in their functions?

Heteroauxin prolongs dormancy, while auxin breaks it Signup and view all the answers

What are growth regulators in seeds?

Auxin and heteroauxin Signup and view all the answers

What does seed dormancy regulate?

Seed growth inhibition Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to have the necessary food for the embryo during germination?

To ensure successful germination by providing essential nutrients to the embryo Signup and view all the answers

Which macronutrient is NOT typically analyzed in soil testing?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of contour plowing?

To prevent soil erosion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of agroecology?

Emphasizing ecological and environmental perspectives in agricultural management Signup and view all the answers

What is one technique used for soil conservation mentioned in the text?

No-tilling crops Signup and view all the answers

What is analyzed in a regional laboratory to interpret soil nutrient balance?

Cation exchange capacity Signup and view all the answers

Why are soil-binding grasses planted along contours on steep slopes?

To prevent soil erosion Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do researchers in agronomy aim to address by using the soil more effectively?

Disposal of human and animal manure Signup and view all the answers

'Contour drains of depths up to 1 meter' are used for what purpose?

'Contour drains of depths up to 1 meter' are used for better water drainage. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key purpose of water in seed germination?

Activating enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is responsible for making the seed coat permeable to water during germination?

Water imbibition Signup and view all the answers

In what state are seeds characterized after water imbibition?

Low in moisture and inactive Signup and view all the answers

What does the rate of water absorption depend on during seed germination?

Seed size Signup and view all the answers

How does the rate of water absorption change with temperature during germination?

Increases Signup and view all the answers

What key process does water supply facilitate in seeds during germination?

Storage breakdown Signup and view all the answers

Why is soaking seeds before planting sometimes practiced?

To enhance germination Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the external conditions essential for seed germination?

Suitable temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the part of the moldboard plow that breaks the soil called?

Share Signup and view all the answers

What is the trench left in the field after plowing two strips of land called?

Dead furrow Signup and view all the answers

In what type of land breaking does continuous lapping of furrows occur?

Flat broken Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the moldboard plow is responsible for turning the soil and throwing a furrow slice to one side?

Moldboard Signup and view all the answers

What is the slightly higher ridge left after plowing known as?

Back furrow Signup and view all the answers

Which type of land breaking involves plowing in alternate back furrows and dead furrows?

Bedded Signup and view all the answers

What is the part of the moldboard plow composed of the share, landside, and moldboard known as?

Base Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the moldboard plow is adapted to the breaking of many soil types and turning under crop residues?

"Moldboard" Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated global annual loss of cropland area due to degradation?

20,000-50,000 sq.km. Signup and view all the answers

In which regions are the losses due to soil erosion 3-6 times higher compared to North America and Europe?

Africa, Latin America, and Asia Signup and view all the answers

Which region has more than 900,000 sq km of land threatened with irreversible degradation due to nutrient depletion?

Sub-Saharan Africa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the expansion of agriculture onto marginal lands in most parts of Asia?

Shrinking forests Signup and view all the answers

Which biofuels have become prominent due to high oil prices and an initial perception of being environmentally friendly?

Biodiesel from palm oil and ethanol from sugarcane, corn, and soya-bean Signup and view all the answers

Which regions have set high targets to convert to biofuels?

North America and Europe Signup and view all the answers

What opportunity do countries like Indonesia and Malaysia see in biofuels?

Opportunity for rural livelihood improvement Signup and view all the answers

How do changes in the proportion of non-food crops to food crops impact available cropland for food production?

Decrease available cropland for food production Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of diverting cropland to biofuel production?

Drastic rise in food prices Signup and view all the answers

How might unsustainable irrigation practices affect food crop production?

Depletion of soil nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Why is Africa considered the continent most severely affected by land degradation?

Decreased crop yields due to soil erosion Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the decline in productivity of some lands as mentioned in the text?

Loss of ecosystem components Signup and view all the answers

What happens when rainforests, peatlands, and savannas are converted for biofuel production?

Release of more carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

How does the growth of crops for biofuels impact food production according to the text?

Increases competition for food crops Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to be an outcome of increased salinisation of soil as mentioned in the text?

Depletion of soil nutrients Signup and view all the answers

'Africa is considered to be the continent most severely affected by land degradation' - Which of the following statements aligns with this claim?

'Africa faces challenges due to lower crop yields.' Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of down suction in the share of a moldboard plow?

To penetrate the soil to the proper depth Signup and view all the answers

Why is the blackland bottom moldboard used in areas where the soil does not scour easily?

To keep the soil from leaving the surface of the plow clean and polished Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of secondary tillage equipment?

To stir the soil at comparatively shallow depths Signup and view all the answers

How does horizontal suction in the share of a moldboard plow contribute to the plowing process?

By helping create the desired width of the furrow Signup and view all the answers

In what type of soil is a double-deep down suction on a moldboard plow typically used?

Clay and gravelly soils Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of using secondary tillage equipment after primary tillage operations?

To stir the soil at shallow depths Signup and view all the answers

Which type of moldboard plow would be most suitable for areas where scouring of soil is a common issue?

Blackland bottom moldboard Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of horizontal suction in the share of a moldboard plow?

Helping maintain an even plowing depth Signup and view all the answers

Impact of Solar Radiation on Crop Production

Questions and Answers

What was the main emphasis of the agricultural development programs in Nigeria during the period discussed?

Which program was launched in 1976 and specifically aimed at improving food production in Nigeria?

What was one of the consequences of the oil boom in the 1970s on agriculture in Nigeria?

Which period saw a decline in the contribution of agriculture to Nigeria's GDP, according to the text?

What was the annual growth rate of agricultural production in Nigeria between 1970 and 1982?

Which term best describes the approach taken by the Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs) in Nigeria?

What was one of the key objectives of the River Basin and Rural Development Authorities established in 1976?

What was the main reason for the decline in agriculture's contribution to Nigeria's GDP over time?

What is the importance of CO2 for plant growth?

How is nitrogen made available to plants in the soil?

What are some examples of toxic gases released to the atmosphere that are harmful to plants?

How do plants take in CO2 for Photosynthesis?

What is the main function of O2 in plant growth?

What does wind speed do when it comes to crops?

What is the primary role of solar radiation in plant growth?

Why is nitrogen considered an important plant nutrient?

What is the significance of photoperiodism in plants?

Which range of radiation is crucial for the production of carbohydrates in plants?

What is the purpose of wind movement in supporting plant growth?

How do short-day plants differ from day-neutral plants?

Which type of radiation is crucial for photosynthetic mechanisms in plants?

How does wind contribute to the process of photosynthesis in plants?

Why is a specific wind velocity range preferred for crop growth?

What is the role of auxin in seed germination?

Why is the presence of reserved food important for germination?

How is dormancy defined in relation to seed growth?

What is seed viability a measure of?

How does heteroauxin differ from auxin in their functions?

What are growth regulators in seeds?

What does seed dormancy regulate?

Why is it important to have the necessary food for the embryo during germination?

Which macronutrient is NOT typically analyzed in soil testing?

What is the purpose of contour plowing?

What is the primary focus of agroecology?

What is one technique used for soil conservation mentioned in the text?

What is analyzed in a regional laboratory to interpret soil nutrient balance?

Why are soil-binding grasses planted along contours on steep slopes?

What challenge do researchers in agronomy aim to address by using the soil more effectively?

'Contour drains of depths up to 1 meter' are used for what purpose?

What is a key purpose of water in seed germination?

Which factor is responsible for making the seed coat permeable to water during germination?

In what state are seeds characterized after water imbibition?

What does the rate of water absorption depend on during seed germination?

How does the rate of water absorption change with temperature during germination?

What key process does water supply facilitate in seeds during germination?

Why is soaking seeds before planting sometimes practiced?

What is one of the external conditions essential for seed germination?

What is the part of the moldboard plow that breaks the soil called?

What is the trench left in the field after plowing two strips of land called?

In what type of land breaking does continuous lapping of furrows occur?

Which part of the moldboard plow is responsible for turning the soil and throwing a furrow slice to one side?

What is the slightly higher ridge left after plowing known as?

Which type of land breaking involves plowing in alternate back furrows and dead furrows?

What is the part of the moldboard plow composed of the share, landside, and moldboard known as?

Which part of the moldboard plow is adapted to the breaking of many soil types and turning under crop residues?

What is the estimated global annual loss of cropland area due to degradation?

In which regions are the losses due to soil erosion 3-6 times higher compared to North America and Europe?

Which region has more than 900,000 sq km of land threatened with irreversible degradation due to nutrient depletion?

What is the primary reason for the expansion of agriculture onto marginal lands in most parts of Asia?

Which biofuels have become prominent due to high oil prices and an initial perception of being environmentally friendly?

Which regions have set high targets to convert to biofuels?

What opportunity do countries like Indonesia and Malaysia see in biofuels?

How do changes in the proportion of non-food crops to food crops impact available cropland for food production?

What is a potential consequence of diverting cropland to biofuel production?

How might unsustainable irrigation practices affect food crop production?

Why is Africa considered the continent most severely affected by land degradation?

What factor contributes to the decline in productivity of some lands as mentioned in the text?

What happens when rainforests, peatlands, and savannas are converted for biofuel production?

How does the growth of crops for biofuels impact food production according to the text?

What is likely to be an outcome of increased salinisation of soil as mentioned in the text?

'Africa is considered to be the continent most severely affected by land degradation' - Which of the following statements aligns with this claim?

What is the significance of down suction in the share of a moldboard plow?

Why is the blackland bottom moldboard used in areas where the soil does not scour easily?

What is the primary purpose of secondary tillage equipment?

How does horizontal suction in the share of a moldboard plow contribute to the plowing process?

In what type of soil is a double-deep down suction on a moldboard plow typically used?

What is the main objective of using secondary tillage equipment after primary tillage operations?

Which type of moldboard plow would be most suitable for areas where scouring of soil is a common issue?