Impact of Solar Radiation on Crop Production
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Questions and Answers

What was the main emphasis of the agricultural development programs in Nigeria during the period discussed?

  • Encouragement of subsistence farming
  • Promotion of traditional farming techniques
  • Focus on urban agricultural development
  • Introduction of modern agricultural methods (correct)

    • Which program was launched in 1976 and specifically aimed at improving food production in Nigeria?

  • National Accelerated Food Production Programme (NAFPP)
  • Green Revolution Programme
  • Operation Feed the Nation (correct)
  • World Bank-funded Agricultural Development Projects

    • What was one of the consequences of the oil boom in the 1970s on agriculture in Nigeria?

  • Increased investment in agriculture
  • Expansion of agricultural extension services
  • Rise in GDP contribution from agriculture
  • Decreased agricultural production (correct)

    • Which period saw a decline in the contribution of agriculture to Nigeria's GDP, according to the text?

    <p>1975-1979</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the annual growth rate of agricultural production in Nigeria between 1970 and 1982?

    <p>&lt; 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the approach taken by the Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs) in Nigeria?

    <p>Integrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key objectives of the River Basin and Rural Development Authorities established in 1976?

    <p>Enhancing rural development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the decline in agriculture's contribution to Nigeria's GDP over time?

    <p>Oil boom effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of CO2 for plant growth?

    <p>It is essential for Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is nitrogen made available to plants in the soil?

    <p>By lightning, rainfall, and N fixing microbes in pulses crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of toxic gases released to the atmosphere that are harmful to plants?

    <p>SO2 and CH4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants take in CO2 for Photosynthesis?

    <p>By diffusion process from leaves through stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of O2 in plant growth?

    <p>To aid in respiration of both plants and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does wind speed do when it comes to crops?

    <p>Damages crops by removing leaves and twigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of solar radiation in plant growth?

    <p>Activation of photosynthetic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is nitrogen considered an important plant nutrient?

    <p>As it is a major plant nutrient necessary for plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of photoperiodism in plants?

    <p>Response to day length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which range of radiation is crucial for the production of carbohydrates in plants?

    <p>0.4 - 0.5 μ (Blue - violet)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of wind movement in supporting plant growth?

    <p>Supplying moisture, heat, and CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do short-day plants differ from day-neutral plants?

    <p>Short-day plants respond to day length for growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is crucial for photosynthetic mechanisms in plants?

    <p>Visible radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does wind contribute to the process of photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>By supplying fresh CO2, moisture, and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a specific wind velocity range preferred for crop growth?

    <p>To ensure adequate supply of moisture and gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of auxin in seed germination?

    <p>Stimulates germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the presence of reserved food important for germination?

    <p>To provide necessary food to the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is dormancy defined in relation to seed growth?

    <p>Inhibition of seed growth despite favorable conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is seed viability a measure of?

    <p>The seeds' state of being alive, dormant, or dead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does heteroauxin differ from auxin in their functions?

    <p>Heteroauxin prolongs dormancy, while auxin breaks it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are growth regulators in seeds?

    <p>Auxin and heteroauxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does seed dormancy regulate?

    <p>Seed growth inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to have the necessary food for the embryo during germination?

    <p>To ensure successful germination by providing essential nutrients to the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macronutrient is NOT typically analyzed in soil testing?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of contour plowing?

    <p>To prevent soil erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of agroecology?

    <p>Emphasizing ecological and environmental perspectives in agricultural management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one technique used for soil conservation mentioned in the text?

    <p>No-tilling crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is analyzed in a regional laboratory to interpret soil nutrient balance?

    <p>Cation exchange capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are soil-binding grasses planted along contours on steep slopes?

    <p>To prevent soil erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge do researchers in agronomy aim to address by using the soil more effectively?

    <p>Disposal of human and animal manure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Contour drains of depths up to 1 meter' are used for what purpose?

    <p>'Contour drains of depths up to 1 meter' are used for better water drainage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key purpose of water in seed germination?

    <p>Activating enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is responsible for making the seed coat permeable to water during germination?

    <p>Water imbibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what state are seeds characterized after water imbibition?

    <p>Low in moisture and inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the rate of water absorption depend on during seed germination?

    <p>Seed size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the rate of water absorption change with temperature during germination?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key process does water supply facilitate in seeds during germination?

    <p>Storage breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is soaking seeds before planting sometimes practiced?

    <p>To enhance germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the external conditions essential for seed germination?

    <p>Suitable temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the part of the moldboard plow that breaks the soil called?

    <p>Share</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trench left in the field after plowing two strips of land called?

    <p>Dead furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of land breaking does continuous lapping of furrows occur?

    <p>Flat broken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the moldboard plow is responsible for turning the soil and throwing a furrow slice to one side?

    <p>Moldboard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the slightly higher ridge left after plowing known as?

    <p>Back furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of land breaking involves plowing in alternate back furrows and dead furrows?

    <p>Bedded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the part of the moldboard plow composed of the share, landside, and moldboard known as?

    <p>Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the moldboard plow is adapted to the breaking of many soil types and turning under crop residues?

    <p>&quot;Moldboard&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated global annual loss of cropland area due to degradation?

    <p>20,000-50,000 sq.km.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which regions are the losses due to soil erosion 3-6 times higher compared to North America and Europe?

    <p>Africa, Latin America, and Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region has more than 900,000 sq km of land threatened with irreversible degradation due to nutrient depletion?

    <p>Sub-Saharan Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the expansion of agriculture onto marginal lands in most parts of Asia?

    <p>Shrinking forests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biofuels have become prominent due to high oil prices and an initial perception of being environmentally friendly?

    <p>Biodiesel from palm oil and ethanol from sugarcane, corn, and soya-bean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regions have set high targets to convert to biofuels?

    <p>North America and Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What opportunity do countries like Indonesia and Malaysia see in biofuels?

    <p>Opportunity for rural livelihood improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do changes in the proportion of non-food crops to food crops impact available cropland for food production?

    <p>Decrease available cropland for food production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of diverting cropland to biofuel production?

    <p>Drastic rise in food prices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might unsustainable irrigation practices affect food crop production?

    <p>Depletion of soil nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Africa considered the continent most severely affected by land degradation?

    <p>Decreased crop yields due to soil erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the decline in productivity of some lands as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Loss of ecosystem components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when rainforests, peatlands, and savannas are converted for biofuel production?

    <p>Release of more carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the growth of crops for biofuels impact food production according to the text?

    <p>Increases competition for food crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to be an outcome of increased salinisation of soil as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Depletion of soil nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Africa is considered to be the continent most severely affected by land degradation' - Which of the following statements aligns with this claim?

    <p>'Africa faces challenges due to lower crop yields.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of down suction in the share of a moldboard plow?

    <p>To penetrate the soil to the proper depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the blackland bottom moldboard used in areas where the soil does not scour easily?

    <p>To keep the soil from leaving the surface of the plow clean and polished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of secondary tillage equipment?

    <p>To stir the soil at comparatively shallow depths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does horizontal suction in the share of a moldboard plow contribute to the plowing process?

    <p>By helping create the desired width of the furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of soil is a double-deep down suction on a moldboard plow typically used?

    <p>Clay and gravelly soils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of using secondary tillage equipment after primary tillage operations?

    <p>To stir the soil at shallow depths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of moldboard plow would be most suitable for areas where scouring of soil is a common issue?

    <p>Blackland bottom moldboard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of horizontal suction in the share of a moldboard plow?

    <p>Helping maintain an even plowing depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

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