Impact of Science and Technology on Culture

Questions and Answers

What does culture encompass?

Only traditions and customs

Only language and religion

Biological traits and genetic factors

Knowledge, beliefs, values, and behaviors (correct)

How is culture primarily acquired according to the characteristics outlined?

By living and interacting within a group (correct)

Through isolation from society

Through biological inheritance

By participating in education alone

Which statement best describes how culture is transmitted?

Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next continuously (correct)

Transmission of culture occurs sporadically and unpredictably

Once established, culture never changes or evolves

Culture is transmitted only through formal education

What aspect emphasizes the collective nature of culture?

Culture is shared among the majority of individuals in a group Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of culture?

Culture develops through social interaction Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of culture that distinguishes it from personal beliefs?

Culture is shared and transmitted within a group Signup and view all the answers

What does the Latin word 'Colere', from which culture derives, mean?

To cultivate and nurture Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes culture in terms of its nature?

Culture is a social construct learned through interaction Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'culture' primarily embody?

Ideals, values, and norms of a group Signup and view all the answers

How is culture described in terms of its development?

It accumulates gradually over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of culture indicates its ability to adjust to new challenges?

Adaptive capacity Signup and view all the answers

What defines a civilization according to the content?

A society made up of cities with advanced organization. Signup and view all the answers

Which is a primary reason for the development of organized central governments in civilizations?

To maintain order and establish laws. Signup and view all the answers

What role do religions play within a civilization?

They explain natural forces and community roles. Signup and view all the answers

How does the social structure in a civilization change as jobs become specialized?

Specialized jobs lead to distinct social status among individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for keeping accounts of trade goods in a civilization?

Writing systems Signup and view all the answers

How does culture relate to civilization?

Culture is a smaller part of the entire civilization. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the concept of dynamic culture?

Culture is responsive to different societal environments. Signup and view all the answers

What effect has modern science and technology had on learning methods?

It has made learning more efficient and accessible. Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what has been a negative impact of science and technology on society?

Depletion of natural resources. Signup and view all the answers

How does the principle of 'likeness' contribute to the formation of society?

It fosters mutual intimacy and cooperation. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'society' derive from?

A Latin word meaning companion or fellowship. Signup and view all the answers

In what way is society described in the content?

As an abstract web of social relationships. Signup and view all the answers

How is interdependence defined in the context of society?

As a cooperative relationship among individual members. Signup and view all the answers

What role do differences among individuals play in society?

They foster diversity in roles and functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between culture and society?

Culture consists of the objects of society, while society encompasses the people. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of society emphasizes the mutual relationships among its members?

Interdependence. Signup and view all the answers

What does society consist of?

Individuals who interact and share a common culture. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most fundamental characteristic of a community?

A group of people Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of a community refers to a strong sense of 'we-feeling' among its members?

Community sentiment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a requirement for forming a community?

Living in a definite locality Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic indicates that a community is not temporary?

Permanence Signup and view all the answers

How is a community distinguished from members of other communities?

By their community sentiment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the spontaneous nature of community formation?

It arises from natural growth Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'similarity' refer to in the context of community characteristics?

Common language, culture, and customs Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a community from a society?

Communities exhibit a stronger emotional connection Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the size of communities?

Communities can vary significantly in size Signup and view all the answers

How is a community represented in terms of its existence?

By its concrete nature Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the division of labor in society?

People's interest, ability, gender, and age Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary condition for both individual and societal development?

Liberty Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a reciprocal social relationship?

Student-teacher Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the dynamic nature of society?

Society undergoes constant change due to various factors Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'comprehensive culture' refer to in the context of society?

The collective way of life, values, and beliefs of members Signup and view all the answers

What signifies the permanent nature of society?

It continues to exist beyond individual members Signup and view all the answers

What is a core characteristic that differentiates a community from a mere collection of individuals?

Shared norms and common feeling Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of marriage in society?

To provide a framework for fulfilling social needs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of marriage involves one man marrying multiple women?

Polygyny Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT pertain to social control?

Economic incentives Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of monogamous marriage?

It promotes stability and emotional intimacy Signup and view all the answers

According to Bogardus, what is essential for a community to exist?

A degree of shared identity and norms Signup and view all the answers

What social role does marriage play regarding children?

It fosters consistent education and socialization of children Signup and view all the answers

What does the reciprocal nature of co-operation imply in society?

Co-operation enhances social interactions and efficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the global presence of marriage?

Marriage exists in various forms across almost all societies. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a primary group as opposed to a secondary group?

Primary groups provide a high degree of intimacy. Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect distinguishes polyandry from polygyny?

Number of wives involved Signup and view all the answers

What does marriage typically require for it to be considered valid?

Social approval and recognition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of secondary groups?

They often have a structured set of rules and roles. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary characteristic of polygyny?

It involves one man having multiple wives. Signup and view all the answers

In what way are primary groups typically characterized?

Quick and effective communication. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of interaction is most likely found within secondary groups?

Infrequent indirect relationships. Signup and view all the answers

How does marriage contribute to social solidarity?

Through marriages between different social groups Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cultural symbol associated with marriage?

A wedding ring Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes primary groups from secondary groups in terms of size?

Secondary groups can be smaller but are often larger. Signup and view all the answers

How do groups contribute to the personality development of individuals?

Primary groups have a long-lasting influence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the stability of groups?

Some groups can be temporary and unstable. Signup and view all the answers

In what manner do secondary groups typically operate?

Via structured interactions with representatives. Signup and view all the answers

Which situation is likely indicative of a primary group?

Regular meetings among family members. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect sets the group structure of primary groups apart from secondary groups?

They are less governed by rules. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of a community that differentiates it from a society?

It requires a definite geographical area. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the nature of society?

Society can exist without community sentiment. Signup and view all the answers

How does a community primarily form?

Based solely on similarities among its members. Signup and view all the answers

What concept is essential in promoting group unity and cooperation among members?

Mutual awareness. Signup and view all the answers

Which element is crucial for the formation of a social group?

Interaction among members. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'we-feeling' in the context of a group?

It indicates strong emotional ties and group unity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the size comparison between society and community?

Community can be small or large, but society is always large. Signup and view all the answers

According to MacIver and Page, how is a group defined?

Any collection of human beings who form relationships with one another. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a heterogeneous society from a homogeneous community?

Society consists of diverse members with different backgrounds. Signup and view all the answers

Group norms primarily influence which aspect of group life?

Common behavior for the fulfillment of interests. Signup and view all the answers

What is polyandry?

The marriage of one woman to multiple husbands Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates the lower status of women in certain marriages?

Women depending on their husbands after marriage Signup and view all the answers

What social issue is associated with the dowry system?

Suicides due to dowry demands Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of child marriages on the physical health of girls?

Higher death rates among girls Signup and view all the answers

How does the increasing divorce rate reflect on social values?

Decay of social values and norms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of family in society?

It serves as a basic social unit for primary socialization Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of families in various societies?

Families exist in some form in all types of societies Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'descent' in the context of family?

The social recognition of biological relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a family?

A biological social unit made up of relatives functioning in distinct roles Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic indicates that family relationships are often emotional and supportive?

Members share duties and responsibilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary unit through which procreation occurs in society?

Family Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the family in which an individual is born and socialized?

Family of orientation Signup and view all the answers

What function of the family involves teaching basic rules and norms of social life?

Socialization Signup and view all the answers

What is a joint family primarily characterized by?

Multiple generations living under one roof Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of family is responsible for the propagation of the human species?

Legitimate reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the recreational roles of a family in modern society?

Family gatherings and outings Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a nuclear family and a joint family?

Number of generations involved Signup and view all the answers

How are the duties and obligations defined within a family structure?

By mutual agreements among members Signup and view all the answers

Which function of family provides individuals with a sense of identity?

Cultural transmission Signup and view all the answers

What issue is commonly faced in modern families regarding interpersonal dynamics?

Problem of adjustment of husband and wife relationship Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant problem for modern families regarding the role of women?

Women are exhausted from work and lack energy for family. Signup and view all the answers

How has the perception of marriage changed in modern families?

Marriages are often based on romantic love leading to frustration. Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the declining birth rate in modern families?

Late marriages and viewing children as burdens. Signup and view all the answers

What problem arises from the laxity in family control?

Members pursuing individual interests with minimal interference. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of families engaging in different professions?

Greater individual interests outside the family. Signup and view all the answers

How do changes in family values impact relationships within the family?

They lead to increased conflicts between family members. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the concept of marriage in the context of modern family issues?

A social contract that lacks emotional component. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do families face due to the lack of family unity?

Struggles with individual aspirations leading to conflict. Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for shaping the behavior of society at different levels?

Culture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements distinguishes between science and technology?

Science focuses on observing and experimenting, while technology focuses on applying knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

How has mechanization in agriculture transformed food production?

It has resulted in more automated and efficient farming practices. Signup and view all the answers

What impact has technology had on communication?

It has facilitated faster and more effective global communication. Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of technology has significantly influenced education, entertainment, and politics?

Television Signup and view all the answers

How has transportation technology contributed to social relationships?

By promoting cultural uniformity. Signup and view all the answers

What effect has science and technology had on the traditional caste system?

It has erased caste distinctions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the motto of science commonly emphasize?

Knowing something Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between the goals of science and technology?

Science is about knowing, technology is about doing. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the relationship between civilization and culture?

A civilization cannot be deemed complete without its culture. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Impact of Science and Technology on Culture and Civilization

Culture encompasses knowledge, beliefs, values, language, food, clothing, and social norms, learned through interactions within a society.
Derived from the Latin word "Colere," meaning to cultivate, culture is a heritage acquired and transmitted across generations, shaping our way of life.
Culture is acquired through social learning, not biologically inherited, and is maintained through traditions and education.
Social interactions are the foundation of culture; without them, cultural development is nearly impossible.
Culture is shared among individuals and serves as a collective system, evident in practices like polytheism in India.
It embodies ideal goals and values, acting as a guideline for the behavior of individuals within a society.
Culture accumulates gradually, reflecting the historical experiences and beliefs of a community over time.
Adaptability of culture allows it to respond to social and environmental changes, making it dynamic and variable.
Communication plays a crucial role in transmitting culture, primarily through symbols and language.
Civilization represents a complex society with organized governance, agriculture, and cultural development, often emerging from urban settlements.
The term "civilization" derives from "CIVITAS," or city; hence, it is fundamental to have structured urban living.
Advanced cities evolve from surplus food production, facilitating trade and economic growth.
Organized governments emerge from the need to manage urban populations, maintain order, and create laws.
Religions serve to explain natural phenomena and are integral to community success, with rituals led by priests.
Social structures reflect specialization in jobs, impacting the status and esteem of different roles within a civilization.
Writing, art, and architecture are crucial for record-keeping and cultural expression.
Culture is a subset of civilization; civilizations consist of multiple cultures but require a cultural base to exist meaningfully.
Science involves exploring knowledge methodically, while technology applies scientific knowledge in practical ways.
Science gathers data and focuses on discovery, whereas technology emphasizes practical applications and continuous change.
The effects of science and technology have revolutionized lifestyles, making tasks easier and less time-consuming.
Mechanization has transformed agriculture, replacing manual labor and increasing food production efficiency.
Changes in communication methods have profoundly connected societies, enhancing interaction on a global scale.
Transport advancements have shortened travel time, impacting social relationships and fostering cultural uniformity.
The press and electronic media shape entertainment, education, and public opinion significantly.
While technology brings benefits, it can also contribute to negative impacts like pollution and resource depletion.
Society consists of individuals who share common cultural values and reside in defined territories, forming complex social structures.
Society thrives on interdependence, cooperation, and division of labor, which enhances efficiency and nurtures relationships.
Freedom and liberty are essential for the development of a society, allowing individual expression and choice.
Social control mechanisms regulate behavior through customs and laws, ensuring societal order.
Society is dynamic, constantly evolving due to births, deaths, and changing social structures over time.
Permanency highlights the continuing existence of society beyond individual lives.

Human Society, Community, and Groups

A community is a group of individuals who share common norms, values, or identity, often linked to a specific geographical area.
The Latin roots of "community" imply togetherness and service, highlighting collective living experiences.
Community can exist in both micro (small groups) and macro (national or international) levels, fostering strong connections.
Community sentiment fosters emotional bonds among members, distinguished by shared experiences.
A community requires a definite locality and a group of people who identify with that area and each other.
Social relationships within communities create complex interactions, influencing social cohesion and identity.

Marriage and Family: Functions, Types & Problems

The family unit is integral to society, providing emotional, economic, and social support.
Different types of marriages and families reflect diverse cultural practices and roles.
Challenges in modern family structures may arise from societal changes and technological influences.### Community Characteristics
Community represents a permanent group of individuals living in a specific territory, unlike temporary groups like crowds.
Members of a community share similarities in language, culture, customs, and traditions, fostering community sentiment.
Communities arise naturally, not through deliberate creation, influencing individual development.
A community embodies total organized social life, encapsulating all aspects of social existence.
Each community has a unique name, helping identify its members, e.g., Odia for people from Odisha.
Communities can vary significantly in size from small villages to large nations, essential for human development.
A community is concrete in nature, manifested through its physical existence in a locality.

Society vs. Community

Society is an abstract network of relationships, while community has a defined, tangible existence.
Communities are generally homogeneous, whereas societies are heterogeneous, encompassing diverse groups.
Society includes multiple communities, making it a broader concept; community is narrower in scope.
Society is formed on similarities and differences; community is founded mainly on shared attributes.

Group Characteristics

A group consists of individuals who share common interests and participate in regular interactions.
Social interaction is essential; mere individual collection does not constitute a group.
Members possess mutual awareness, establishing behaviors shaped by collective recognition.
We-feeling represents group unity, fostering cooperation and mutual support among members.
Group unity and solidarity reflect the emotional and social ties among its members, influenced by interaction quality.
Groups are formed to achieve common interests, shaping their structure and purpose.
Each group follows specific norms governing behavior, ensuring order within the group.
Group sizes can be small, like families, or large, like political parties, and can vary in dynamics and stability.
Groups are dynamic, subject to change based on internal and external influences.

Types of Groups

Primary Groups: Characterized by intimate, face-to-face interaction; examples include family and close friends. They shape social ideals and individual characters.
Secondary Groups: Larger, more impersonal groups; interactions are indirect and governed by formal structures, such as corporations or political organizations.

Marriage is a legally and socially sanctioned union essential for family formation and social organization.
Functions of marriage include fulfilling social, psychological, and economic purposes, legitimizing offspring, and establishing rights and duties between partners.
Marriage is universally acknowledged in varying forms across cultures, with social approval being critical for its validity.
Symbols associated with marriage, such as rings and ceremonies, signify commitment and social unity.
Types of marriage include:
- Monogamy: One man and one woman; the most common and stable form of marriage.
- Polygyny: One man marries multiple women, more prevalent than polyandry, but not as widespread as monogamy.
- Polyandry: One woman marries multiple men, often seen in specific cultural contexts.

Problems in Marriage

Women often hold a lower status compared to men, impacting rights in various social spheres.
The dowry system in India commercializes marriage, leading to severe social and economic pressures.
Child marriages, predominantly affecting young girls, pose health risks and violate rights.
Increasing divorce rates reflect changing social values and economic independence.

Family Characteristics

The family is the basic social unit, featuring relationships based on blood, marriage, or adoption.
Families exist in all societies, serving as vital structures for socialization and emotional support.
The family unit is characterized by its emotional bonds, division of labor, and shared responsibilities.

Functions of Family

Families provide a context for procreation, socialization, and cultural transmission across generations.
They fulfill economic needs, offer emotional support, and create a stable environment for children’s education.
Recreational activities strengthen family bonds, promoting unity and shared experiences.

Types of Families

Nuclear Family: Comprises parents and their children; typically small and intimate.
Joint Family: Encompasses multiple generations or extended relatives living together, sharing resources and responsibilities.### Nuclear Family
Comprises husband, wife, and their unmarried children.
Characterized by independence from elder control; newlyweds establish separate residences.
Also referred to as the primary family.
Divided into two types:
- Family of orientation: The family in which an individual is born and raised.
- Family of procreation: The family formed through marriage, including children.

Joint Family

Known as an undivided or extended family, common in traditional Indian culture.
Comprises multiple nuclear families and may include members from three to four generations.
Characterized by blood relations and living together under a common roof, usually with a shared head.
Extended family structure includes parents, children, grandchildren, and various relatives (uncles, aunts).

Problems Faced by Modern Families

Adjustment Issues: Difficulty in mutual adjustment between husbands and wives, especially with educated women seeking equality.
Romantic Love Marriages: High expectations from love-based marriages often lead to frustration when dreams are unmet.
Broken Marriages: Increasing instances of broken marriages reduce relationships to mere social contracts.
Working Women: Employed women struggle to balance work and family life, often lacking energy for family interaction.
Declining Family Control: Reduced control over family members can weaken family administration and relationships.
Family Conflicts: Changing values lead to conflicts between spouses and between parents and children.
Lower Birth Rates: Late marriages and perceiving children as burdens contribute to declining birth rates.
Lack of Family Unity: Individual pursuits and ideals frequently impede family cohesion.
Diverse Professions: Family members often engage in varied professions, shifting focus away from familial interests.

Potential Discussion Questions

Characteristics of Culture and Civilization.
Impact of Science and Technology on culture and civilization.
Definition of Society and its characteristics.
Definition of Community and its characteristics.
Definition of Group along with its characteristics and types.
Detailed exploration of various modern family problems.
Characteristics and functions of marriage.

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Description

Explore the intricate relationship between science, technology, culture, and civilization in this quiz. Delve into the definitions, characteristics, and interplay of society, community, and family structures. Understand the fundamental concepts that shape human interaction and societal norms.