Unit 2 Chapter 17 Obesity and Weight Management
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Questions and Answers

What is the global obesity prevalence based on body mass index (BMI) thresholds?

  • 30 kg/m2 for overweight, 35 kg/m2 or greater for obesity
  • 20 kg/m2 for overweight, 25 kg/m2 or greater for obesity
  • 25 kg/m2 for overweight, 30 kg/m2 or greater for obesity (correct)
  • 15 kg/m2 for overweight, 20 kg/m2 or greater for obesity

    • What was the global age-standardized BMI in men in 2014?

  • 26.5 kg/m2
  • 28.1 kg/m2
  • 24.2 kg/m2 (correct)
  • 21.7 kg/m2

    • Which group has the lowest obesity rates among adults according to the text?

  • Non-Hispanic blacks
  • Hispanics
  • Non-Hispanic Asians (correct)
  • Non-Hispanic white adults

    • What was the estimated crude prevalence of adults with obesity in the United States according to the 2015 to 2016 NHANES data?

    <p>39.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of women has the highest obesity prevalence?

    <p>Non-Hispanic black women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is food insecurity associated with obesity rates in US women?

    <p>It is modestly associated with higher obesity rates in non-white women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between level of education and obesity or overweight?

    <p>Level of education is inversely related to obesity and overweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In immigrant adults, how do obesity rates change with time lived in the United States?

    <p>Obesity rates increase with time lived in the United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of immigrants has a three-times-higher odds ratio of being overweight after 15 years in the United States?

    <p>Immigrants from Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is BMI a proxy measure of?

    <p>Body fatness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reliable measure of adiposity that is used in research settings?

    <p>Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is bioimpedance analysis (BIA) not recommended for routine clinical use in individuals with obesity?

    <p>It does not add more information than BMI and waist circumference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theoretical weight gain per year from an extra 100 kcal/day intake or not expended?

    <p>4.5 kg (10 pounds)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two commonalities in the causes of obesity mentioned?

    <p>Increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is mainly responsible for driving energy expenditure?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adipose tissue is linked to more deleterious health consequences?

    <p>Intra-abdominal visceral fat depots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do insulin and leptin signal in terms of food and adipose tissue?

    <p>Adequacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is considered noninvasive, portable, safe, and inexpensive for predicting body fat?

    <p>Bioimpedance analysis (BIA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurons promote hunger and increased food intake?

    <p>Agouti-related protein/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY) neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an obesogenic environment primarily promote?

    <p>Excess calorie intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aspect that activates the hedonic pathway in relation to food consumption?

    <p>Food's hedonic qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are guidelines for treatment of overweight and obesity hesitant to recommend using bioimpedance analysis (BIA)?

    <p>It adds no more information than BMI and waist circumference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inhibits activities that use energy for conservation purposes?

    <p>Agouti-related protein/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY) neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Excess body weight and obesity result when which forces are greater than the opposing forces?'

    <p>Energy intake and energy expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can induce hyperphagia by suppressing satiety signaling and increasing hunger?

    <p>Lesions in the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors affects individual appetite, satiety, and meal size?

    <p>Neuroendocrine factors, adipocyte size, and number, gut factors, food availability, society norms, nutrient interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with rapid weight gain, uncontrolled eating, and hyperinsulinemia?

    <p>Hypothalamic OB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is mentioned as the central controller of energy balance in the text?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are considered reliable measures of adiposity used in research settings but not practical in routine clinical use?

    <p>Hydrodensitometry (underwater weighing) and air displacement plethysmography.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of overactivity of the hedonic pathway in the brain?

    <p>Hyperinsulinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can lead to reduced energy output according to the text?

    <p>Chemically induced lesions in the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signals adequacy of both food intake and adipose tissue status?

    <p>Insulin and leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pancreatic β cells?

    <p>Secrete insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a fasted state, what is released from pancreatic α cells to maintain euglycemia?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of leptin in the body?

    <p>Signal satiety and control meal size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts as a long-term 'lipostat', communicating the amount of stored body fat to the hypothalamus?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in the body?

    <p>Regulate glucose by altering insulin activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by adipocytes and has beneficial effects on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity?

    <p>Adiponectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does visceral adipose tissue secrete less of compared to subcutaneous depots?

    <p>Adiponectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Central leptin and insulin resistance' in obesity is primarily due to what factor?

    <p>'Resistive' leptin and insulin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does decreased pancreatic insulin secretion have on the use of stored fat?

    <p>Increases use of stored fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do adrenal epinephrine and norepinephrine promote the utilization of stored fat?

    <p>Promote use of stored fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cholecystokinin?

    <p>Stimulate gallbladder contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism disrupted in individuals with MC4R mutations?

    <p>Satiety signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is recognized as the strongest obesity signaling gene?

    <p>FTO gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of obesity according to the text?

    <p>Polygenic obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome obesities are mentioned in the text as the two most common?

    <p>Prader-Willi and Bardet-Biedl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for overweight or obesity in toddlers?

    <p>Excessive maternal weight during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is breastfeeding related to childhood obesity risk?

    <p>Decreases childhood obesity risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does timing of solid food introduction have on weight gain based on feeding method?

    <p>Increases weight gain in breastfed infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone found in human milk may contribute to infant satiety?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential metabolic effect after a high-protein meal?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical activities are considered moderate ones according to the text?

    <p>Brisk walking and dancing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many minutes of moderate-intensity exercise are recommended per day?

    <p>30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about physical activity energy expenditure according to the text?

    <p>Most adults overestimate the kilocalories expended in various activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has contributed to an increase in energy intake over the past 30 years?

    <p>Calories from sugar-sweetened beverages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the distorted perception of physical activity energy expenditure?

    <p>Overestimation of actual activity performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do OB genes influence according to the text?

    <p>BMI and eating behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are putative loci related to OB located?

    <p>On all chromosomes except X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of adiposity according to the text?

    <p>Varies quantitatively and is heritable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a stronger role in determining offspring obesity according to the text?

    <p>Maternal obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is related to the sharp global increase in obesity according to the text?

    <p>Gene-environment effect from abundant food supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and obesity (OB) in children and young adults?

    <p>50% increased odds of OB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do cigarette smokers tend to have lower BMIs compared to nonsmokers?

    <p>Nicotine acts as an appetite suppressant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications is associated with weight loss?

    <p>Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common observation regarding weight gain after smoking cessation?

    <p>Typically 10 pounds or less in the early months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with predicting weight gain after smoking cessation?

    <p>Being of Asian descent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication has been associated with the highest weight gain?

    <p>Mirtazapine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does nicotine affect metabolic rate in individuals who smoke?

    <p>Increases metabolic rate by about 200 kcal/25 cigarettes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is hypothesized to increase carbohydrate craving?

    <p>Amitriptyline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is associated with 1.0- to 4.4-kg weight loss?

    <p>Bupropion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is not worsened by weight gain after smoking cessation?

    <p>High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications is weight neutral?

    <p>Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about diabetes risk and smoking cessation is true?

    <p>[Risk for diabetes increases in early years after smoking cessation]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication may result in an initial weight loss followed by weight gain?

    <p>Paroxetine</p> Signup and view all the answers

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