Unit 2 Chapter 17 Obesity and Weight Management

What is the global obesity prevalence based on body mass index (BMI) thresholds?

25 kg/m2 for overweight, 30 kg/m2 or greater for obesity

What was the global age-standardized BMI in men in 2014?

24.2 kg/m2

Which group has the lowest obesity rates among adults according to the text?

Non-Hispanic Asians

What was the estimated crude prevalence of adults with obesity in the United States according to the 2015 to 2016 NHANES data?

39.8% Signup and view all the answers

Which group of women has the highest obesity prevalence?

Non-Hispanic black women Signup and view all the answers

How is food insecurity associated with obesity rates in US women?

It is modestly associated with higher obesity rates in non-white women Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between level of education and obesity or overweight?

Level of education is inversely related to obesity and overweight Signup and view all the answers

In immigrant adults, how do obesity rates change with time lived in the United States?

Obesity rates increase with time lived in the United States Signup and view all the answers

Which group of immigrants has a three-times-higher odds ratio of being overweight after 15 years in the United States?

Immigrants from Europe Signup and view all the answers

What is BMI a proxy measure of?

Body fatness Signup and view all the answers

What is a reliable measure of adiposity that is used in research settings?

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Signup and view all the answers

Why is bioimpedance analysis (BIA) not recommended for routine clinical use in individuals with obesity?

It does not add more information than BMI and waist circumference Signup and view all the answers

What is the theoretical weight gain per year from an extra 100 kcal/day intake or not expended?

4.5 kg (10 pounds) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two commonalities in the causes of obesity mentioned?

Increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is mainly responsible for driving energy expenditure?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adipose tissue is linked to more deleterious health consequences?

Intra-abdominal visceral fat depots Signup and view all the answers

What do insulin and leptin signal in terms of food and adipose tissue?

Adequacy Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered noninvasive, portable, safe, and inexpensive for predicting body fat?

Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurons promote hunger and increased food intake?

Agouti-related protein/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY) neurons Signup and view all the answers

What does an obesogenic environment primarily promote?

Excess calorie intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aspect that activates the hedonic pathway in relation to food consumption?

Food's hedonic qualities Signup and view all the answers

Why are guidelines for treatment of overweight and obesity hesitant to recommend using bioimpedance analysis (BIA)?

It adds no more information than BMI and waist circumference Signup and view all the answers

What inhibits activities that use energy for conservation purposes?

Agouti-related protein/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY) neurons Signup and view all the answers

'Excess body weight and obesity result when which forces are greater than the opposing forces?'

Energy intake and energy expenditure Signup and view all the answers

What can induce hyperphagia by suppressing satiety signaling and increasing hunger?

Lesions in the hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affects individual appetite, satiety, and meal size?

Neuroendocrine factors, adipocyte size, and number, gut factors, food availability, society norms, nutrient interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with rapid weight gain, uncontrolled eating, and hyperinsulinemia?

Hypothalamic OB Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is mentioned as the central controller of energy balance in the text?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What are considered reliable measures of adiposity used in research settings but not practical in routine clinical use?

Hydrodensitometry (underwater weighing) and air displacement plethysmography. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of overactivity of the hedonic pathway in the brain?

Hyperinsulinemia Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to reduced energy output according to the text?

Chemically induced lesions in the hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What signals adequacy of both food intake and adipose tissue status?

Insulin and leptin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pancreatic β cells?

Secrete insulin Signup and view all the answers

In a fasted state, what is released from pancreatic α cells to maintain euglycemia?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of leptin in the body?

Signal satiety and control meal size Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone acts as a long-term 'lipostat', communicating the amount of stored body fat to the hypothalamus?

Leptin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in the body?

Regulate glucose by altering insulin activity Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by adipocytes and has beneficial effects on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity?

Adiponectin Signup and view all the answers

What does visceral adipose tissue secrete less of compared to subcutaneous depots?

Adiponectin Signup and view all the answers

'Central leptin and insulin resistance' in obesity is primarily due to what factor?

'Resistive' leptin and insulin receptors Signup and view all the answers

What effect does decreased pancreatic insulin secretion have on the use of stored fat?

Increases use of stored fat Signup and view all the answers

How do adrenal epinephrine and norepinephrine promote the utilization of stored fat?

Promote use of stored fat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cholecystokinin?

Stimulate gallbladder contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism disrupted in individuals with MC4R mutations?

Satiety signaling Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is recognized as the strongest obesity signaling gene?

FTO gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of obesity according to the text?

Polygenic obesity Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome obesities are mentioned in the text as the two most common?

Prader-Willi and Bardet-Biedl Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for overweight or obesity in toddlers?

Excessive maternal weight during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

How is breastfeeding related to childhood obesity risk?

Decreases childhood obesity risk Signup and view all the answers

What effect does timing of solid food introduction have on weight gain based on feeding method?

Increases weight gain in breastfed infants Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone found in human milk may contribute to infant satiety?

Leptin Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential metabolic effect after a high-protein meal?

30% Signup and view all the answers

Which physical activities are considered moderate ones according to the text?

Brisk walking and dancing Signup and view all the answers

How many minutes of moderate-intensity exercise are recommended per day?

30 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about physical activity energy expenditure according to the text?

Most adults overestimate the kilocalories expended in various activities. Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to an increase in energy intake over the past 30 years?

Calories from sugar-sweetened beverages Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the distorted perception of physical activity energy expenditure?

Overestimation of actual activity performed Signup and view all the answers

What do OB genes influence according to the text?

BMI and eating behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Where are putative loci related to OB located?

On all chromosomes except X Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of adiposity according to the text?

Varies quantitatively and is heritable Signup and view all the answers

What plays a stronger role in determining offspring obesity according to the text?

Maternal obesity Signup and view all the answers

What is related to the sharp global increase in obesity according to the text?

Gene-environment effect from abundant food supply Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and obesity (OB) in children and young adults?

50% increased odds of OB Signup and view all the answers

Why do cigarette smokers tend to have lower BMIs compared to nonsmokers?

Nicotine acts as an appetite suppressant Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications is associated with weight loss?

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is a common observation regarding weight gain after smoking cessation?

Typically 10 pounds or less in the early months Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with predicting weight gain after smoking cessation?

Being of Asian descent Signup and view all the answers

Which medication has been associated with the highest weight gain?

Mirtazapine Signup and view all the answers

How does nicotine affect metabolic rate in individuals who smoke?

Increases metabolic rate by about 200 kcal/25 cigarettes Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is hypothesized to increase carbohydrate craving?

Amitriptyline Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is associated with 1.0- to 4.4-kg weight loss?

Bupropion Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not worsened by weight gain after smoking cessation?

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications is weight neutral?