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Questions and Answers
What percentage of 9-month-olds have sleep disturbances?
What percentage of 9-month-olds have sleep disturbances?
Which age group shows a prevalence of 1-2 year olds crying for parental attention?
Which age group shows a prevalence of 1-2 year olds crying for parental attention?
What is a common symptom associated with children who are neglected in terms of peer relationships?
What is a common symptom associated with children who are neglected in terms of peer relationships?
What do popular kids exhibit in terms of cortisol response compared to neglected kids?
What do popular kids exhibit in terms of cortisol response compared to neglected kids?
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What behavior can be an early sign of stress in a preschool-aged child according to the text?
What behavior can be an early sign of stress in a preschool-aged child according to the text?
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Which age group is characterized by school phobia often misdiagnosed as separation anxiety?
Which age group is characterized by school phobia often misdiagnosed as separation anxiety?
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What signs of stress are associated with school-aged children?
What signs of stress are associated with school-aged children?
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Children in full-time daycare showed decreased cortisol levels throughout the day.
Children in full-time daycare showed decreased cortisol levels throughout the day.
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Neglected kids tend to show higher cortisol responses because they actively seek out social interactions.
Neglected kids tend to show higher cortisol responses because they actively seek out social interactions.
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Preschool-aged children with high cortisol responses are more likely to be popular among their peers.
Preschool-aged children with high cortisol responses are more likely to be popular among their peers.
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Children exposed to traumatic life events often exhibit behavioral manifestations rather than cognitive factors of PTSD.
Children exposed to traumatic life events often exhibit behavioral manifestations rather than cognitive factors of PTSD.
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School phobia is characterized by physical symptoms like agitation and physical resistance to school situations.
School phobia is characterized by physical symptoms like agitation and physical resistance to school situations.
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Match the following signs of stress with their corresponding age group:
Match the following signs of stress with their corresponding age group:
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Match the following characteristics with the appropriate group of children:
Match the following characteristics with the appropriate group of children:
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Match the following cortisol responses with the corresponding peer relationship status:
Match the following cortisol responses with the corresponding peer relationship status:
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Match the following symptoms post-traumatic event with their corresponding outcomes:
Match the following symptoms post-traumatic event with their corresponding outcomes:
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Match the following characteristics with the correct description from the text:
Match the following characteristics with the correct description from the text:
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What is a common behavioral manifestation in children exposed to traumatic life events, according to the text?
What is a common behavioral manifestation in children exposed to traumatic life events, according to the text?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with signs of stress in school-aged children as per the text?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with signs of stress in school-aged children as per the text?
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Which age group is more likely to show a prevalence of waking frequently and crying for parental attention according to the provided text?
Which age group is more likely to show a prevalence of waking frequently and crying for parental attention according to the provided text?
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What can be an early sign of stress in preschool-aged children based on the text?
What can be an early sign of stress in preschool-aged children based on the text?
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What is a characteristic of children who are popular among their peers in terms of cortisol response, as per the text?
What is a characteristic of children who are popular among their peers in terms of cortisol response, as per the text?
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Which group of children showed significant increases in cortisol levels as the day progressed?
Which group of children showed significant increases in cortisol levels as the day progressed?
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What could be a potential misdiagnosis for school phobia according to the text?
What could be a potential misdiagnosis for school phobia according to the text?
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Which age group may lack language skills required to report cognitive factors of PTSD but emphasize behavioral manifestations post-traumatic event?
Which age group may lack language skills required to report cognitive factors of PTSD but emphasize behavioral manifestations post-traumatic event?
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What response do rejected kids show in terms of cortisol levels compared to neglected kids?
What response do rejected kids show in terms of cortisol levels compared to neglected kids?
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What symptoms are associated with children who show signs of stress in school-aged children, according to the text?
What symptoms are associated with children who show signs of stress in school-aged children, according to the text?
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Study Notes
Child Maltreatment Statistics and Impact
- In 2006, approximately 905,000 U.S. children experienced abuse or neglect.
- The CDC estimated that 1 in 7 children were maltreated in 2005.
- 11% of victims reported to State Child Welfare agencies in 2006 were under 12 months old.
- Rates of maltreatment peak during infancy and adolescence.
- Factors contributing to maltreatment include parental inadequacy, increased stress, and resource scarcity.
Consequences of Parental Stressors
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Proximal Consequence - Failure to Thrive (FTT):
- Growth is disrupted due to adverse psychological mechanisms affecting parent-child relationships.
- Indicators include height and weight below the 5th percentile for age and gender.
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Distal Consequence:
- Maltreatment can impair brain development and regulatory functions, leading to school performance issues.
- Increases risk of depression and substance abuse in later life.
Stress Response in Infants
- Cortisol levels in infants differ from adults; they demonstrate significant daily peaks.
- Newborns have two cortisol peaks, which are not time-dependent: one upon waking and another post-nap.
- By 3 months, salivary cortisol levels are significantly higher shortly after waking compared to bedtime measurements.
- Duration of naps negatively correlates with age but positively affects cortisol decrease from morning to afternoon.
Environmental Stressors
- Children in institutions or orphanages face unique stressors, including attachment issues.
- Adopted children often display less secure attachment than those raised in biological families, with this effect lasting for years.
- Differences in emotional understanding and cognition remain observable by age four among adopted and non-adopted children.
Trauma and Its Lasting Effects
- Holocaust survivors demonstrate long-term impacts of early trauma, notably higher depression rates correlating with parental loss during WWII.
- Survivors with PTSD exhibit greater stress responses as adults, indicating a connection between early trauma and later health outcomes.
Toddler Stressors (12 months to 5 years)
- Additional stressors may include peer neglect, deprived living conditions, and psychological maltreatment.
- Attachment studies reveal:
- Securely attached infants have minimal HPA activation in stressful situations.
- Insecurely attached infants (both avoidant and resistant) show increased HPA activation, indicating heightened stress responses.
- Disorganized attachment correlates with the highest levels of stress response, reflecting inconsistent caregiving.
Signs of Stress in Infants
- Sleep disruptions manifest in difficulties falling asleep compared to normative behaviors.
- Infants show unique cortisol dynamics; their lower stress responses differ significantly from older children and adults, indicating adaptability and potential protective mechanisms during early development.### Stress and Development in Infants
- Cortisol levels in infants differ significantly from adults; they exhibit two daily peaks independent of time.
- Newborns show a cortisol peak upon waking and another peak post-nap, contrasting with adults who have a low cortisol level during sleep.
- By age 3 months, infants show a marked increase in salivary cortisol levels shortly after waking.
- Cortisol levels decrease during preschool nap/rest time and rebound post-nap, indicating a typical daily rhythm.
- Duration of naps correlates negatively with age and positively with the magnitude of cortisol decrease from morning to afternoon.
- As infants age (around 12 months), the second peak of cortisol diminishes until it disappears completely.
- Infants typically do not exhibit a cortisol response to stress; instead, cortisol levels are generally lower during stressful situations compared to home settings.
- Infants in novel environments experience reduced cortisol levels, likely because most surroundings are perceived as novel.
- Higher positive affect and engagement in infants correspond with the lowest cortisol levels, contrary to the increased stress response seen in older individuals.
Parental Stressors
- Infants are influenced by parental stressors such as neglect, abuse, mental health issues, and insecure attachment, affecting their development.
- Approximately 905,000 U.S. children are impacted by parental stressors, leading to impaired brain development and regulatory functioning.
- These experiences can induce emotional regulation impairments, leading to potential depression and increased substance abuse risks in adolescence and adulthood.
Environmental Stressors
- Institutions and orphanages pose significant stressors for infants; adopted children tend to show less secure attachment than peers raised in family settings.
- Attachments formed during infancy can exhibit lasting effects, with adopted children struggling more with emotional understanding compared to family-reared peers.
- Physical development of adopted children may improve over time, but differences in emotional understanding may persist.
Traumatic Events and Experiences
- Childhood trauma, such as loss of a caregiver or experiences in conflict situations (e.g., Holocaust), significantly impacts stress and emotional well-being.
- Holocaust survivors assessed later in life (ages 60-80) revealed that those who lost both parents during the war had higher depression levels than those with less loss.
- PTSD is associated with increased physical illness and depression among survivors, particularly in younger males with PTSD-related functional impairments.
Stressors in Toddlers (12 months to 5 years)
- Stressors remain similar, including peer neglect, deprived environments, poor maternal attachment, and trauma exposure.
- A study on attachment showed informative results from the Strange Situation experiment regarding cortisol activation in response to stress.
- Securely attached infants display minimal HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) activation during stress, indicating trust in their caregivers.
- In insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachments, infants demonstrate greater HPA activation, signaling greater stress responses.
- Disorganized attachment is linked to the highest levels of HPA activation and anxiety due to unstable caregiver presence.
Signs of Stress
- Disruption in sleep patterns can indicate stress, specifically difficulty in falling asleep compared to previous norms.
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Description
Explore the effects of maltreatment on brain development, regulatory functioning, and behavior across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Learn about the influence of environmental stressors, attachment patterns, and the outcomes of adoption studies.
