Relationships PDF
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Questions and Answers

How does the stability of DNA and RNA structure change with the presence of G-C base pairs?

  • Stability decreases
  • Stability increases (correct)
  • Stability remains the same
  • Stability fluctuates

    • What characteristic of G-C base pairs contributes to the higher stability of DNA and RNA structure?

  • Presence of 1 hydrogen bond
  • Presence of 3 hydrogen bonds (correct)
  • Presence of 4 hydrogen bonds
  • Presence of 2 hydrogen bonds

    • Compared to G-C base pairs, how many hydrogen bonds do AT or AU base pairs have?

  • 2 hydrogen bonds (correct)
  • 0 hydrogen bonds
  • 1 hydrogen bond
  • 4 hydrogen bonds

    • Why do G-C base pairs increase the stability of DNA and RNA structure compared to AT or AU base pairs?

    <p>Presence of more hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of hydrogen bonds and the stability of DNA and RNA structure?

    <p>proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between concentration gradient and rate of diffusion?

    <p>Concentration gradient is directly proportional to rate of diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the surface area of the neuron in demyelinated axons?

    <p>It increases, allowing for greater diffusion of electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between kinetic energy and temperature?

    <p>Kinetic energy is directly proportional to temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion?

    <p>Increasing the concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between surface area and rate of diffusion?

    <p>Surface area is directly proportional to rate of diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pressure is oncotic pressure a form of?

    <p>Osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low albumin levels in the blood on oncotic pressure?

    <p>Decreases oncotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is albumin produced in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of low albumin levels in the blood?

    <p>Liver damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between oncotic pressure and proteins?

    <p>Oncotic pressure is directly proportional to protein concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) affect the reabsorption of water from the nephron?

    <p>It directly increases the reabsorption of water by inserting aquaporins on the collecting duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an individual's blood becomes hypotonic with respect to filtrate?

    <p>The body aims to increase free water excretion to regain homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body regain homeostasis when blood becomes hypotonic with respect to filtrate?

    <p>By promoting the loss of water in urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does myelin play in the transmission of action potentials?

    <p>It acts as an insulator to speed up transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of myelin impact the conductivity of axons?

    <p>It decreases conductivity by acting as an insulator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of myelin insulation on action potential transmission?

    <p>It increases the speed of action potential transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to an amino acid at a low (acidic) pH?

    <p>It becomes protonated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a high (basic) pH on an amino acid?

    <p>It becomes deprotonated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between pH and the protonation state of an amino acid?

    <p>As pH increases, amino acids become deprotonated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is responsible for the protonation of an amino acid at low (acidic) pH?

    <p>H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of free OH- at high (basic) pH in relation to amino acids?

    <p>It deprotonates the amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A low Dissociation constant (Kd) indicates that the enzyme-substrate complex:

    <p>Does not readily dissociate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high Dissociation constant (Kd) imply about the enzyme-substrate complex?

    <p>Dissociates easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a high Dissociation constant (Kd) affect the binding affinity between the enzyme and substrate?

    <p>Weakens the binding affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Dissociation constant (Kd) and the ease of dissociation of the enzyme-substrate complex?

    <p>Inversely proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of enzyme-substrate binding, a high Dissociation constant (Kd) implies:

    <p>Weak binding affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Km and the binding affinity between an enzyme and its substrate?

    <p>Inverse relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do competitive inhibitors impact the Km of an enzyme?

    <p>Increase Km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a low Km have on the binding affinity between an enzyme and its substrate?

    <p>Increases affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a competitive inhibitor is introduced, how does it affect the binding affinity between an enzyme and its substrate?

    <p>Decreases affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the body's oxygen supply during hypoventilation?

    <p>The body receives less oxygen than usual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hypoventilation have on blood pH?

    <p>Decreases blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a shift to the right in the equilibrium of the equation 'CO2 + H2O ⇄ H2CO3 ⇄ H+ + HCO3–'?

    <p>An increase in CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle explains the effect of lower oxygen supply on blood pH?

    <p>Le Chatelier's Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by low blood pH due to hypoventilation?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the degree of fatty acid saturation and the fluidity of a cell membrane?

    <p>Increased saturation leads to decreased fluidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid allows for the highest membrane fluidity?

    <p>unsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of saturated fatty acids on a cell membrane's viscosity?

    <p>Increases viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do unsaturated fatty acids result in a higher membrane fluidity?

    <p>They cannot pack as tightly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do unsaturated fatty acids affect the viscosity of a cell membrane?

    <p>Decrease viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

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