Relationships PDF

How does the stability of DNA and RNA structure change with the presence of G-C base pairs?

Stability increases

What characteristic of G-C base pairs contributes to the higher stability of DNA and RNA structure?

Presence of 3 hydrogen bonds

Compared to G-C base pairs, how many hydrogen bonds do AT or AU base pairs have?

2 hydrogen bonds

Why do G-C base pairs increase the stability of DNA and RNA structure compared to AT or AU base pairs?

Presence of more hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the number of hydrogen bonds and the stability of DNA and RNA structure?

proportional Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between concentration gradient and rate of diffusion?

Concentration gradient is directly proportional to rate of diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the surface area of the neuron in demyelinated axons?

It increases, allowing for greater diffusion of electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between kinetic energy and temperature?

Kinetic energy is directly proportional to temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion?

Increasing the concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between surface area and rate of diffusion?

Surface area is directly proportional to rate of diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What type of pressure is oncotic pressure a form of?

Osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of low albumin levels in the blood on oncotic pressure?

Decreases oncotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Where is albumin produced in the body?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of low albumin levels in the blood?

Liver damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between oncotic pressure and proteins?

Oncotic pressure is directly proportional to protein concentration Signup and view all the answers

How does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) affect the reabsorption of water from the nephron?

It directly increases the reabsorption of water by inserting aquaporins on the collecting duct. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an individual's blood becomes hypotonic with respect to filtrate?

The body aims to increase free water excretion to regain homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

How does the body regain homeostasis when blood becomes hypotonic with respect to filtrate?

By promoting the loss of water in urine. Signup and view all the answers

What role does myelin play in the transmission of action potentials?

It acts as an insulator to speed up transmission Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of myelin impact the conductivity of axons?

It decreases conductivity by acting as an insulator Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of myelin insulation on action potential transmission?

It increases the speed of action potential transmission Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to an amino acid at a low (acidic) pH?

It becomes protonated Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a high (basic) pH on an amino acid?

It becomes deprotonated Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between pH and the protonation state of an amino acid?

As pH increases, amino acids become deprotonated Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is responsible for the protonation of an amino acid at low (acidic) pH?

H+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of free OH- at high (basic) pH in relation to amino acids?

It deprotonates the amino acid Signup and view all the answers

A low Dissociation constant (Kd) indicates that the enzyme-substrate complex:

Does not readily dissociate Signup and view all the answers

What does a high Dissociation constant (Kd) imply about the enzyme-substrate complex?

Dissociates easily Signup and view all the answers

How does a high Dissociation constant (Kd) affect the binding affinity between the enzyme and substrate?

Weakens the binding affinity Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Dissociation constant (Kd) and the ease of dissociation of the enzyme-substrate complex?

Inversely proportional Signup and view all the answers

In the context of enzyme-substrate binding, a high Dissociation constant (Kd) implies:

Weak binding affinity Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Km and the binding affinity between an enzyme and its substrate?

Inverse relationship Signup and view all the answers

How do competitive inhibitors impact the Km of an enzyme?

Increase Km Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a low Km have on the binding affinity between an enzyme and its substrate?

Increases affinity Signup and view all the answers

If a competitive inhibitor is introduced, how does it affect the binding affinity between an enzyme and its substrate?

Decreases affinity Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the body's oxygen supply during hypoventilation?

The body receives less oxygen than usual Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hypoventilation have on blood pH?

Decreases blood pH Signup and view all the answers

What causes a shift to the right in the equilibrium of the equation 'CO2 + H2O ⇄ H2CO3 ⇄ H+ + HCO3–'?

An increase in CO2 levels Signup and view all the answers

Which principle explains the effect of lower oxygen supply on blood pH?

Le Chatelier's Principle Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by low blood pH due to hypoventilation?

Respiratory acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the degree of fatty acid saturation and the fluidity of a cell membrane?

Increased saturation leads to decreased fluidity Signup and view all the answers