Impact of Chilli Leaf Curl Virus on Fruit Yield

Yield Losses due to Plant Viruses

• PLRV is one of the most devastating diseases of potatoes worldwide, causing up to 80% yield losses.
• In India, Bangladesh, Egypt, Canada, and Scotland, PLRV reduces yield from 20.0% to 98.0%.
• In Shimla hills, five strains of PVY were identified, causing up to 60%-75% yield losses.
• In Australia, PVX infection has been seen in more than 90% of potatoes, with estimated losses of $1,750,000 a year.

Potato Virus A and X Strains

• Cause serious yield losses, ranging from 20% to 89% and 75% in Brazil, India, and Australia.
• In Brazil, potato virus A reduced yield by an average of 25% in cv. Eva and 22.4%-31.3% in cv. Rajka.

Groundnut Bud Necrosis Virus (GBNV)

• Causes potato stem necrosis disease, reducing potato tuber yields up to 29% in India.

Potato Virus Y (PVY)

• One of the most economically important viruses of potatoes worldwide, including India, causing up to 80% yield losses.
• In Shimla hills, five strains of PVY were identified, causing up to 60%-75% yield losses.

Alfalfa Mosaic Virus

• Causes yield losses in potatoes in India, with few reports available.

Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus (TLCV-New Delhi)

• Recorded in potatoes, reducing tuber yields up to 29% in India.
• Plants infected with TLCV prior to tuberization show a high level of transmission in plants (98%) and in tubers (97%).

Tomato

• Various viruses, such as TLCV, TMV, TBSV, TYLCV, BCTV, and TSWV, cause severe losses to tomato crops.
• In South Florida, a virus complex, including mosaic and curly top viruses, was reported as a limiting factor for tomato production.
• In the United Kingdom, TMV infection caused losses, with diseased fruits ranging from 19% to 33%.
• Maximum financial loss affecting fruit quality is reported when the infection occurs at the stage when most of the fruits were set.

Chilli/Pepper

• Viral diseases such as CMV, PVY, TMV, TEV, pepper veinal necrosis, and tobacco leaf curl virus cause numerous losses in pepper and chilli crops.
• In India, chilli leaf curl virus causes yield losses from 20% to 80% in summer and 20% to 74% in winter.
• Pepper veinal mosaic virus causes yield losses of 46%-90%, depending on the time of inoculation.### Tomato Viral Diseases
• Tom GV1 and Tom GV2 viruses have caused crop losses of up to 100% (Polston and Anderson, 1997)
• Tomato pepino mosaic virus has caused 20-40% of losses in glass houses and fields (Soler et al., 2000)
• TLCV infection has resulted in reduced tomato outcomes, with losses ranging from 28.9% to 92.3%, depending on the crop stage (Sastry and Singh, 1973)
• Bunchy top disease has caused 34% yield loss in Nigeria (Ladipo, 1973)
• Tobacco etch virus (TEV) infection has resulted in 55% yield loss in cv. Placero Lobulado (Fernandez and Goborjanyi, 1978)
• TYLCV has caused severe losses of yield, making it economically important worldwide
• TYLCV has caused yield losses of up to 100% in the Dominican Republic, with estimated losses of over $10 million (Gilbertson et al., 2007)
• TYLCV has caused yield reductions of 63-80% at different periods of inoculation after transplantation in Lebanon (Mazyad et al., 1979; Makkouk et al., 1979)
• Average perceived yield losses due to TYLCV in tomatoes are up to 40% in Malawi, 50% in Kenya, 75% in Tanzania, and 100% in Sudan (CIAT, 1998)
• Economic losses in tomato crops due to TYLCV in the Dominican Republic during 1989-1995 were estimated at about $50 million (Polston and Anderson, 1997)

Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus (ToLCNDV)

• ToLCNDV is a begomovirus that causes leaf curl disease in tomatoes in India
• ToLCNDV is widespread in all Asian, North African, and Southern European countries
• Yield losses due to ToLCNDV range from 17.6% to 99.7%, depending on the time of infection, disease incidence, and severity (Butter and Rataul, 1981; Kalloo, 1996)
• Infection at 30 days after transplanting has caused 92.3% losses (Sastry and Singh, 1973)

Chilli/Pepper Viral Diseases

• Viral diseases such as CMV, PVY, TMV, TEV, pepper veinal necrosis, and tobacco leaf curl virus have caused numerous losses in pepper and chilli crops worldwide
• Average annual losses from TMV, CMV, TEV, and PVY in the United States from 1951-1960 were 1.0%, 1.0%, 0.5%, and 0.5%, respectively (USDA, 1965)
• Fruit yield losses in chillies due to chilli leaf curl virus ranged from 20% to 80% in the summer season and 20% to 74% in the winter season in India (Saha et al., 2005)
• Yield losses due to pepper veinal mosaic virus ranged from 46% to 90%, depending on the time of inoculation (Lamptey and Bonsi, 1977)
• Yield losses due to pepper vein banding mosaic virus were up to 50% (Simons, 1956)
• Italian pepper mosaic virus caused a yield loss of 50-70% in pepper (Ajroldi, 1939)
• Chilli leaf curl disease has caused significant losses in Indian chilli production, with yield losses reaching up to 90% and fruit quality severely impacted (Senanayake et al., 2007)