Immunotherapy in Cancer and Immunological Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Who is credited with the development of variolation?

  • The Sung dynasty (correct)
  • Jenner
  • Pasteur
  • The WHO
  • What did Jenner use to expose the boy to in 1796?

  • Smallpox
  • Influenza
  • Measles
  • Cowpox (correct)
  • What did Pasteur use the word 'vaccination' for?

  • Immunization
  • Protective inoculation (correct)
  • Variolation
  • Immunotherapy
  • When did the last wild type case of smallpox occur?

    <p>1977</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used to separate proteins of antigen by size before transferring them to a nylon membrane in Western Blotting?

    <p>SDS-PAGE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to detect the label that indicates which proteins on the blot were recognized by antibodies in the serum in Western Blotting?

    <p>Enzyme- or radioactively labeled secondary antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves counting and sorting cells labeled with fluorescent antibodies?

    <p>Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What creates larger 'mouthfuls' for phagocytic cells in immunoassays involving visible antigen-antibody aggregates?

    <p>Antibodies that cross-link antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used in passive agglutination when antigens are small?

    <p>Antibodies or antigens attached to particles (latex beads)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In precipitation reactions, what can cross-link and form a precipitate?

    <p>Antibodies bound to soluble antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are relatively large particles such as cells cross-linked in direct agglutination test (DAT)?

    <p>Antibody mixed with antigen; binding yields clumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are proper concentrations determined in precipitation reactions?

    <p>By placing separate suspensions near each other in gel, and allowing molecules to diffuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine is used against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, and Haemophilus influenzae type B disease?

    <p>DTaP-IPV-Hib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine was added to the combination vaccine MMRV in late 2018?

    <p>Varicella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine contains inactivated viruses of all three types of poliovirus?

    <p>Salk vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine is cheaper and induces better mucosal immunity, leading to better herd immunity?

    <p>Oral polio vaccine (OPV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine allows wild poliovirus to replicate in intestines and can be transmitted to others, spreading rapidly?

    <p>Oral polio vaccine (OPV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of polio strain was eradicated in 2015?

    <p>Type 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of immunotherapies?

    <p>To treat cancer and other diseases by modifying specific immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cancer immunotherapies attempt to overcome?

    <p>Evasion mechanisms of cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy stimulates the proliferation of T cells?

    <p>Interleukin 2 (IL-2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do checkpoint inhibitors target?

    <p>Tumor cell surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in cancer treatment?

    <p>To mark cancer cells for destruction via ADCC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rituximab primarily used to treat?

    <p>B-cell cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of many rapid tests?

    <p>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test uses fluorescence microscopy to locate labeled antibodies bound to antigens?

    <p>Fluorescent Antibody (FA) Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibodies recognize one epitope on an antigen?

    <p>Monoclonal antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to treat infectious diseases such as inhalational anthrax, HIV, Ebola, and COVID-19?

    <p>Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reciprocal of the last dilution that gives a detectable antigen-antibody reaction?

    <p>Titer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection?

    <p>Tuberculin skin test (PPD test)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of testing examines a patient’s blood for antibodies to diagnose a disease?

    <p>Serological testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to detect antibodies in human blood and serum?

    <p>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What converts colorless substrate to a colored product in ELISA?

    <p>Antibodies labeled with an enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do therapeutic antibodies provide?

    <p>Necessary components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do polyclonal antibodies bind to?

    <p>Multiple epitopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do immunoassays use as labeled antibodies?

    <p>Enzymes, fluorescent dye, or radioactive isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity results from exposure to antigen and involves activated lymphocytes and memory cells?

    <p>Active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity comes from the addition of other's antibodies, providing temporary protection without memory cell formation?

    <p>Artificial passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccines are weakened forms of pathogens that can induce long-lasting immunity but may cause disease in immunosuppressed individuals?

    <p>Attenuated vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccines cannot replicate or cause infections, often requiring several booster doses?

    <p>Inactivated vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a critical portion of the population is immune, preventing the spread of infectious agents?

    <p>Herd immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity occurs during pregnancy and through breast milk?

    <p>Natural passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic should effective vaccines have?

    <p>Safety, few side effects, long-lasting protection, low cost, and easy to administer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccines often require several booster doses?

    <p>Inactivated vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of inactivated vaccine?

    <p>Attenuated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has greatly reduced disease incidence but drops in rates have led to disease outbreaks?

    <p>Vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has led to false beliefs about the risk of vaccination being greater than the risk of diseases?

    <p>Reports of adverse effects of vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dramatically reduces the incidence of diseases such as diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae type b invasive disease, measles, and mumps?

    <p>Vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Trastuzumab treat breast cancers with high HER2 expression?

    <p>By interfering with cancer cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kohler and Milstein win a Nobel prize for in 1984?

    <p>Their work on monoclonal antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do conjugated antibodies, e.g., Rituximab conjugated with a cell-damaging molecule, do to cancerous cells?

    <p>Destroy B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do checkpoint inhibitors function in cancer treatment?

    <p>Interfere with immune checkpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Bi-specific antibodies, e.g., Blinatumomab?

    <p>Treat acute lymphocytic leukemias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells function in cancer treatment?

    <p>Recognize and destroy cells with specific epitopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of FDA-approved checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment?

    <p>PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and the CTLA-4 pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do oncolytic viruses do in cancer treatment?

    <p>Directly destroy cancerous cells and stimulate an anti-tumor immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of therapeutic cancer vaccines?

    <p>Expose leukocytes to genetically engineered proteins to activate T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do immunotherapies treat autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity?

    <p>By suppressing immune responses, targeting T or B cells, or inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in cancer treatment?

    <p>B cells by binding to CD20, marking them for destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immunotherapy in Cancer and Immunological Disorders

    • Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) target B cells by binding to CD20, marking them for destruction
    • Some mAbs interfere with growth factors necessary for cancer cell proliferation
    • Trastuzumab treats breast cancers with high HER2 expression by interfering with cancer cell growth
    • Conjugated antibodies deliver toxins to cancerous cells, e.g., Rituximab conjugated with a cell-damaging molecule destroys B cells
    • Bi-specific antibodies have two antigen-binding sites, e.g., Blinatumomab treats acute lymphocytic leukemias
    • Checkpoint inhibitors interfere with immune checkpoints, allowing the immune system to attack cancer cells
    • FDA-approved checkpoint inhibitors are mAbs that block the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and the CTLA-4 pathway
    • Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells are genetically engineered to recognize and destroy cells with specific epitopes
    • FDA-approved oncolytic viruses directly destroy cancerous cells and stimulate an anti-tumor immune response
    • Therapeutic cancer vaccines, e.g., for prostate cancer, expose leukocytes to genetically engineered proteins to activate T cells
    • Immunotherapies treat autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity by suppressing immune responses, targeting T or B cells, or inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines
    • Kohler and Milstein won a Nobel prize in 1984 for their work on monoclonal antibodies

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of immunotherapy in cancer and immunological disorders with this quiz. Explore topics such as monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T cells, oncolytic viruses, and therapeutic cancer vaccines. Learn how these therapies target cancer cells and modulate immune responses in various conditions.

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