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Questions and Answers
What is the second leading cause of death globally?
What is the second leading cause of death globally?
- Cancer (correct)
- Respiratory diseases
- Heart disease
- Stroke
Which genetic alteration is necessary for the activation of oncogenes?
Which genetic alteration is necessary for the activation of oncogenes?
- Point mutations
- Deletion of one copy of the gene
- Gene amplifications (correct)
- Chromosomal translocation
What do tumor suppressor genes counteract or suppress?
What do tumor suppressor genes counteract or suppress?
- Cell differentiation
- DNA repair mechanisms
- Chromosomal DNA disruption
- Cell proliferation (correct)
Which process recruits key players in DNA repair, activating cell cycle checkpoints and cell cycle arrest?
Which process recruits key players in DNA repair, activating cell cycle checkpoints and cell cycle arrest?
What is the function of proto-oncogenes?
What is the function of proto-oncogenes?
What type of mutation causes tumor suppressor genes to become nonfunctional?
What type of mutation causes tumor suppressor genes to become nonfunctional?
In which phase of the cell cycle are cells mostly arrested if DNA damage occurs?
In which phase of the cell cycle are cells mostly arrested if DNA damage occurs?
What do gain-of-function mutations typically cause?
What do gain-of-function mutations typically cause?
'APC' and 'DCC' are associated with which type of cancer according to Fearson and Vogelstein’s genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis?
'APC' and 'DCC' are associated with which type of cancer according to Fearson and Vogelstein’s genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis?
Which genetic alteration can activate proto-oncogenes into oncogenes?
Which genetic alteration can activate proto-oncogenes into oncogenes?
Which of the following is not a risk factor for cancer?
Which of the following is not a risk factor for cancer?
What process leads to the formation of metastasis in cancer?
What process leads to the formation of metastasis in cancer?
Which prefix indicates cancer in epithelial cells?
Which prefix indicates cancer in epithelial cells?
What do gain-of-function mutations typically cause?
What do gain-of-function mutations typically cause?
Which of the following is a similarity between multipotent normal stem cells and cancer stem cells?
Which of the following is a similarity between multipotent normal stem cells and cancer stem cells?
What is the main characteristic of the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
What is the main characteristic of the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
Which cellular functions are inappropriately regulated in cancer, according to the text?
Which cellular functions are inappropriately regulated in cancer, according to the text?
What can cause destabilization of chromosomal and genetic organization?
What can cause destabilization of chromosomal and genetic organization?
Which type of genetic alteration can activate proto-oncogenes into oncogenes?
Which type of genetic alteration can activate proto-oncogenes into oncogenes?
What is the function of immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine and azathioprine in relation to cancer?
What is the function of immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine and azathioprine in relation to cancer?
Which viral genes cause malignant transformation of host cells?
Which viral genes cause malignant transformation of host cells?
What is the main property of cancer stem cells?
What is the main property of cancer stem cells?
How does the initiation of the cell cycle occur?
How does the initiation of the cell cycle occur?
Which chemical carcinogen is associated with skin cancer?
Which chemical carcinogen is associated with skin cancer?
What do multipotent progenitor cells maintain?
What do multipotent progenitor cells maintain?
What is a characteristic of terminally differentiated cells?
What is a characteristic of terminally differentiated cells?
Which immunocompromised condition is associated with the highest relative risk of developing Kaposi’s sarcoma?
Which immunocompromised condition is associated with the highest relative risk of developing Kaposi’s sarcoma?
What is the main function of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of cancer?
What is the main function of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of cancer?
Which type of immune deficiency is associated with a relative risk of 100 for developing non-hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Which type of immune deficiency is associated with a relative risk of 100 for developing non-hodgkin’s lymphoma?
What is the mechanism of action of checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of cancer?
What is the mechanism of action of checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of cancer?
Which type of cancer is associated with a relative risk of 150 – 200 in immunocompromised individuals?
Which type of cancer is associated with a relative risk of 150 – 200 in immunocompromised individuals?
What role do cytokines play in the treatment of cancer?
What role do cytokines play in the treatment of cancer?
What is the principal mechanism of tumor immunity as described in the text?
What is the principal mechanism of tumor immunity as described in the text?
What is the process whereby the immune system can both constrain and promote tumor development?
What is the process whereby the immune system can both constrain and promote tumor development?
In which phase, the immunogenicity of a tumor is edited such that it stays in check without being removed by the immune system?
In which phase, the immunogenicity of a tumor is edited such that it stays in check without being removed by the immune system?
Which class of irritants, together with tissue injury and ensuing inflammation, was hypothesized to enhance cell proliferation at sites of chronic inflammation?
Which class of irritants, together with tissue injury and ensuing inflammation, was hypothesized to enhance cell proliferation at sites of chronic inflammation?
What hypothesis was proposed by Virchow in 1863 regarding the origin of cancer?
What hypothesis was proposed by Virchow in 1863 regarding the origin of cancer?
According to the information provided, what is the principal function of NK cells in tumor eradication?
According to the information provided, what is the principal function of NK cells in tumor eradication?
Which process involves the destruction of the target tumor cell through degranulation and perforation by NK cells?
Which process involves the destruction of the target tumor cell through degranulation and perforation by NK cells?
What is the primary process used by the immune system to recognize 'foreign' cells or material?
What is the primary process used by the immune system to recognize 'foreign' cells or material?
Which type of monoclonal antibodies (mABs) are indicated for treatment in multiple cancer types by suppressing angiogenesis?
Which type of monoclonal antibodies (mABs) are indicated for treatment in multiple cancer types by suppressing angiogenesis?
'Altered self' recognition is a process used by the immune system to recognize:
'Altered self' recognition is a process used by the immune system to recognize:
Which cell-mediated cytotoxicity involves the destruction of the target tumor cell through degranulation and perforation by NK cells?
Which cell-mediated cytotoxicity involves the destruction of the target tumor cell through degranulation and perforation by NK cells?
What is a characteristic feature of tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) according to the text?
What is a characteristic feature of tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) according to the text?
Which monoclonal antibody targets the inactivation of growth factor receptors such as HER2 and VEGFR?
Which monoclonal antibody targets the inactivation of growth factor receptors such as HER2 and VEGFR?
'Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)' are expressed during a specific developmental stage called:
'Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)' are expressed during a specific developmental stage called:
Which process involves the activation of components of the complement system to recognize and attach complement-fixing antibodies to tumor-specific surface antigens?
Which process involves the activation of components of the complement system to recognize and attach complement-fixing antibodies to tumor-specific surface antigens?
Which monoclonal antibody is derived from a single B lymphocyte or its clone and provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens?
Which monoclonal antibody is derived from a single B lymphocyte or its clone and provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens?
'Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)' are expressed at very low levels in normal tissue, but overexpressed or mutated in cancer. This statement describes which characteristic feature of TAAs?
'Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)' are expressed at very low levels in normal tissue, but overexpressed or mutated in cancer. This statement describes which characteristic feature of TAAs?
'Tumor antigens prompt action from which immune cells according to the text?'
'Tumor antigens prompt action from which immune cells according to the text?'
Which monoclonal antibody conjugate is indicated for the treatment of Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (SALCL)?
Which monoclonal antibody conjugate is indicated for the treatment of Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (SALCL)?
Which monoclonal antibody-conjugate has the origin that is humanized and used in treating Breast cancer?
Which monoclonal antibody-conjugate has the origin that is humanized and used in treating Breast cancer?
Which monoclonal antibody is indicated for treating Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and has the origin that is humanized?
Which monoclonal antibody is indicated for treating Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and has the origin that is humanized?
Which monoclonal antibody is indicated for treating Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) and has the origin that is murine?
Which monoclonal antibody is indicated for treating Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) and has the origin that is murine?
Which monoclonal antibody targets CD33 and its conjugate contains ozogamicin?
Which monoclonal antibody targets CD33 and its conjugate contains ozogamicin?
Which monoclonal antibody conjugate is indicated for treating acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)?
Which monoclonal antibody conjugate is indicated for treating acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)?
What is the main advantage of apoptosis compared to cell lysis induced by ADCC or CDC or necrosis?
What is the main advantage of apoptosis compared to cell lysis induced by ADCC or CDC or necrosis?
Which cellular signaling pathways are involved in the activation of apoptosis?
Which cellular signaling pathways are involved in the activation of apoptosis?
Which proteins control the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway of apoptosis?
Which proteins control the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway of apoptosis?
How is the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis induced?
How is the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis induced?
Which function do monoclonal antibodies (mABs) primarily engage to induce apoptosis in cancer cells?
Which function do monoclonal antibodies (mABs) primarily engage to induce apoptosis in cancer cells?
When is the neutralization function of monoclonal antibodies (mABs) most effective in cancer?
When is the neutralization function of monoclonal antibodies (mABs) most effective in cancer?
What is the main advantage of apoptotic cell removal by phagocytosis?
What is the main advantage of apoptotic cell removal by phagocytosis?
What is a hallmark of apoptosis, according to the text?
What is a hallmark of apoptosis, according to the text?
What controls the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway of apoptosis?
What controls the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway of apoptosis?
What is a function of monoclonal antibodies (mABs) used in cancer therapy, according to the text?
What is a function of monoclonal antibodies (mABs) used in cancer therapy, according to the text?
Which characteristic feature of tumor antigens (TAs) makes them potential targets for monoclonal antibody (mAB) therapy in cancer?
Which characteristic feature of tumor antigens (TAs) makes them potential targets for monoclonal antibody (mAB) therapy in cancer?
Which mechanism of action is most significant for monoclonal antibodies (mABs) in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, according to the provided information?
Which mechanism of action is most significant for monoclonal antibodies (mABs) in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, according to the provided information?
What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells in the eradication of tumors, as mentioned in the text?
What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells in the eradication of tumors, as mentioned in the text?
Which class of irritants, together with tissue injury and ensuing inflammation, was hypothesized to enhance cell proliferation at sites of chronic inflammation, as per the text?
Which class of irritants, together with tissue injury and ensuing inflammation, was hypothesized to enhance cell proliferation at sites of chronic inflammation, as per the text?
According to the information provided, which prefix indicates cancer in epithelial cells?
According to the information provided, which prefix indicates cancer in epithelial cells?
Which genetic alteration is typically required for cancer initiation and progression, based on the text?
Which genetic alteration is typically required for cancer initiation and progression, based on the text?
What is the mechanism of action of Blinatumomab (CD19/CD3)?
What is the mechanism of action of Blinatumomab (CD19/CD3)?
How are fully human antibodies derived?
How are fully human antibodies derived?
What is the main route of administration for monoclonal antibodies (mABs)?
What is the main route of administration for monoclonal antibodies (mABs)?
What is the primary mechanism-based adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with Inotuzumab ozogamicin?
What is the primary mechanism-based adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with Inotuzumab ozogamicin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Trastuzumab (T) and Pertuzumab?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Trastuzumab (T) and Pertuzumab?
How are monoclonal antibodies (mABs) mainly eliminated from the body?
How are monoclonal antibodies (mABs) mainly eliminated from the body?
Which monoclonal antibody is associated with the adverse drug reaction (ADR) of acneiform rash?
Which monoclonal antibody is associated with the adverse drug reaction (ADR) of acneiform rash?
What is the main function of cancer immunotherapy?
What is the main function of cancer immunotherapy?
How does Bispecific T cell Engager (BiTE) blinatumomab (CD19/CD3) induce cytotoxicity?
How does Bispecific T cell Engager (BiTE) blinatumomab (CD19/CD3) induce cytotoxicity?
How are chimeric and humanized antibodies made?
How are chimeric and humanized antibodies made?
What is the primary mechanism-based ADR associated with Brentuximab vedotin?
What is the primary mechanism-based ADR associated with Brentuximab vedotin?
What is the mechanism of action of Sipuleucel-T in cellular immunotherapy?
What is the mechanism of action of Sipuleucel-T in cellular immunotherapy?
Which viral vaccine is prepared from various virus capsid proteins and does not contain any live or attenuated virus?
Which viral vaccine is prepared from various virus capsid proteins and does not contain any live or attenuated virus?
What is the function of the Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) scFv in Tisagenlecleucel therapy?
What is the function of the Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) scFv in Tisagenlecleucel therapy?
What is the main mechanism-based adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with CAR-T therapy?
What is the main mechanism-based adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with CAR-T therapy?
Which Nobel Prize winner was associated with the discovery of Pembrolizumab targeting PD-1 receptor?
Which Nobel Prize winner was associated with the discovery of Pembrolizumab targeting PD-1 receptor?
What is the function of CTLA-4 in the immune system?
What is the function of CTLA-4 in the immune system?
What is the principal function of PD1/PD-L1 pathway in cancer immunotherapy?
What is the principal function of PD1/PD-L1 pathway in cancer immunotherapy?
What is the rationale for using immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy?
What is the rationale for using immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy?
What is the potential warning or precaution associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors?
What is the potential warning or precaution associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors?
What is the primary role of cytokines in cancer treatment?
What is the primary role of cytokines in cancer treatment?
What is the function of PD1/PD-L1 pathway in immunology?
What is the function of PD1/PD-L1 pathway in immunology?
What is the main characteristic of CAR-T therapy in cancer treatment?
What is the main characteristic of CAR-T therapy in cancer treatment?
Study Notes
Cancer Biology
- The second leading cause of death globally is cancer.
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors
- A genetic alteration is necessary for the activation of oncogenes.
- Tumor suppressor genes counteract or suppress the cell's growth and division.
- Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that have the potential to become oncogenes.
- Gain-of-function mutations typically cause the activation of oncogenes.
Cell Cycle and DNA Repair
- Cells are mostly arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle if DNA damage occurs.
- The process of DNA repair recruits key players, activating cell cycle checkpoints and cell cycle arrest.
Cancer Development
- APC and DCC are associated with colorectal cancer according to Fearson and Vogelstein's genetic model.
- Proto-oncogenes can be activated into oncogenes through genetic alterations.
- Mutations can cause tumor suppressor genes to become nonfunctional.
Cancer Stem Cells and Genetics
- Multipotent progenitor cells maintain tissue and organ homeostasis.
- Cytokines play a crucial role in the treatment of cancer.
- The principal mechanism of tumor immunity is the immune system's recognition of tumor-specific antigens.
Immunology and Cancer
- APC stands for Antigen-Presenting Cells, which are essential for immune responses.
- The main function of monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment is to label and target cancer cells.
- Immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine and azathioprine can increase the risk of developing cancer.
Cancer Treatment and Immunotherapy
- Checkpoint inhibitors work by recognizing and blocking immune checkpoint molecules on cancer cells.
- Cancer stem cells have the ability to self-renew, are resistant to chemotherapy, and have the potential to differentiate into different cell types.
- The primary mechanism of action of monoclonal antibodies is to recognize and bind to specific antigens on cancer cells.
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Description
Explore the world of immunotherapy and viral vaccines with this quiz covering cytokines, cancer treatment, viral vaccines, and cellular immunotherapy. Test your knowledge on endogenous hormones of the immune system, examples of cytokines used to treat cancer, and the 9-valent HPV vaccine.
