Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the name of the cell type that releases histamine?
What is the name of the cell type that releases histamine?
Which of the following is NOT a type of immunoglobulin?
Which of the following is NOT a type of immunoglobulin?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for ABO blood grouping?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for ABO blood grouping?
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?
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Which of the following is an example of a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following is an example of a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?
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Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
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Immunodeficiency disorders are characterized by an overactive immune system.
Immunodeficiency disorders are characterized by an overactive immune system.
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What is the name of the virus that causes AIDS?
What is the name of the virus that causes AIDS?
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What is the difference between a direct and indirect Coombs test?
What is the difference between a direct and indirect Coombs test?
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What does a 'type and screen' test determine?
What does a 'type and screen' test determine?
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Which of the following blood product types is typically used for patients with bleeding and clotting factor deficiencies?
Which of the following blood product types is typically used for patients with bleeding and clotting factor deficiencies?
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Which of the following blood product types is most useful for patients deficient in specific clotting factors like Factor VIII and fibrinogen?
Which of the following blood product types is most useful for patients deficient in specific clotting factors like Factor VIII and fibrinogen?
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Flashcards
Mast Cells
Mast Cells
Immune cells that release histamine during allergic reactions.
Histamine
Histamine
A compound released by mast cells causing allergy symptoms.
Allergic Reaction
Allergic Reaction
An immune response to a substance that the body mistakenly identifies as harmful.
Immune Status Check
Immune Status Check
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Immunoglobulins in Vaccines
Immunoglobulins in Vaccines
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Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal Antibodies
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Vaccination Records
Vaccination Records
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Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis
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Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune Diseases
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Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic Anemia
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Transfusion Reaction
Transfusion Reaction
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Grave's Disease
Grave's Disease
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ITP (Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura)
ITP (Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura)
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Kidneys Susceptibility
Kidneys Susceptibility
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Bee Sting Allergies
Bee Sting Allergies
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Immune Cells
Immune Cells
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Vaccination Efficacy
Vaccination Efficacy
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Blood Typing
Blood Typing
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Recent Infection Indicators
Recent Infection Indicators
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Symptoms of Allergies
Symptoms of Allergies
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RBCs (Red Blood Cells) Importance
RBCs (Red Blood Cells) Importance
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Antibodies
Antibodies
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Cat Blanket Reaction
Cat Blanket Reaction
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Immune Response
Immune Response
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Safety in Vaccination
Safety in Vaccination
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Long-term Immunity
Long-term Immunity
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Transfusion Compatibility
Transfusion Compatibility
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Kidney and Joint Vulnerability
Kidney and Joint Vulnerability
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Patient's Immune Response
Patient's Immune Response
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Study Notes
Immunology Week 4
- Mast cells release histamine.
- Key instructional objectives include: inventorying antigens and antibodies/immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM); illustrating the immune response (cell-mediated and humoral immunity); inspecting the four types of hypersensitivity; comparing autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases; defining HIV, transmission, and testing; comparing major blood group systems (ABO and Rh); contrasting anti-Rh antibody formation and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN); differentiating blood typing and cross-matching methods; and reviewing possible transfusion reactions.
- Innate immunity involves non-specific physical/physiological barriers (skin, GI lining, gastric acid) & phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages).
- Adaptive immunity includes specific targets (aka acquired) cell-mediated (T-lymphocytes) and antibody-mediated (B-lymphocytes, secrete antibodies).
Immune Response (Simplified)
- Local neutrophils encounter pathogens.
- Neutrophils begin phagocytosis, trigger cytokines.
- Cytokines induce local vasodilation, monocytes, and more neutrophils arrive.
- Monocytes differentiate into macrophages.
- Macrophages and neutrophils continue phagocytosis.
- Macrophages act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
- APCs present to T-cells (cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and regulatory T cells) and B-cells.
- Memory B-cells go dormant and respond faster than naïve B-cells.
- Plasma B-cells secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins).
Immunoglobulins
- Immunoglobulins (Ig) are synonymously used with antibodies.
- Measured in mg/dL (reference ranges vary with age and method).
- Used to monitor hypersensitivity reactions, deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and chronic infections.
- Used to check a patient’s immune status for allergic reactions, autoimmunity, vaccination status, and responsiveness.
- Serum Ig testing is not diagnostic but can indicate a disease.
- Follow up electrophoresis is often needed.
- Electric current separates Ig according to their mass & charge.
- Five isotypes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD) exist.
Monoclonal vs Polyclonal
- Polyclonal antibodies bind to different epitopes of the same antigen.
- Monoclonal antibodies bind to one epitope of the same antigen. Useful in drug development, research, and lab evaluation.
IgG
- Constitutes about 75% of serum Ig's.
- Major circulating antibody that crosses the placenta.
- Protects the baby.
- Involved in multiple processes for fighting infections (neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, antibody-dependent cytotoxicity).
- Increased levels are often linked to vaccinations and various diseases.
- Decreased levels are linked to frequent and/or severe infections.
IgA
- 15% of the body's Igs.
- Present in tears, blood, respiratory and GI secretions.
- Protects mucosal tissues and maintains homeostasis with microbiota.
- Increased levels linked to anti-inflammatory disorders (IgA nephropathy, immunoglobulin A vasculitis, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis, and others).
- Decreased levels linked to leukemia, macroglobulinemia, and IgA deficiency.
IgM
- Primarily responsible for ABO blood grouping.
- Responds immediately to infection.
- Involved in immunologic reactions to many infections.
- Forms a pentamer with 10 antigen-binding sites.
- Effective at forming antigen-antibody complexes and activating complement system.
- Does not cross the placenta.
- Elevated levels in newborns indicate in utero infection.
IgE
- Mediates allergic responses and parasitic diseases.
- Measured to detect allergic diseases and hypersensitivity.
- Not useful as a standalone test for most individuals.
- Not significant in bacterial infections.
- Does not activate complement system or participate in opsonization.
- Increased levels are associated with various diseases (atopic dermatitis, asthma, immunodeficiency, parasitic infections, viral infections, chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer).
IgD
- Not well understood.
- Rarely evaluated.
- Might be involved in evaluating B-cell function without participating in direct immune responses.
- Can play a possible role in evaluating B-cell function. Not a primary concern/focus for most studies.
Hypersensitivity
- Exaggerated immune response with varying severity (uncomfortable to fatal).
- Classified into four types (Type I to Type IV) within the Gell and Coombs system.
- Type I (IgE-mediated) is often linked to allergies, asthma, and anaphylaxis.
- Type II (IgG/IgM-mediated) involves reactions to self-cells or foreign cells.
- Type III (IgG-mediated) involves antigen-antibody complexes.
- Type IV (T-cell-mediated) is characterized by delayed reactions (allergic contact dermatitis, Type 1 DM, pancreatic beta-cell destruction, inflammatory bowel disease).
HIV
- Virus causing progressive immune system failure, increasing risk of infections & cancers.
- CD4 ("cluster of differentiation 4") protein on immune cells (important in signaling CD8 cytotoxic T-cells).
- HIV leads to decreased CD4+ T-cells.
- CD4 test isn't direct but measures progress.
- Lower CD4 counts mean increased risk of opportunistic infections.
- Significant variation in CD4 counts is seen even within one person.
- CD4 count below 200 indicates AIDS.
HIV Diagnosis & Treatment
- HIV differentiation immunoassay (HIV serology) confirms HIV and distinguishes types.
- HIV RNA quantification (HIV viral load) quantifies HIV RNA after diagnosis.
- Results guide treatment approaches based on viral load and CD4 count.
Blood Typing & Products
- Blood types are determined by surface antigens on red blood cells (A, B, AB, O).
- Blood types are hereditary.
- Antigens trigger immune responses.
- A blood contains anti-B antibodies; B blood contains anti-A antibodies; AB blood has no antibodies; O blood contains both anti-A & anti-B antibodies.
- Blood type compatibility is important for transfusions and related procedures.
- Rh factor (erythrocyte antigen) is significant, and antibodies to it can cause serious reactions if mismatched.
- Different blood products (whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelets rich plasma, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate) have various indications and methods of preparation.
Coombs Tests
- Direct and indirect Coombs tests are used to detect antibodies against RBCs.
- Direct checks RBCs for antibodies.
- Indirect checks serum to detect antibodies that might attack RBCs.
- These tests are used to aid in diagnosis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and transfusion reactions.
Other
- The COVID booster shot maintains T-cell response.
- Immune responses and inflammatory responses are also discussed in the presentation slides.
- The role of macrophages in immune responses is explained.
- The difference between autoimmune and immunodeficiency disorders is shown.
- A variety of infectious diseases/disorders are highlighted.
Midterm Information
- The midterm will focus mostly on today's lecture and hematology. Note that the breakdown and specific numbering of the questions is not in the source material in this presentation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Week 4 of Immunology. This quiz covers mast cells, histamine release, various antibodies, and the mechanisms of both innate and adaptive immunity. You'll also explore hypersensitivity types, autoimmune diseases, transfusion reactions, and more.
