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Questions and Answers
What is true about all Ag-Ab binding?
What is true about all Ag-Ab binding?
- All Ag-Ab binding occurs on a fixed surface.
- All Ag-Ab binding is temperature-dependent.
- All Ag-Ab binding is reversible. (correct)
- All Ag-Ab binding is irreversible.
Which method is considered the least sensitive for detecting antigen-antibody reactions?
Which method is considered the least sensitive for detecting antigen-antibody reactions?
- Immunofluorescence
- Radioimmunoassay
- Chemiluminescent immunoassay
- Agglutination (correct)
In the context of secondary reactions, what is meant by multivalent antigens?
In the context of secondary reactions, what is meant by multivalent antigens?
- Antigens that can bind to multiple antibody molecules or types. (correct)
- Antigens that form irreversible bonds with antibodies.
- Antigens that are only detected through immunofluorescence.
- Antigens that bind with a single antibody with high affinity.
What is indicated by a higher value of the equilibrium constant (KA)?
What is indicated by a higher value of the equilibrium constant (KA)?
Which characteristic best describes the process of serial dilution?
Which characteristic best describes the process of serial dilution?
Which reaction method usually requires special equipment and is more time-consuming?
Which reaction method usually requires special equipment and is more time-consuming?
What is a common issue associated with tertiary reactions in antigen-antibody interactions?
What is a common issue associated with tertiary reactions in antigen-antibody interactions?
How does increasing avidity in Ag-Ab complexes affect their stability?
How does increasing avidity in Ag-Ab complexes affect their stability?
Which statement best describes the principle behind the Fahey-McKelvey RID method?
Which statement best describes the principle behind the Fahey-McKelvey RID method?
What occurs during the second phase of double diffusion when an antigen is applied to a well in the gel?
What occurs during the second phase of double diffusion when an antigen is applied to a well in the gel?
What distinguishes immunoelectrophoresis from other RID methods?
What distinguishes immunoelectrophoresis from other RID methods?
In the context of the Mancini RID method, what is the significance of the incubation time?
In the context of the Mancini RID method, what is the significance of the incubation time?
What is the role of the standard curve in fluid-phase precipitation methods?
What is the role of the standard curve in fluid-phase precipitation methods?
In the fluid-phase precipitation technique, what characteristic is measured to assess concentration levels?
In the fluid-phase precipitation technique, what characteristic is measured to assess concentration levels?
Which component is cut into the gel in the immunoelectrophoresis process?
Which component is cut into the gel in the immunoelectrophoresis process?
What phenomenon is observed when antigen and antibody reach the equivalence point in double diffusion?
What phenomenon is observed when antigen and antibody reach the equivalence point in double diffusion?
What is the main characteristic of the precipitation that occurs in lethal dose tests?
What is the main characteristic of the precipitation that occurs in lethal dose tests?
In vivo toxin neutralization tests primarily assess which of the following?
In vivo toxin neutralization tests primarily assess which of the following?
What is the primary application of the Complement Fixation Test?
What is the primary application of the Complement Fixation Test?
Which interpretation indicates susceptibility to Scarlet fever in Dick's test?
Which interpretation indicates susceptibility to Scarlet fever in Dick's test?
What is a common limitation of the Complement Fixation Test as mentioned?
What is a common limitation of the Complement Fixation Test as mentioned?
Which test assesses susceptibility to C. diphtheriae?
Which test assesses susceptibility to C. diphtheriae?
What is indicated by a negative result in the Complement Fixation Test?
What is indicated by a negative result in the Complement Fixation Test?
What does the blanching phenomenon during the Schultz-Charlton reaction indicate?
What does the blanching phenomenon during the Schultz-Charlton reaction indicate?
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Study Notes
Immunological Reactions and Testing
- Immunological tests are complex, often requiring special equipment and being costly.
- Two major types of reactions: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
- Primary Tests: More sensitive, includes techniques like immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay.
- Secondary Reactions: Involve multivalent antigens resulting in cross-linking and larger detectable complexes.
- Avidity: Increased binding strength reduces dissociation of antibody-antigen complexes, affecting K1 and K2 values.
Serial Dilutions
- Serial dilutions decrease concentration at each step uniformly.
- Critical in clinical labs to identify dilution factors for accurate testing.
- They are multiplicative in nature, crucial for interpreting immune responses.
In Vivo Toxin Neutralization Tests
- Dick’s Test: Assesses susceptibility to Scarlet Fever; redness indicates susceptibility.
- Schultz-Charlton Reaction: Positive if rashes blanch with antitoxin; diagnostic for Scarlet Fever.
- Schick’s Test: Assesses susceptibility to C. diphtheriae.
Complement Fixation Test
- Detects antibodies in patient sera, specifically for IgM.
- Process involves adding patient serum, reagent antigen, then complement, and sensitized RBCs.
- Results: Lysis indicates absence of antibodies; no lysis suggests presence.
Fluid-phase Precipitation
- A modification of single-diffusion technique using turbidimetry and nephelometry.
- Double Diffusion (Ouchterlony Technique): Antigen diffuses from a well in the gel leading to precipitate formation at equivalence zones.
Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)
- Combining electrophoresis with double diffusion for identifying proteins.
- Useful in detecting free light chain proteins and classifying immunoglobulins.
Principal RID Methods
- Fahey-McKelvey RID: Kinetic approach with 18-hour incubation; measures ring diameter against log antigen concentration.
- Mancini RID: Endpoint method requiring longer incubation; compares precipitation ring size and intensity to normal controls.
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