76 Questions
What is the main risk for a cancer patient with a low neutrophil count?
Risk of infection
What should be the immediate action if doxorubicin infiltrates during infusion?
Notify the physician and elevate the affected limb
What platelet count defines thrombocytopenia?
50,000 platelets per microliter
What fever temperature is concerning for a neutropenic patient?
$38.0°C$ ($100.4°F$)
What are the main side effects of chemotherapy as mentioned in the text?
Nausea and vomiting
What actions can be taken to prevent complications for a cancer patient with a low neutrophil count?
Avoid crowds and practice rigorous hand hygiene
What is a key measure to prevent the transmission of HIV through sexual contact?
Using condoms
Which of the following is NOT listed as a potential complication for cancer patients?
Heart failure
What are the concerning symptoms that should be monitored in a cancer patient?
Sudden shortness of breath, changes in mental status
When should antiretroviral therapy typically be initiated in HIV patients according to current recommendations?
As soon as possible after diagnosis
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of cyclophosphamide?
Nausea and vomiting
What is one common method of transmission of HIV that should be avoided?
Sharing needles
What is the potential complication of altered T-cell number or function?
Impaired tumor surveillance
Which cells are the first to arrive at an injury?
Neutrophils
What is phagocytosis and which cells are responsible for it?
A process of engulfing and digesting microorganisms, carried out by macrophages and neutrophils
Which immunoglobulin is elevated in allergic responses?
IgE
What does histamine do in an allergic reaction?
Increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation
Which hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by immediate response like anaphylaxis?
Type I
What is the primary treatment step for someone experiencing anaphylaxis?
Administer epinephrine
What does positive urine ketones indicate in diabetes?
Ketoacidosis due to using fat for energy
What percentage of calories from protein is recommended for a balanced diet for diabetics?
15-20%
What differentiates macrovascular complications from microvascular complications in diabetes?
Affected blood vessel size
How can healthcare workers protect themselves when administering chemotherapy?
Use personal protective equipment (PPE)
What is the most dangerous complication for a patient with a stem cell transplant?
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
What care instructions should be followed for skin post radiation therapy?
Avoid constricting garments and protect from sun exposure
What consultation should be sought for a dying cancer patient to provide care?
Palliative care team or hospice care services
Why might surgery be done for cancer patients?
Curative, prophylactic, supportive/palliative, reconstructive/rehabilitative reasons
What are some end-stage complications of chest cancers?
Dyspnea and facial edema
How can caregivers and others stay safe when caring for a patient with a radioactive implant?
Use protective shielding and minimize exposure time
What distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells that allows recognition by the immune system?
Changes in surface molecules or antigens that can be recognized by the immune system
What is the difference between active and passive acquired immunity?
Active is vaccine-induced, while passive is from exposure to pathogens.
What characterizes innate immunity?
First-line defense with physical barriers and immune cells
What is the cause of gestational diabetes?
Increased insulin resistance in the mother
How does stress affect diabetes?
Increases insulin resistance
What are the priority steps in DKA treatment and in what order should they be done?
Address dehydration before electrolyte management
What are the signs and symptoms of neuropathy?
Tingling and numbness in the feet and hands
If one parent has a recessive genetic disorder and the other parent does not, what is the potential outcome for their child?
Child will not have the disorder but will be a carrier
What is the main risk for a cancer patient with a low neutrophil count?
Infection due to neutropenia
What should be done if doxorubicin infiltrates during infusion?
Notify a physician and stop the infusion immediately
What is the definition of thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count
Which of the following are main side effects of chemotherapy?
Nausea, vomiting, alopecia (hair loss), fatigue
What is the concerning fever threshold for a neutropenic patient?
$ ext{≥ 38.0°C (100.4°F)}$
What should we watch for in a patient with thrombocytopenia?
Signs of bleeding such as bruising and petechiae
What is a potential complication for a patient with HIV that is caused by medication?
Hemorrhagic cystitis
Which symptom is NOT considered a concerning symptom for a cancer patient?
Increased appetite
Why is it important to monitor for wheezing in a patient with severe allergies?
To check for respiratory distress
What is the main reason to start antiretroviral HIV meds as soon as possible?
To reduce the viral load
What is an adverse effect of cyclophosphamide related to the urinary system?
Hemorrhagic cystitis
Why is it important for pregnant women with HIV to receive treatment during pregnancy?
To prevent mother-to-child transmission
What is the primary cause of gestational diabetes?
Hormonal changes leading to insulin resistance
How does stress affect diabetes?
Increases insulin resistance
What are the teaching points for a new diabetic?
Blood glucose monitoring, recognizing hypoglycemia signs
In Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) treatment, what is the priority order?
Fluid replacement, insulin therapy, electrolyte management
What are the common signs and symptoms of neuropathy?
Numbness, tingling, weakness in feet and hands
What are the typical laboratory findings in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Blood pH less than 7.30, positive ketones in blood and urine
What is the outcome if one parent has a recessive genetic disorder but the other does not?
Child will be a carrier of the disorder
What potential complication can arise from taking beta-blockers for a type one diabetic?
Masking symptoms of hypoglycemia
How should insulin doses and carbohydrate intake be managed in relation to exercise for diabetics?
Monitor blood glucose levels and adjust based on activity levels
How can the Somogyi Effect be distinguished from the Dawn Phenomenon?
Check blood sugar levels at night for both effects
What is the most important protection measure for healthcare workers when administering chemotherapy?
Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE)
What is the main complication for a patient with a stem cell transplant, and how is it managed?
GVHD, managed by prophylactic medications and close monitoring
What should be avoided in the care of a patient post-radiation therapy?
Applying heat or cold directly
What specialized team should be consulted for a dying cancer patient to provide supportive care?
Palliative care team
What distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells that allows recognition by the immune system?
Presence of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or neoantigens
What type of immunity is developed after exposure to an antigen or vaccination?
Active immunity
What are the first line of defense components in innate immunity?
Physical barriers and immune cells
What are some examples of reasons for performing surgery in cancer patients?
Removing at-risk tissues for prophylaxis
What distinguishes active acquired immunity from passive acquired immunity?
Passive immunity is transferred from another source, while active is developed after exposure to an antigen.
What symptoms characterize end-stage complications of chest cancers?
Shortness of breath and swelling of face and arms
What is the immediate treatment for someone experiencing an anaphylactic reaction?
Administer epinephrine
Which cells engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris through phagocytosis?
Macrophages
In diabetes, what percentage of calories should come from fat in a balanced diet?
20-25%
What is the primary cause of type 1 diabetes?
Genetic predisposition and environmental factors
Which type of diabetes complication affects small blood vessels?
Microvascular
What is the function of histamine in an allergic reaction?
Induces inflammation
Which cells and immunoglobulin are elevated in allergic responses?
Mast cells and IgE
Test your knowledge on immunology concepts such as T-cell alterations, first responder cells to injuries, organ removal risks, and phagocytosis. Learn about potential complications related to T-cell changes and the functions of neutrophils and macrophages.
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