Immunology Quiz: T-cells, Neutrophils, Sepsis, Phagocytosis
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Questions and Answers

What is the main risk for a cancer patient with a low neutrophil count?

  • Risk of alopecia
  • Risk of infection (correct)
  • Risk of anemia
  • Increased risk of bleeding

    • What should be the immediate action if doxorubicin infiltrates during infusion?

  • Continue the infusion at a slower rate
  • Administer more doxorubicin to counteract the infiltration
  • Notify the physician and elevate the affected limb (correct)
  • Apply heat packs to the affected area

    • What platelet count defines thrombocytopenia?

  • 50,000 platelets per microliter (correct)
  • 100,000 platelets per microliter
  • 10,000 platelets per microliter
  • 20,000 platelets per microliter

    • What fever temperature is concerning for a neutropenic patient?

    <p>$38.0°C$ ($100.4°F$)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main side effects of chemotherapy as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What actions can be taken to prevent complications for a cancer patient with a low neutrophil count?

    <p>Avoid crowds and practice rigorous hand hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key measure to prevent the transmission of HIV through sexual contact?

    <p>Using condoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a potential complication for cancer patients?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the concerning symptoms that should be monitored in a cancer patient?

    <p>Sudden shortness of breath, changes in mental status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should antiretroviral therapy typically be initiated in HIV patients according to current recommendations?

    <p>As soon as possible after diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of cyclophosphamide?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common method of transmission of HIV that should be avoided?

    <p>Sharing needles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential complication of altered T-cell number or function?

    <p>Impaired tumor surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are the first to arrive at an injury?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phagocytosis and which cells are responsible for it?

    <p>A process of engulfing and digesting microorganisms, carried out by macrophages and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is elevated in allergic responses?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does histamine do in an allergic reaction?

    <p>Increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by immediate response like anaphylaxis?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment step for someone experiencing anaphylaxis?

    <p>Administer epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does positive urine ketones indicate in diabetes?

    <p>Ketoacidosis due to using fat for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of calories from protein is recommended for a balanced diet for diabetics?

    <p>15-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates macrovascular complications from microvascular complications in diabetes?

    <p>Affected blood vessel size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can healthcare workers protect themselves when administering chemotherapy?

    <p>Use personal protective equipment (PPE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most dangerous complication for a patient with a stem cell transplant?

    <p>Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What care instructions should be followed for skin post radiation therapy?

    <p>Avoid constricting garments and protect from sun exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consultation should be sought for a dying cancer patient to provide care?

    <p>Palliative care team or hospice care services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might surgery be done for cancer patients?

    <p>Curative, prophylactic, supportive/palliative, reconstructive/rehabilitative reasons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some end-stage complications of chest cancers?

    <p>Dyspnea and facial edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can caregivers and others stay safe when caring for a patient with a radioactive implant?

    <p>Use protective shielding and minimize exposure time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells that allows recognition by the immune system?

    <p>Changes in surface molecules or antigens that can be recognized by the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between active and passive acquired immunity?

    <p>Active is vaccine-induced, while passive is from exposure to pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes innate immunity?

    <p>First-line defense with physical barriers and immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of gestational diabetes?

    <p>Increased insulin resistance in the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stress affect diabetes?

    <p>Increases insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the priority steps in DKA treatment and in what order should they be done?

    <p>Address dehydration before electrolyte management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs and symptoms of neuropathy?

    <p>Tingling and numbness in the feet and hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If one parent has a recessive genetic disorder and the other parent does not, what is the potential outcome for their child?

    <p>Child will not have the disorder but will be a carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk for a cancer patient with a low neutrophil count?

    <p>Infection due to neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if doxorubicin infiltrates during infusion?

    <p>Notify a physician and stop the infusion immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of thrombocytopenia?

    <p>Low platelet count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are main side effects of chemotherapy?

    <p><strong>Nausea, vomiting, alopecia (hair loss), fatigue</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concerning fever threshold for a neutropenic patient?

    <p>$ ext{≥ 38.0°C (100.4°F)}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should we watch for in a patient with thrombocytopenia?

    <p><strong>Signs of bleeding such as bruising and petechiae</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication for a patient with HIV that is caused by medication?

    <p>Hemorrhagic cystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT considered a concerning symptom for a cancer patient?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to monitor for wheezing in a patient with severe allergies?

    <p>To check for respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason to start antiretroviral HIV meds as soon as possible?

    <p>To reduce the viral load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adverse effect of cyclophosphamide related to the urinary system?

    <p>Hemorrhagic cystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for pregnant women with HIV to receive treatment during pregnancy?

    <p>To prevent mother-to-child transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of gestational diabetes?

    <p>Hormonal changes leading to insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stress affect diabetes?

    <p>Increases insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the teaching points for a new diabetic?

    <p>Blood glucose monitoring, recognizing hypoglycemia signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) treatment, what is the priority order?

    <p>Fluid replacement, insulin therapy, electrolyte management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common signs and symptoms of neuropathy?

    <p>Numbness, tingling, weakness in feet and hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical laboratory findings in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

    <p><em>Blood pH less than 7.30, positive ketones in blood and urine</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome if one parent has a recessive genetic disorder but the other does not?

    <p><em>Child will be a carrier of the disorder</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential complication can arise from taking beta-blockers for a type one diabetic?

    <p>Masking symptoms of hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should insulin doses and carbohydrate intake be managed in relation to exercise for diabetics?

    <p>Monitor blood glucose levels and adjust based on activity levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the Somogyi Effect be distinguished from the Dawn Phenomenon?

    <p>Check blood sugar levels at night for both effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important protection measure for healthcare workers when administering chemotherapy?

    <p>Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main complication for a patient with a stem cell transplant, and how is it managed?

    <p>GVHD, managed by prophylactic medications and close monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided in the care of a patient post-radiation therapy?

    <p>Applying heat or cold directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specialized team should be consulted for a dying cancer patient to provide supportive care?

    <p>Palliative care team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells that allows recognition by the immune system?

    <p>Presence of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or neoantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is developed after exposure to an antigen or vaccination?

    <p>Active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the first line of defense components in innate immunity?

    <p>Physical barriers and immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of reasons for performing surgery in cancer patients?

    <p>Removing at-risk tissues for prophylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes active acquired immunity from passive acquired immunity?

    <p>Passive immunity is transferred from another source, while active is developed after exposure to an antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms characterize end-stage complications of chest cancers?

    <p>Shortness of breath and swelling of face and arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate treatment for someone experiencing an anaphylactic reaction?

    <p>Administer epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris through phagocytosis?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diabetes, what percentage of calories should come from fat in a balanced diet?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Genetic predisposition and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes complication affects small blood vessels?

    <p>Microvascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of histamine in an allergic reaction?

    <p>Induces inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells and immunoglobulin are elevated in allergic responses?

    <p>Mast cells and IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

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