Immunology Quiz: T-cells, Neutrophils, Sepsis, Phagocytosis

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Questions and Answers

What is the main risk for a cancer patient with a low neutrophil count?

  • Risk of alopecia
  • Risk of infection (correct)
  • Risk of anemia
  • Increased risk of bleeding

What should be the immediate action if doxorubicin infiltrates during infusion?

  • Continue the infusion at a slower rate
  • Administer more doxorubicin to counteract the infiltration
  • Notify the physician and elevate the affected limb (correct)
  • Apply heat packs to the affected area

What platelet count defines thrombocytopenia?

  • 50,000 platelets per microliter (correct)
  • 100,000 platelets per microliter
  • 10,000 platelets per microliter
  • 20,000 platelets per microliter

What fever temperature is concerning for a neutropenic patient?

<p>$38.0°C$ ($100.4°F$) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main side effects of chemotherapy as mentioned in the text?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What actions can be taken to prevent complications for a cancer patient with a low neutrophil count?

<p>Avoid crowds and practice rigorous hand hygiene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key measure to prevent the transmission of HIV through sexual contact?

<p>Using condoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a potential complication for cancer patients?

<p>Heart failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the concerning symptoms that should be monitored in a cancer patient?

<p>Sudden shortness of breath, changes in mental status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should antiretroviral therapy typically be initiated in HIV patients according to current recommendations?

<p>As soon as possible after diagnosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of cyclophosphamide?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common method of transmission of HIV that should be avoided?

<p>Sharing needles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential complication of altered T-cell number or function?

<p>Impaired tumor surveillance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are the first to arrive at an injury?

<p>Neutrophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phagocytosis and which cells are responsible for it?

<p>A process of engulfing and digesting microorganisms, carried out by macrophages and neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is elevated in allergic responses?

<p>IgE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does histamine do in an allergic reaction?

<p>Increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by immediate response like anaphylaxis?

<p>Type I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment step for someone experiencing anaphylaxis?

<p>Administer epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does positive urine ketones indicate in diabetes?

<p>Ketoacidosis due to using fat for energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of calories from protein is recommended for a balanced diet for diabetics?

<p>15-20% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates macrovascular complications from microvascular complications in diabetes?

<p>Affected blood vessel size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can healthcare workers protect themselves when administering chemotherapy?

<p>Use personal protective equipment (PPE) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most dangerous complication for a patient with a stem cell transplant?

<p>Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What care instructions should be followed for skin post radiation therapy?

<p>Avoid constricting garments and protect from sun exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consultation should be sought for a dying cancer patient to provide care?

<p>Palliative care team or hospice care services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might surgery be done for cancer patients?

<p>Curative, prophylactic, supportive/palliative, reconstructive/rehabilitative reasons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some end-stage complications of chest cancers?

<p>Dyspnea and facial edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can caregivers and others stay safe when caring for a patient with a radioactive implant?

<p>Use protective shielding and minimize exposure time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells that allows recognition by the immune system?

<p>Changes in surface molecules or antigens that can be recognized by the immune system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between active and passive acquired immunity?

<p>Active is vaccine-induced, while passive is from exposure to pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes innate immunity?

<p>First-line defense with physical barriers and immune cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of gestational diabetes?

<p>Increased insulin resistance in the mother (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does stress affect diabetes?

<p>Increases insulin resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the priority steps in DKA treatment and in what order should they be done?

<p>Address dehydration before electrolyte management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symptoms of neuropathy?

<p>Tingling and numbness in the feet and hands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If one parent has a recessive genetic disorder and the other parent does not, what is the potential outcome for their child?

<p>Child will not have the disorder but will be a carrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk for a cancer patient with a low neutrophil count?

<p>Infection due to neutropenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if doxorubicin infiltrates during infusion?

<p>Notify a physician and stop the infusion immediately (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of thrombocytopenia?

<p>Low platelet count (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are main side effects of chemotherapy?

<p><strong>Nausea, vomiting, alopecia (hair loss), fatigue</strong> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concerning fever threshold for a neutropenic patient?

<p>$ ext{≥ 38.0°C (100.4°F)}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should we watch for in a patient with thrombocytopenia?

<p><strong>Signs of bleeding such as bruising and petechiae</strong> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication for a patient with HIV that is caused by medication?

<p>Hemorrhagic cystitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT considered a concerning symptom for a cancer patient?

<p>Increased appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to monitor for wheezing in a patient with severe allergies?

<p>To check for respiratory distress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason to start antiretroviral HIV meds as soon as possible?

<p>To reduce the viral load (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an adverse effect of cyclophosphamide related to the urinary system?

<p>Hemorrhagic cystitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for pregnant women with HIV to receive treatment during pregnancy?

<p>To prevent mother-to-child transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of gestational diabetes?

<p>Hormonal changes leading to insulin resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does stress affect diabetes?

<p>Increases insulin resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the teaching points for a new diabetic?

<p>Blood glucose monitoring, recognizing hypoglycemia signs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) treatment, what is the priority order?

<p>Fluid replacement, insulin therapy, electrolyte management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common signs and symptoms of neuropathy?

<p>Numbness, tingling, weakness in feet and hands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical laboratory findings in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

<p><em>Blood pH less than 7.30, positive ketones in blood and urine</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome if one parent has a recessive genetic disorder but the other does not?

<p><em>Child will be a carrier of the disorder</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential complication can arise from taking beta-blockers for a type one diabetic?

<p>Masking symptoms of hypoglycemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should insulin doses and carbohydrate intake be managed in relation to exercise for diabetics?

<p>Monitor blood glucose levels and adjust based on activity levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the Somogyi Effect be distinguished from the Dawn Phenomenon?

<p>Check blood sugar levels at night for both effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important protection measure for healthcare workers when administering chemotherapy?

<p>Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main complication for a patient with a stem cell transplant, and how is it managed?

<p>GVHD, managed by prophylactic medications and close monitoring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided in the care of a patient post-radiation therapy?

<p>Applying heat or cold directly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specialized team should be consulted for a dying cancer patient to provide supportive care?

<p>Palliative care team (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells that allows recognition by the immune system?

<p>Presence of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or neoantigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is developed after exposure to an antigen or vaccination?

<p>Active immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the first line of defense components in innate immunity?

<p>Physical barriers and immune cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of reasons for performing surgery in cancer patients?

<p>Removing at-risk tissues for prophylaxis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes active acquired immunity from passive acquired immunity?

<p>Passive immunity is transferred from another source, while active is developed after exposure to an antigen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms characterize end-stage complications of chest cancers?

<p>Shortness of breath and swelling of face and arms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate treatment for someone experiencing an anaphylactic reaction?

<p>Administer epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris through phagocytosis?

<p>Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In diabetes, what percentage of calories should come from fat in a balanced diet?

<p>20-25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of type 1 diabetes?

<p>Genetic predisposition and environmental factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes complication affects small blood vessels?

<p>Microvascular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of histamine in an allergic reaction?

<p>Induces inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells and immunoglobulin are elevated in allergic responses?

<p>Mast cells and IgE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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