Immunology Quiz: Phagocytosis and TLRs

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of TLR10 in the immune response?

  • TLR10 recognizes bacterial pili and triggers the production of AMPs. (correct)
  • TLR10 controls the expression of inflammatory proteins, such as NF-κB, to amplify the inflammatory response.
  • TLR10 promotes the fusion of phagosomes with late endosomes, leading to the acidification of the phagosomal environment.
  • TLR10 interacts with early endosomes to initiate the maturation process of phagosomes.

What is the primary function of phagosomal proteins in the context of phagocytosis?

  • Phagosomal proteins directly kill microbes by degrading their nucleic acid.
  • Phagosomal proteins control the expression of inflammatory proteins, such as NF-κB, to amplify the inflammatory response.
  • Phagosomal proteins enhance the phagocyte's capacity to engulf and destroy microbes. (correct)
  • Phagosomal proteins induce the production of cytokines to recruit and activate immune cells.

Which of the following best describes the role of v-ATPases in the process of phagosome maturation?

  • v-ATPases directly degrade microbial nucleic acids within the phagosome.
  • v-ATPases promote the fusion of phagosomes with early endosomes.
  • v-ATPases contribute to the acidification of the phagosomal environment. (correct)
  • v-ATPases directly activate NF-κB, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the bacterial cell wall that can be recognized by the immune system?

<p>Mannan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between AMPs and cytokines in the immune response?

<p>Cytokines induce the production of AMPs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps in phagocytosis is responsible for attracting phagocytes to the site of infection?

<p>Chemotaxis (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microbial killing?

<p>ROS are toxic to microbes and contribute to their killing within the phagolysosome. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of opsonization?

<p>Directly kill microbes by disrupting their cell membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for debris clearance after a successful phagocytosis event?

<p>Macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between PRRs and PAMPS?

<p>PRRs are receptors on phagocytes that recognize PAMPS on microbes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the role of lysosomes in phagocytosis?

<p>Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down ingested microbes into small, non-harmful components. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps in phagocytosis involves the formation of a membrane-bound vesicle?

<p>Ingestion and phagosome formation (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'severe combined immunodeficiency'?

<p>A rare inherited disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes the body's response to HIV through innate immune cells?

<p>Targeting HIV-infected cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from an allergic reaction?

<p>Excessive activation of the immune system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can result in severe diarrhea and is sometimes found in drinking water?

<p>Cryptosporidium infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does autoimmune disease affect the body?

<p>It causes the immune system to attack the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages play in the innate immune response to HIV?

<p>They target HIV-infected cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is often associated with severe combined immunodeficiency during diagnosis?

<p>Poor weight gain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by viron maturation in the context of HIV infection?

<p>Assembly of viral proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells presenting antigens on MHC I. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?

<p>Dendritic cells load microbial peptides onto MHC II and present them in lymph nodes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do B cells respond upon encountering free antigens in lymph nodes?

<p>B cells remain in lymph nodes waiting for T-helper signals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for T-cell activation in response to foreign antigens?

<p>Presentation of antigens on MHC I by professional antigen-presenting cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if a T-cell does not detect any antigen during its surveillance of DC cells in lymph nodes?

<p>The T-cell moves to the next lymph node for further surveillance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antigens do lymph node macrophages primarily handle?

<p>They engage with very large antigens such as bacteria and fungi. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cytokines secreted by T-helper cells?

<p>To activate antigen-presenting cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how free antigens are handled in the lymph nodes?

<p>Free antigens enter lymph nodes and are sorted based on their molecular size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of HIV infecting CD4+ cells in the immune system?

<p>Suppression of adaptive immune components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanisms contribute to the immune system's failure to control HIV infection?

<p>Stable latent infections remain invisible for detection (B), MHC molecules do not recognize peptides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibodies plays a crucial role in neutralizing HIV during later stages of infection?

<p>Specific neutralizing antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does HIV evade detection by the immune system?

<p>By expressing non-immunogenic glycans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of HLA involved in graft rejection?

<p>Class I: HLA-A, HLA-B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regions of the HIV envelope proteins are targeted by neutralizing antibodies?

<p>Variable region of GP120 (V3) (C), N-terminal domain of GP41 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic factor contributes to the differences in immune response between male and female transplant recipients?

<p>Lack of Y gene in females (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During HIV infection, which of the following is a key factor affecting the binding capacity of TCRs to MHC molecules?

<p>Antigenic mutations within T cell epitopes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of therapy for restoring mucosal integrity?

<p>Healing inflamed mucosa and restoring barrier function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokines are associated with the effector T cell response during inflammation?

<p>TNF, IFN-y, IL-17 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response do mucosal vaccines induce?

<p>Rapid immune response within 48-72 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a condition associated with dysregulation of mucosal immunity?

<p>Asthma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when neutrophils undergo NETosis?

<p>They create extracellular traps that kill bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are primarily involved in the clearance of pathogens via cell death?

<p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a property of allergenic pollen?

<p>Aerodynamic properties facilitate allergen spread during dry, windy days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the structural change in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) due to inflammation?

<p>Increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is associated with mucosal vaccines containing microorganisms?

<p>Adverse immune responses due to toxins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary indicator of an allergic reaction?

<p>High IgE levels in serum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Macrophages

Immune cells that reside in tissues, responsible for engulfing pathogens.

Neutrophils

White blood cells recruited from the blood to fight infections.

Phagocytosis

The process by which cells engulf and digest foreign particles or pathogens.

Chemotaxis

Movement of immune cells towards the site of infection due to chemical signals.

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Opsonization

Coating of pathogens with opsonins to enhance phagocytosis.

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Phagolysosome

An organelle formed by the fusion of a phagosome and lysosome to kill microbes.

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PAMPs

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns recognized by immune receptors.

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PRRs

Pattern Recognition Receptors that detect PAMPs to trigger immune response.

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Microbes Enter

Microbes can enter the body through various pathways to trigger immune responses.

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MHC I Presentation

Infected cells present antigens on MHC I for recognition by Cytotoxic T cells.

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Cytotoxic T Cells Action

Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells using granules like perforin.

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MHC II Presentation

Dendritic cells and macrophages present microbial peptides on MHC II.

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Th Cell Activation

T helper cells recognize antigens on MHC II and secrete cytokines to activate APCs.

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B Cell Activation

B-cells are activated by T helper cells when antigens are detected.

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Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

APCs, like dendritic cells, present antigens to T cells to initiate immune responses.

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Lymph Node Function

Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, allowing B-cells to recognize soluble antigens.

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Fusion with Early Endosomes

Process where phagosomal proteins enhance phagocyte capacity and activate proteins for microbial degradation.

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TLR10

Toll-like receptor 10, a protein that recognizes bacterial ligands and initiates immune responses.

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Cytokines

Signaling molecules produced during immune responses that recruit and activate immune cells.

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HIV Assembly

HIV RNA and proteins form within host cells, creating new viral particles.

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Immune Deficiency

A condition where the immune system is weakened, making the body more susceptible to infections.

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Allergic Reaction

An overactive immune response to harmless substances, causing discomfort or harm.

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Autoimmune Disease

A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells.

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Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

A rare inherited disorder leading to major immune system dysfunction.

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Cryptosporidium

A parasite that can cause severe diarrhea, often found in contaminated water.

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Innate Immune Response

The first line of defense against pathogens, involving innate immune cells.

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Dendritic Cells (DCs)

Activated immune cells that secrete inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, IL-12, and IL-23.

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Effector T Cells

T cells that escalate immune responses by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IFN-y.

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Extracellular Traps (NETs)

Web-like structures produced by neutrophils to trap and kill bacteria, aiding in tissue damage cleanup.

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Mucosal Immunity

The immune response that occurs at mucosal surfaces, crucial for protecting against infections.

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Mucosal Vaccines

Vaccines that target mucosal membranes to induce quicker immune responses against certain pathogens.

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Anaphylaxis

A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rapidly after exposure to allergens.

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IgE

Immunoglobulin E, a class of antibody elevated during allergic reactions as a response to allergens.

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Intestinal Epithelial Cells (IECs)

Cells lining the gut that react to signals influencing inflammation and immune responses, crucial in IBD.

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Nucleocapsid

A viral structure consisting of the viral genome and proteins, entering a host cell.

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CD4+ Cells

A type of T cell that is targeted by HIV, losing proliferation ability during infection.

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Humoral Immunity

A type of immunity involving antibodies that occurs later in infection to neutralize pathogens.

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GP120

A glycoprotein on the surface of HIV that binds to CD4+ cells, facilitating entry.

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Latent Infection

A state where HIV can hide in CD4 T cells, remaining undetected until active.

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MHC Molecules

Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules that present antigens to T cells.

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Graft Rejection

The immune response against transplanted tissue due to differences between donor and recipient.

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Class I Molecules

MHC class that presents to CD8+ T cells, including HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C.

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Study Notes

Immune System Disorders

  • Key terms:
    • Pathogens: Organisms causing illness
    • Commensals: Organisms living alongside the host without causing harm
    • Infection: Pathogen presence and multiplication within the host
    • Primary infection: Initial infection by a pathogen in a host
    • Reinfection: Subsequent infection by the same pathogen
    • Secondary infection: Infection by a different pathogen after a primary infection
    • Disease-causing organisms: Bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
    • Toxins: Harmful substances produced by pathogens
    • Reproduction: Pathogen multiplication damaging cells & utilizing host resources
    • Immune response: Inflammation (swelling, pain, redness) caused by inflammatory response
    • Transmission:
      • Food and water: Pathogens in food or water
      • Direct contact: Contact between infected and uninfected individuals
      • Insect bites: Blood-borne pathogens transmitted by insects
      • Airborne droplet: Inhalation of pathogens in suspended droplets
      • Indirect contact: Contact with contaminated surfaces
      • Vertical transmission: Mother to child transmission
    • Immune system:
      • Initial defenses: Skin, mucous membranes
      • Innate immunity: Macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells (no adaptation to specific pathogens)
      • Adaptive immunity: B and T cells (developing specific responses to pathogens)

White blood cell disorders

  • Low/High/Dysfunctional WBC:
    • Tests: Full blood count (FBC), Packed cell volume (PCV), Total protein (TP), HbA1c, CRP (inflammatory marker), Cytology (blood smear viewing cell morphology – use to detect parasites and bacteria).
  • Thymus issues (DiGeorge syndrome):
    • Cause: Congenital defects in development of thymus.
    • Consequences: Reduced T-cell numbers, impacting cell-mediated immunity
    • Diagnosis: Blood tests, imaging (X-ray of chest, echocardiography to check for heart issues)
    • Treatment: Calcium and Vitamin D supplements (prevention of muscle spasms), transplantation (thymus tissue or stem cells)
  • Immunodeficiency: States of reduced immune system response, can lead to increased risk/frequency of infections, and complications
    • Bruton agammaglobulinemia (XLA): A genetic immune deficiency marked by the absence of mature B cells and antibody production, disproportionately affecting males
    • Symptoms: Recurrent bacterial infections (ears, sinus, lungs)
    • Diagnosis: Small/no lymph nodes, reduced/absent tonsils, recurrent infections
    • Treatments: Antibody/antibiotic therapy to treat infections. Consider bone marrow transplantation depending on severity of symptoms

Autoimmunity

  • Immune function failure: Immune system mistaking healthy cells as foreign bodies
  • Types of autoimmune disorders:
    • Multisystem autoimmune disorders: Autoantibodies targeting cellular components
    • Organ-specific autoimmune disorders: Autoantibodies targeting specific organs
  • Clinical phases of rejection:
    • Hyperacute: Immediate rejection (from pre-formed antibodies).
    • Accelerated: Rapid rejection (due to pre-existing antibodies).
    • Acute: Occurs within 10-30 days (involving cellular and antibody responses).
    • Chronic: Rejection over months to years (resulting from consistent attacks).

Transplantation

  • Types of grafts:
    • Autograft: Same person (e.g., skin grafts).
    • Allograft: Different individuals but same species.
    • Xenograft: Different species.
  • Rejection: The immune system's reaction to foreign tissue.
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): Crucial for antigen presentation; the matching of MHC antigens between donor & recipient reduces the rejection risk.
    • HLA: Human MHC antigens
  • Transplant immunity issues: Immune response against graft antigens.
  • Transplant compatibility: matching donor and recipient MHC to reduce rejection risk.

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