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Questions and Answers
HCL of stomach, properdin, leukins, and beta lysine do not exhibit bactericidal action.
HCL of stomach, properdin, leukins, and beta lysine do not exhibit bactericidal action.
False
Monocytes transform into macrophages during an infection and exhibit phagocytic action.
Monocytes transform into macrophages during an infection and exhibit phagocytic action.
True
Basophils play a role in the immune response by releasing histamine, which reduces inflammation.
Basophils play a role in the immune response by releasing histamine, which reduces inflammation.
False
Fever is a defensive mechanism that can help increase the production of antibodies.
Fever is a defensive mechanism that can help increase the production of antibodies.
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Inflammation causes capillary dilation and an increase in blood flow to injured tissues.
Inflammation causes capillary dilation and an increase in blood flow to injured tissues.
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Natural killer cells are primarily involved in the process of phagocytosis.
Natural killer cells are primarily involved in the process of phagocytosis.
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Pyrogens are chemicals that cause the hypothalamus to lower the body temperature.
Pyrogens are chemicals that cause the hypothalamus to lower the body temperature.
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The complement system is a group of blood proteins that helps to enhance the immune response.
The complement system is a group of blood proteins that helps to enhance the immune response.
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Interferons are produced by cells to make neighboring cells resistant to bacterial infections.
Interferons are produced by cells to make neighboring cells resistant to bacterial infections.
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Natural killer cells are a type of lymphocyte that can eliminate infected cells.
Natural killer cells are a type of lymphocyte that can eliminate infected cells.
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The complement system comprises 20 proteins that enhance phagocytic and inflammatory reactions.
The complement system comprises 20 proteins that enhance phagocytic and inflammatory reactions.
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Natural active immunity is developed when a person is vaccinated against a disease.
Natural active immunity is developed when a person is vaccinated against a disease.
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Artificial passive immunity involves the transfer of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus.
Artificial passive immunity involves the transfer of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus.
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Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies found in extracellular fluids.
Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies found in extracellular fluids.
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Cell mediated immunity requires the presence of antibodies to function effectively.
Cell mediated immunity requires the presence of antibodies to function effectively.
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IgG antibodies can cross the placental barrier to reach the fetus during natural passive immunity.
IgG antibodies can cross the placental barrier to reach the fetus during natural passive immunity.
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Immunochemistry focuses solely on the structure of antibodies and does not involve antigens.
Immunochemistry focuses solely on the structure of antibodies and does not involve antigens.
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Innate immunity is a nonspecific defense mechanism that can be genetically passed down.
Innate immunity is a nonspecific defense mechanism that can be genetically passed down.
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Active immunity can be acquired through natural exposure to infectious agents and artificial immunization.
Active immunity can be acquired through natural exposure to infectious agents and artificial immunization.
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Passive immunity involves the body producing its own antibodies in response to infection.
Passive immunity involves the body producing its own antibodies in response to infection.
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The lysozyme present in tears is effective against microorganisms.
The lysozyme present in tears is effective against microorganisms.
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The acidity of the stomach helps promote the growth of microorganisms.
The acidity of the stomach helps promote the growth of microorganisms.
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Racial immunity refers to variations in disease resistance within a single species.
Racial immunity refers to variations in disease resistance within a single species.
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Sebaceous glands in the skin secrete sebum, which has no effect on microorganisms.
Sebaceous glands in the skin secrete sebum, which has no effect on microorganisms.
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Study Notes
Immunochemistry Definition
- Immunochemistry is a branch of chemistry focused on the molecular mechanisms of the immune system
- It specifically studies antibodies, antigens, and their interactions
Immunity Definition
- Immunity is the body's resistance to harmful molecules, microorganisms, and foreign bodies
Types of Immunity
-
Innate Immunity:
- Inborn or genetic immunity
- Nonspecific defense mechanisms
- Passed from one generation to the next
- Includes physical barriers (skin), chemicals in the blood, and immune cells attacking foreign cells
-
Acquired Immunity:
-
Active Immunity:
- Production of antibodies by the immune system in response to antigens
- Two types:
- Natural active immunity: develops after repeated exposure to a microorganism
- Artificial active immunity: acquired through vaccination
-
Passive Immunity:
- Transfer of ready-made antibodies to the body
- Two types:
- Natural passive immunity: antibodies transferred from mother to fetus
- Artificial passive immunity: antibodies acquired through a parenteral administration
-
Active Immunity:
Innate Immunity Mechanisms
- Two levels of action:
-
Epithelial surface level:
- Skin: sebum (containing fatty acids) kills microorganisms
- Conjunctiva: lysozyme in tears targets microorganisms
- Nose, nasopharynx, respiratory tract: mucus traps and removes particles
- Mouth, stomach, intestines: saliva (mild bactericidal), stomach acidity prevents microbial growth
-
Chemical secretions:
- Oil and sweat contain fatty and lactic acids, exhibiting bactericidal activity
- Lysozymes in sweat and tears have antibacterial effects
- Stomach acid (HCl), properdin, leukins, and beta lysines in serum have bactericidal properties
-
Cellular factors:
- Blood cells (WBCs/leukocytes): protect against infections and foreign substances
- Neutrophils: phagocytosis and destruction of microorganisms
- Basophils: release histamine for inflammatory reactions
- Monocytes transform into macrophages during infection, exhibiting phagocytic action
- Macrophages: engulf and destroy foreign particles via phagocytosis
- Inflammatory reaction: microbes release chemicals causing capillary dilation and increased permeability, bringing blood to the area (redness and warmth)
- Fever: a protective response; pyrogens in the blood reach the hypothalamus to increase body temperature, increasing white blood cell activity and antibody production, and potentially killing microorganisms
- Interferons: antiviral proteins produced by virus-infected cells, making neighboring cells resistant to viral infection
- Natural killer cells (NK cells): destroy infected cells and limit infections
- Complement system: a group of proteins that strengthen phagocytic and inflammatory actions and rupture microbial cell membranes
- Blood cells (WBCs/leukocytes): protect against infections and foreign substances
-
Epithelial surface level:
Acquired Immunity Mechanisms
- Mechanism: Defends against specific microorganisms through the activation of the immune system
-
Events:
- Cells of the immune system:
- Lymphocytes: (T-cells and B-cells), crucial for the immune system
- Antigen-presenting cells: specialized cells (e.g., macrophages) involved in immune responses
- Cells of the immune system:
-
Types of immune system:
- Humoral immunity (antibody-mediated): mediated by molecules (antibodies, complement proteins, antimicrobial peptides) in extracellular fluids
- Cell-mediated immunity: immune responses not involving antibodies; involves phagocyte activation and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
-
Immune responses:
- Primary immune response: the initial response to an antigen
- Secondary immune response: a faster and stronger response to the same antigen
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in immunology, including the roles of various immune cells, the complement system, and mechanisms of action like phagocytosis and inflammation. This quiz will help you understand the body's defense mechanisms and their importance in fighting infections.
