Immunology Quiz on T and B Cells

A type of immunity that involves antibodies produced by B cells. Antibodies circulate in the blood and bind to specific antigens, neutralizing them or marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This type of immunity is effective against extracellular pathogens like bacteria and viruses.

A type of immunity that involves T cells, which directly attack infected cells or cancer cells. T cells recognize antigens presented on the surface of infected cells and destroy them.

Innate immune cells like macrophages engulf pathogens and present fragments of these pathogens on their surface using MHC II molecules. T helper cells recognize these fragments and activate B cells to produce specific antibodies.

B cells can bind to specific antigens using their surface immunoglobulins. This binding, along with signals from T helper cells, activates the B cell.

Activated B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies. A small subset of activated B cells become memory cells, which can quickly respond to a future infection by the same antigen.

A process where a specific B cell clone proliferates and differentiates into antibody-secreting plasma cells after encountering its specific antigen.

Antibodies can block the active sites of toxins or viruses, preventing them from binding to host cells and causing damage.

Antibodies can bind to the same antigen on multiple pathogens, causing them to clump together. This clumping makes it easier for phagocytes to engulf and destroy multiple pathogens at once.

Antibodies can bind to soluble antigens, forming large complexes that precipitate out of the solution. These precipitates are easier for phagocytes to clear from the body.

Antibodies can activate the complement system, a series of proteins in the blood that can lyse (destroy) cells, opsonize (mark) for phagocytosis, or promote inflammation.

The initial exposure to an antigen, where the immune system encounters a foreign substance for the first time.

The subsequent exposure to an antigen, where the immune system reacts faster and more effectively due to memory cells.

Specific types of white blood cells that differentiate into plasma cells when activated by antigens.

Mature B cells that produce and secrete antibodies into the bloodstream.

Proteins produced by plasma cells that bind to specific antigens, neutralizing them or marking them for destruction.

The time lag between antigen exposure and the detection of antibodies in the blood.

Special type of B cells generated during a primary response, capable of recognizing the same antigen quickly upon subsequent exposure.

Substances that stimulate an immune response, typically proteins or parts of proteins.

The process of engulfing and destroying foreign objects, such as bacteria, by specialized cells like macrophages.

A protein cascade involved in the immune response, leading to the lysis (destruction) of target cells.

A type of immune cell that helps activate other immune cells, like T cells, and phagocytes. It is secreted by activated macrophages.

A type of immune cell that directly kills infected or cancerous cells. It recognizes and destroys infected cells by releasing cytotoxic enzymes, cytokines, and perforins.

The process of T helper cell activation that involves recognition of an antigen presented by an Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) in association with MHC Class II.

A type of immune cell that directly kills infected or cancerous cells. It recognizes and destroys infected cells by releasing cytotoxic enzymes, cytokines, and perforins.

A type of immune cell that directly kills infected or cancerous cells. It recognizes and destroys infected cells by releasing cytotoxic enzymes, cytokines, and perforins.

Immunity developed after encountering a pathogen or vaccine.

Immunity gained from receiving antibodies from another source, like a mother or through injections.

A type of T cell that helps activate other immune cells by secreting signaling molecules called cytokines.

A type of T cell that directly kills infected cells or cancer cells by releasing toxic substances.

A type of T cell that helps to regulate the immune response by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

Special memory cells that can quickly recognize and mount a response to a previously encountered antigen.

Small proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that act as signaling molecules, coordinating the immune response.

A protective response of the immune system against harmful invaders like pathogens.