Immunology Quiz: Autoimmune Diseases

<p>Cardiac toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agents associated with cardiotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardium is damaged and often moved by pale and hemorrhagic areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocyte injury and dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edema and interstitial lymphocytic infiltrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased end-diastolic ventricular volumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased venous return from the lower extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congestion of the venous circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleeping in a semi-seated position</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea on exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased diaphragmatic descent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of proteins similar to those found in viruses, triggering an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endomyocardial fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Africa and other tropical areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endomyocardial fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The valves and the endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of neurohumoral feedback loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced neurohumoral feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cardiac contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diminished systemic perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased tissue oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated back pressures in the pulmonary circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congestive signs in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased exercise tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>major blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>amorphous pink material around myocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>South America</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>eosinophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inflammation and injury to the myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cross-reactive immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apple-green birefringence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lyme disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 5%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilated cardiomyopathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue, pain, and fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In cases of arrhythmias or conduction disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptomatic cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of normal architecture with deposition of amyloid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary consequence of inadequate cardiac output in right-sided heart failure is a buildup of pressure in the venous system, leading to systemic congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea on exertion in right-sided heart failure is mainly due to the backup of blood in the pulmonary circulation, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and reduced gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Orthopnea, or difficulty breathing while lying down, occurs in right-sided heart failure because of the increased blood flow to the lungs when the body is supine. This increases pressure in the pulmonary capillaries, leading to fluid leakage into the alveoli and making breathing difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Backward failure in right-sided heart failure leads to congestion in the systemic venous system, resulting in symptoms like peripheral edema, ascites, and jugular venous distension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When right-sided heart failure develops, the body attempts to compensate by increasing the heart rate and contractility, as well as by retaining sodium and water to increase blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary symptom of right-sided heart failure is systemic venous congestion, which manifests as peripheral edema, ascites, and jugular venous distension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right-sided heart failure can lead to an enlarged liver and ascites, which can compress the diaphragm and reduce lung capacity, making breathing more difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased end-diastolic ventricular pressures in right-sided heart failure lead to a backup of blood in the venous system, resulting in systemic congestion and the characteristic symptoms of right-sided heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart's ability to pump blood effectively is compromised, leading to inadequate cardiac output and reduced tissue perfusion. This can be due to factors like increased tissue demands, as seen in hyperthyroidism, or decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, as in severe anemia. As a result, the heart struggles to meet the metabolic needs of the body, leading to a buildup of pressure within the circulatory system and ultimately congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left-sided heart failure primarily affects the left ventricle, leading to reduced cardiac output and increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation. This results in symptoms such as dyspnea, orthopnea, and pulmonary edema. Right-sided heart failure affects the right ventricle, leading to congestion in the systemic circulation, causing symptoms like peripheral edema, jugular venous distention, and hepatomegaly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In decompensated heart failure, reduced renal perfusion triggers the RAAS, leading to increased aldosterone and angiotensin II levels. These hormones promote sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume and peripheral resistance, further stressing the failing heart. This vicious cycle exacerbates heart failure symptoms and can lead to complications like fluid overload and hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left-sided heart failure leads to increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation, forcing fluid from the capillaries into the alveoli. This causes pulmonary edema, characterized by shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. The primary cause is the inability of the left ventricle to pump blood effectively, leading to a backup of blood in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restrictive cardiomyopathy is characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffening of the heart muscle. It can arise from various causes, including infiltrative diseases like amyloidosis, fibrotic conditions like endomyocardial fibrosis, and inflammatory disorders like myocarditis. Each etiology has distinct pathological features, but all lead to restricted ventricular filling, ultimately compromising cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In response to reduced cardiac output, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, releasing norepinephrine and epinephrine. These hormones increase heart rate and contractility, initially improving cardiac output. However, prolonged sympathetic activation can lead to arrhythmias, myocardial hypertrophy, and vasoconstriction, further exacerbating heart failure and contributing to a negative feedback loop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocarditis can be triggered by cross-reactive immune responses, where antibodies generated against a pathogen or other antigen mistakenly target cardiac tissue. This leads to inflammation and damage to the myocardium, potentially causing symptoms like chest pain, dyspnea, and arrhythmias. The immune system's response, intended to fight off infection, inadvertently attacks the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endomyocardial fibrosis is a restrictive cardiomyopathy primarily affecting the endocardium and the mitral and tricuspid valves. It is prevalent in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. The cause is not fully understood but may involve factors like malnutrition, parasitic infections, and autoimmune responses. It leads to fibrosis and thickening of the endocardium, restricting ventricular filling and causing symptoms like dyspnea, fatigue, and edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decompensated heart failure leads to a reduction in cardiac output due to decreased ventricular stroke volume, contributing to reduced arterial contribution to ease progression. This triggers the activation of neurohumoral feedback loops, particularly the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, increasing heart rate and contractility. The sympathetic nervous system activation further exacerbates this, leading to vasoconstriction and increased peripheral vascular resistance. This, in turn, increases afterload on the heart, further reducing cardiac output. Moreover, reduced renal perfusion triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure. These factors contribute to pulmonary edema by increasing capillary pressure and fluid leakage into the interstitial spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic nervous system responds to decreased cardiac output by releasing norepinephrine, increasing heart rate and contractility. This is an attempt to compensate for the failing heart. However, prolonged activation can lead to adverse effects, like increased myocardial oxygen demand, potentially further damaging the heart. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated by reduced renal perfusion, leading to the release of renin. This triggers a cascade of events culminating in the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Angiotensin II further constricts blood vessels, increasing afterload, while aldosterone promotes sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure. This further burdens the failing heart, exacerbating its inability to pump efficiently. Norepinephrine release from the adrenal glands is triggered by stress and low blood pressure. It acts as a potent vasoconstrictor, increasing blood pressure, but also increases heart rate and contractility, potentially leading to a vicious cycle of further stress on the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced renal perfusion, a consequence of decreased cardiac output in heart failure, activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This leads to the production of angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor, increasing afterload on the heart and further reducing cardiac output. Aldosterone, another hormone produced in this system, promotes sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure. This further strains the heart, exacerbating the cycle of dysfunction. The increased blood volume and pressure can also lead to pulmonary edema, adding further burden on the heart and contributing to the development of cardiac complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic nervous system responds to decreased cardiac output in heart failure by releasing norepinephrine, leading to increased heart rate and contractility, an attempt to compensate for the failing heart. However, prolonged activation of the sympathetic nervous system can have adverse effects. The increased heart rate and contractility put further stress on the heart, increasing its oxygen demand. If the heart is already compromised, this increased demand can lead to further damage and worsen its dysfunction. Additionally, prolonged norepinephrine release can lead to vasoconstriction, increasing afterload and further reducing cardiac output. These adverse effects contribute to the progression of heart failure and ultimately worsen the patient's condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced ventricular stroke volume, a key feature of heart failure, leads to decreased cardiac output, causing a back-up of blood in the heart and the pulmonary circulation. This increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation forces fluid out of the capillaries and into the interstitial spaces of the lungs, leading to pulmonary edema. This fluid accumulation in the lungs interferes with gas exchange, causing shortness of breath, a hallmark symptom of heart failure. The reduced stroke volume also contributes to activation of neurohumoral systems, such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, further increasing blood volume and exacerbating the back-up of blood in the pulmonary circulation, exacerbating pulmonary edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decompensated heart failure, marked by a significant reduction in cardiac output, activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This activation triggers the release of renin, which ultimately leads to the production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, increasing afterload, the resistance the heart faces while pumping blood. This further reduces cardiac output and worsens heart failure. Simultaneously, aldosterone, another hormone produced by the RAAS, promotes sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure, further straining the already weakened heart. The increased blood volume can lead to pulmonary edema, further compounding the heart's workload. This cascade of events, triggered by decompensated heart failure, contributes to the development of cardiac complications, making the heart failure more severe and harder to manage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurohumoral feedback loops, activated in response to reduced cardiac output in heart failure, contribute to the development of pulmonary edema through several mechanisms. Primarily, activation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to increased heart rate and contractility, attempting to compensate for the failing heart. However, this sustained activation can cause vasoconstriction, leading to increased afterload and further reducing cardiac output. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, also activated in this process, releases angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor that increases afterload, and aldosterone, which promotes sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume. This increased blood volume and pressure exacerbate the back-up of blood in the pulmonary circulation, leading to increased capillary pressure and fluid leakage into the interstitial spaces of the lungs, resulting in pulmonary edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated by reduced renal perfusion, a consequence of decreased cardiac output in heart failure. This activation triggers the release of renin, which ultimately leads to the production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, and aldosterone. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, increasing afterload, the resistance the heart faces while pumping blood. This further reduces cardiac output and worsens heart failure. Aldosterone, on the other hand, promotes sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure. This increased blood volume further burdens the heart, exacerbating the cycle of dysfunction. These effects of the RAAS, primarily increased afterload and blood volume, contribute to the progression of heart failure and the development of cardiac complications like pulmonary edema, hypertrophy, and fibrosis, ultimately worsening the patient's condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hypertrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ventricular</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fibrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>interstitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hyper</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>endo</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sudden</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hemorrhagic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>thromb</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>clinical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>diffusely</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>stiffness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>infectious</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loeffler's</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tropical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>apical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dilated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>eosinophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>viral</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>autoimmune</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endomyocardial fibrosis = Affects children and young adults in Africa and other tropical areas Chagas disease = Caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma Myocarditis = Can be caused by cross-reactive immune response Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Characterized by fibrosis of the endocardium and subendocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocarditis = Cross-reactive immune response, viral infection, and autoimmune reactions Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Endomyocardial fibrosis, Chagas disease, and Lyme disease Endomyocardial fibrosis = Unknown etiology, prevalent in Africa and other tropical areas Chagas disease = Caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-reactive immune response = Autoimmune reactions and viral infections Endomyocardial fibrosis = Restrictive cardiomyopathy and tropical regions Chagas disease = Trypanosoma and South America Myocarditis = Inflammation of the myocardium and cardiac complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocarditis = Inflammation of the myocardium leading to cardiac complications Endomyocardial fibrosis = Fibrosis of the endocardium and subendocardium leading to restrictive cardiomyopathy Chagas disease = Inflammation of the myocardium and cardiac complications Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Impaired ventricular filling and cardiac complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endomyocardial fibrosis = Africa and other tropical areas Chagas disease = South America Myocarditis = Global distribution Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Global distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-reactive immune response = Autoimmune reactions and viral infections Myocarditis = Inflammation of the myocardium and cardiac complications Chagas disease = Infection by the protozoan Trypanosoma Endomyocardial fibrosis = Unknown etiology, but associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endomyocardial fibrosis = Fibrosis of the endocardium and subendocardium Chagas disease = Caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma Myocarditis = Inflammation of the myocardium Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Impaired ventricular filling and fibrosis of the endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endomyocardial fibrosis = Restrictive cardiomyopathy and tropical regions Chagas disease = Trypanosoma and South America Myocarditis = Autoimmune reactions and viral infections Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Endomyocardial fibrosis and cardiac complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral myocarditis = Extensive lymphocytic infiltrate, edema, and myocyte injury Hypersensitivity myocarditis = Perivascular eosinophil-rich inflammatory infiltrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocarditis = Inflammation of the heart muscle Eosinophils = A type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions Lymphocytes = A type of white blood cell involved in immune responses Infiltrate = An accumulation of cells in a tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral infection = Viral myocarditis Hypersensitivity reaction = Hypersensitivity myocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral myocarditis = Extensive lymphocytic infiltrate, edema, and myocyte injury Hypersensitivity myocarditis = Perivascular eosinophil-rich inflammatory infiltrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocyte = A heart muscle cell Edema = Fluid accumulation in tissues Infiltrate = An accumulation of cells in a tissue Perivascular = Around a blood vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral myocarditis = Caused by a viral infection Hypersensitivity myocarditis = Caused by an allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphocytes = Immune response Eosinophils = Allergic reactions Myocytes = Heart muscle contraction Edema = Fluid accumulation in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral myocarditis = Extensive lymphocytic infiltrate, edema, and myocyte injury Hypersensitivity myocarditis = Perivascular eosinophil-rich inflammatory infiltrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conventional chemotherapeutic agents = Used to resolve significant sequelae Tyrosine kinase inhibitors = Targeted drugs with cardiovascular side effects Immunotherapeutic agents = May induce severe myocarditis in hypersensitivity Doxorubicin and daunorubicin = Often associated with cardiotoxic myocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypersensitivity myocarditis = Triggers interstitial lymphocytic infiltrates Eosinophilic myocarditis = Associated with significant eosinophilia Cancer therapy-induced myocarditis = May lead to cardiac complications Endomyocardial fibrosis = Primarily affects the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune reactions = Can cause myocarditis through immune responses Cross-reactive immune response = Characteristic of chronic myocarditis Infection by Trypanosoma = Leads to Chagas disease-related myocarditis Endocarditis = Can lead to thrombus formation in the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunotherapy = May induce unwanted autoimmune responses Tyrosine kinase inhibitors = Can result in progressive cardiac injury Chemotherapeutic agents = Associated with distinct cardiotoxic effects Glucocorticoids = Used in the management of inflammatory myocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chagas disease = Caused by Trypanosoma infection Eosinophilic myocarditis = Related to eosinophilia and allergic reactions Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Characterized by abnormal myocardial stiffness Cancer-related myocarditis = Due to chemotherapeutic agents toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocyte injury = Results from inflammatory infiltrates Interstitial edema = A hallmark of acute myocarditis phases Fibrosis = A long-term sequel of myocardial inflammation Arrhythmias = Can occur due to scarred myocardial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doxorubicin = Often leads to myocardial toxicity Daunorubicin = Associated with cardiomyopathy without prior history Immunotherapeutics = Could result in hypersensitivity myocarditis Glucocorticoids = Utilized for their anti-inflammatory properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive cardiac injury = May lead to heart failure Edema and lymphocyte infiltration = Common in acute phases Severe arrhythmias = Consequences of structural myocardial changes Thrombus formation = Resulting from endocarditis-related effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right-sided heart failure = Congested peripheral edema Left-sided heart failure = Pulmonary congestion Severe congestive heart failure = Systemic hypotension Hypoxic encephalopathy = Diminished cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restlessness = Progression to stupor Diminished cognition = Hypoxic effects Congestion = Increased venous pressure Edema = Malabsorption in the bowel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary circulation = Increased pressure on right heart Portal hypertension = Liver congestion Pleuritis = Chest discomfort Pericardial effusion = Fluid buildup around the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right-sided heart failure = Consequential to left-sided failure Left-sided heart failure = Increased tissue demands Severe congestive heart failure = Critical cardiac output reduction Chronic heart failure = Longstanding cardiac workload</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decerebrate rigidity = Progressive hypoxic injury Dependent edema = Right-sided heart failure Decreased renal perfusion = Inadequate arterial circulation Cerebral edema = Severe heart strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diuretics = Manage edema Oxygen therapy = Improve hypoxia Beta-blockers = Reduce cardiac workload ACE inhibitors = Mitigate systemic vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased venous pressure = Peripheral congestion Hypoxic encephalopathy = Altered mental status Diminished cardiac output = Reduced organ perfusion Congestive splenomegaly = Spleen enlargement due to congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic hypertension = Left ventricular hypertrophy Diabetes mellitus = Increased myocardial demand Obesity = Volume overload Sedentary lifestyle = Decreased cardiac efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Caused by disorders that increase ventricular wall stiffness Myocarditis = Characterized by edema, interstitial lymphocytic infiltrates, and myocyte injury Endomyocardial fibrosis = Primarily affects the left ventricle Amyloidosis = Causes massive hypertrophy as a primary complication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right-sided heart failure = Caused by backward failure Left-sided heart failure = Causes increased tissue demands Myocarditis = Caused by infectious agents and/or inflammatory processes Endomyocardial fibrosis = Characterized by cross-reactive immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocarditis = Targets the myocardium Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Impairs ventricular filling during diastole Endomyocardial fibrosis = Causes fibrosis in the endomyocardium Amyloidosis = Deposits amyloid protein in the myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocarditis = Can be caused by autoimmune reactions Endomyocardial fibrosis = Is a type of restrictive cardiomyopathy Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Can be caused by eosinophilic murmur Amyloidosis = Is often associated with cardiac complications of cancer therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocarditis = Can lead to sudden left-sided heart failure Endomyocardial fibrosis = Is a non-viral cause of myocarditis Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Is characterized by edema, interstitial lymphocytic infiltrates, and myocyte injury Amyloidosis = Is a type of dilated cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocarditis = Targets the myocardium Endomyocardial fibrosis = Causes pulmonary edema Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Impairs ventricular filling during diastole Amyloidosis = Leads to increased norepinephrine release by the adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocarditis = Can be caused by Trypanosoma Endomyocardial fibrosis = Is a complication of Chagas disease Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Can be caused by Lyme disease Amyloidosis = Is a characteristic of chronic myocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocarditis = Causes massive hypertrophy Endomyocardial fibrosis = Leads to cardiac complications Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Causes reduced ventricular stroke volume Amyloidosis = Deposits amyloid protein in the endomyocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers