Immunology Quiz: Antibodies and Agglutination
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the ability of an antibody preparation to recognize a single antigen?

  • Sensitivity
  • Precipitation
  • Specificity (correct)
  • Agglutination

    • Agglutination tests are less sensitive than precipitation tests.

    False

    What type of agglutination test identifies blood type?

    Direct agglutination

    The term used for when an antibody blocks or distorts an antigen to reduce or eliminate its activity is called ______.

    <p>neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of blood with their corresponding agglutination reactions:

    <p>Type O = No agglutination with Ab A or B Type A = Agglutination with only Ab A Type B = Agglutination with only Ab B Type AB = Agglutination with Ab A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of opsonization?

    <p>Pathogen destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monoclonal antibodies are produced from multiple B cell clones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used to produce monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>Hybridoma technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In agglutination, antibodies bind to the viral envelope protein, causing the viral particles to ______ together.

    <p>clump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of antibodies with their characteristics:

    <p>Polyclonal = Antibodies from multiple B cell clones Monoclonal = Antibodies from a single B cell clone Hybridoma technique = Method to produce monoclonal antibodies Opsonization = Pathogen marking for phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of complement proteins?

    <p>To aid in the destruction of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Septic shock is a response to localized inflammation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one symptom of inflammation.

    <p>Redness, swelling, pain, or heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines are produced by __________ to regulate cell function.

    <p>lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Diapedesis = Movement of leukocytes to sites of inflammation Chemokines = Chemoattractants for phagocytes and lymphocytes Interleukins = A type of cytokine produced by lymphocytes Prostaglandin = Raises the set point of body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathways are involved in the activation of the complement system?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils are the first immune cells to arrive at an infection site.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pyrogens in the fever response?

    <p>They stimulate the release of pyrogenic cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of dog is considered at high risk for CPV-2?

    <p>Rottweiler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CPV-2 can survive for months in the environment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for CPV-2?

    <p>3-8 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The CPV-2 virus primarily attacks rapidly dividing cells in the __________ and __________.

    <p>bone marrow, lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their corresponding conditions:

    <p>Chest pain = Myocarditis Lethargy = Gastroenteritis Shortness of breath = Myocarditis Vomiting = Gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of transmission for CPV-2?

    <p>Direct contact with infected body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CPV-2 has only one antigenic variant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of test is used for diagnosing CPV-2?

    <p>Fecal ELISA test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following helminth infections is associated with mechanical obstruction?

    <p>Ascariasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic inflammation is a short-term immune response to parasite presence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of a helminth infection that can lead to anemia?

    <p>hookworms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infection by __________ can facilitate bacterial invasion in the host.

    <p>filariasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following antimicrobial control methods with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Heat sterilization = Uses high temperature to kill microbes Disinfectants = Kills most pathogenic organisms on inanimate surfaces Sanitizers = Reduces microbial population to safe levels Antiseptics = Inhibits or kills microorganisms on living tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of sterilants in chemical antimicrobial control?

    <p>Kill 99.99% of microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cysticercosis is caused by a helminth that facilitates bacterial invasion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antimicrobial control is filter sterilization classified as?

    <p>Physical antimicrobial control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of Strangles/Equine Distemper?

    <p>Nasal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Strangles is caused by a viral infection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible transmission method for Ehrlichiosis/Potomac horse fever?

    <p>Ingesting aquatic insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cattle living in __________ conditions can contract shipping fever from environment or pathogens.

    <p>poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their causative agents:

    <p>Strangles = Streptococcus equi Influenza = Virus Ehrlichiosis = Unknown bacteria Shipping fever = Environmental pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria causes Strangles?

    <p>Gram-positive, capsulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Horses with Ehrlichiosis/Potomac horse fever are contagious to other horses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical differential diagnosis factor when diagnosing Strangles?

    <p>Abscesses in lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immunology and Immunodiagnostic Methods

    • Barriers to Infection (Step 1): Block infection through antimicrobial chemicals in tears, normal microflora in tracts, mucus in respiratory tract, urinary flow, skin, and stomach acid.
    • Infection (Step 2): If barriers fail, infection enters causing disease.
    • Innate Immunity: First line of defense, acting immediately on infection, non-adaptive, phagocytic (engulfing pathogens).
    • Adaptive Immunity: Specific lymphocytes responding to antigens, adaptive response, immunological memory through specific B or T lymphocytes.
    • Immunological Terms:
      • Antigen: Triggers immune response, binds to immunoglobulin or T cell receptor.
      • Pathogen: Microorganism causing disease.
      • Immunoglobulin: Antigen-binding protein made by B cells.
      • Antibody: Secreted immunoglobulin.
      • Vaccination: Deliberate induction of immunity to a specific pathogen.

    Components of the Innate Immune System

    • Phagocytic cells: Dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages have phagocytic ability.
    • Leukocytes: Nucleated white blood cells. Lymphatic system consists of a separated circulatory system draining lymph fluid from extra vascular tissues. Lymphocytes, enter lymphatic system through capillary beds known as lymph nodes, these are checkpoints for pathogens. Myeloid cells which arise from myeloid precursor cells in bone marrow.
    • Serum/Plasma: Cell-free liquid components of blood. Serum lacks clotting factors, and plasma contains clotting factors.
    • Erythrocytes/RBCs: Red blood cells.
    • Buffy coat: Contains platelets and leukocytes.
    • Leukocytes: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes.
    • Monocytes: Phagocytic cells.
    • Lymphatic System:
      • Transports lymph fluid.
      • Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid.
      • Contain high concentrations of lymphocytes and phagocytes.
    • Immune Cells:
      • Myeloid cells - Antigen presenting cells(APCs) and Granulocytes
        • APCS: Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells.
        • Granulocytes - Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils.
      • Lymphocytes - Specialized Leukocytes (Adaptive Immune response).
        • Originate in bone marrow.
        • Mature in primary lymphoid organs (B cells in bone marrow and T cells in thymus)
    • Phagocytosis: Process where phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens. Uses lysosomes (intracellular vesicles which contain enzymes that aid in digestion), move by amoeboid action. Process includes initial engulfment of the pathogen, pathogen digestion inside vesicles from Golgi, and presentation using MHC of the digested fragment.
    • Phagocytes:
      • Neutrophils: Actively mobile granulocytes found in blood circulation.
      • Monocytes: Larger cells found in lymph nodes and spleen. Serve as precursors of macrophages (localized to specific tissues).
      • Dendritic cells: Antigen presenting cells that move to Lymph nodes to present the antigen to T cells. They are found in the blood circulation and in specific tissues.
    • Pathogen Evasion Techniques: Some pathogens do escape phagocytosis and cause disease (e.g., S. aureus and M. tuberculosis).
    • Complement Proteins: Crucial for innate and adaptive immunity (inflammation). They can directly lyse pathogens and aid in phagocytosis.

    Inflammation

    • Symptoms: Redness, swelling, pain, and heat.
    • Molecular Mediators: Chemokines and cytokines.
    • Effective Inflammation: Localizes damage and destroys pathogens.
    • Widespread Inflammation (Septic Shock): Failure to localize pathogens, very dangerous situation.
    • Steps: Neutrophils arrive first, attracted by interleukins, move to infection sites (diapedesis), and trigger more macrophages.

    Immune Response Cells

    • Myeloid cells: From myeloid precursor cells in bone marrow.
    • Granulocytes: Contain toxins that kill targeted cells.
    • Immune cell flow chart: Illustrates the pathways and interrelationships of different immune cells.

    Phagocytosis

    • Mediated by phagocytes: Recognising pathogens using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).

    Antibody Diversity

    • Mechanism: Unique to T and B cells. Includes somatic recombination, hypermutation, and gene rearrangement.

    Modes of action for antibodies

    • Opsonization: Pathogen is marked for phagocytosis. Antibody markers bind to phagocytic receptors.
    • Neutralization: Toxin is bound preventing it from binding to the cell.
    • Agglutination: Viral components bound together, preventing binding to host cells.

    Antibody types

    • Immunoglobulin G (IgG): Most common circulating antibody.
    • Immunoglobulin M (IgM): First antibody secreted in adaptive immune response, good at agglutination.
    • Immunoglobulin A (IgA): Protects mucous membranes.
    • Immunoglobulin E (IgE): Found in serum and binds to eosinophils.

    Antibody diversity

    • Mechanism of antibody diversity: Includes somatic recombination including meiosis in gametes, hypermutation from errors, and gene rearrangement based on antigen.

    Immunology Techniques

    • In vitro antigen-antibody reactions: Used in serology to study interactions in vitro. These include using techniques that quantify lowest amount of antigen using precipitation which involve soluble antibodies reacting with the antigen to form an insoluble complex. There are various types of precipitation techniques and tests like agar gel immunodiffusion that examine antigen or antibody solutions/complexes.
    • Hybridoma technique: Production of monoclonal antibodies in labs/in vitro.

    Antimicrobial Agents

    • Physical Control: Heat, radiation, and filtration.
    • Chemical Control: Targets DNA gyrase, cell wall synthesis, folic acid metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, RNA polymerase, and protein synthesis.

    Types of Immunity

    • Natural Active Immunity: Acquired during an infection.
    • Natural Passive Immunity: Antibody transfer.
    • Artificial Active Immunity: Immunization; exposure to a controlled antigen dose.
    • Artificial Passive Immunity: Antiserum injection.

    Vaccines

    • Types of vaccines:
      • Live Attenuated: Weakened pathogen.
      • Killed/Inactivated: Dead pathogen.
      • Subunit: Specific pathogen parts.
      • DNA vaccine: Cloned subunit protein genes.
      • Live Vector: Harmless virus transferring subunit pathogen gene.
      • Recombinant Subunit: Genetically engineered subunits.
      • Conjugated: Combines polysaccharide antigen from pathogen with a protein carrier

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on antibodies, agglutination tests, and related immunological concepts with this comprehensive quiz. Dive into topics such as blood types, monoclonal antibodies, and the functions of complement proteins. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of immunology.

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