Immunology Quiz: Ag-Ab Binding and Epitopes

<p>Altering one of the amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical fit depending on side chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rounded sockets and cylindrical grooves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformational epitopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may share common amino acids or regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the immunogenicity and appeal of the antigen to the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muramyl dipeptides from heat-killed Mycobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By precipitating antigens to slow their release and retention in the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide necessary signals that aid T-cell activation and help present antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for better antigen presentation and extended immune activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased size facilitates easier phagocytosis and presentation by immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By stimulating nonspecific lymphocyte proliferation and innate immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The antigen may be cleared from the body rapidly due to low immunogenicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They must be topographically accessible on the native molecular surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sequential epitopes require the antigen to be in a specific linear sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They dominate immune responses due to their favorable binding characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The binding site of the antibody determines the suitable epitope size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cells require accessible surface structures for effective binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows the pathogen to evade immune detection effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexibility allows for effective docking into binding pockets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each antibody is tailored to bind only specific structural features of an epitope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are often where flexible epitopes are found, enhancing recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a unique 3D shape that fits the antibody binding site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They create immunodominant epitopes that distract antibody responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding occurs based on specific structural compatibility between antibodies and their respective epitopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using immunodominant epitopes recognized by the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dynamic shape changes of both the antibody and epitope during interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells prefer complex proteins due to their diverse three-dimensional shapes, which enhance recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater foreignness generally increases the likelihood of a strong immunogenic response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T cells primarily recognize peptides presented by MHC molecules, while B cells can recognize a broader range of 3D shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly conserved molecules can evade immune detection because they closely resemble self-proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As evolutionary distance increases between species, the likelihood of an immunogenic response also increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More complex molecules are generally more immunogenic than simpler ones due to their structural diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modification of self proteins can create new epitopes that the immune system recognizes as foreign.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MHC molecules display processed peptides from proteins, which T cells recognize as signals for activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These sites are physically separated from the immune system, preventing immune cells from accessing the antigens present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecular size around 100,000 Da increases immunogenicity, as smaller molecules typically cannot be effectively phagocytosed or presented on MHC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthetic homopolymers lack the chemical heterogeneity required for immunogenicity, regardless of their size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Goldilocks zone' refers to the optimal range where antigens are neither too large nor too small, allowing effective phagocytosis and MHC presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins with complex secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures enhance immunogenicity by presenting diverse epitopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adding aromatic amino acids to copolymers increases their chances of being immunogenic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T cells require antigens to be large enough to be processed and displayed on MHC molecules, typically around 100,000 Da.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large peptides can be processed into multiple smaller epitopes, allowing for a broader immune response and better recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens. Immunogens are specifically capable of eliciting an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'lock and key' analogy illustrates how an antibody's binding pocket must fit the shape of its specific antigen like a key fits into a lock. This explains the specificity of immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most individuals' immune systems are tolerant to dietary proteins, preventing undesired reactions. This tolerance is key to avoiding allergic responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule's three-dimensional structure is critical as it must fit into the binding site of an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor for an immune response to occur. If it fits well, it may induce immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epitopes are the specific parts of antigens that antibodies recognize and bind to. They can be linear or conformational and are crucial for initiating an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immune system uses the adaptive response to recognize and differentiate between closely related antigens based on their specific structures. This is a key feature of immunogenicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A '3D binding pocket' refers to the specific spatial configuration of an antibody’s binding site that allows it to interact with a compatible antigen shape. This is essential for binding affinity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability of an antigen to induce a response varies due to factors such as size, complexity, and whether it can form strong interactions with the immune receptors. Not all antigens possess these features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cells recognize soluble antigens directly via membrane immunoglobulin, while T-cells recognize processed peptide antigens presented by MHC molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-cells can recognize internal epitopes because macrophages process the proteins and present peptide fragments on MHC molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cell epitopes must be accessible and usually found on the surface of antigens, whereas T-cell epitopes can be buried within the protein structure when presented by MHC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-cells require MHC molecules and either CD4 or CD8 co-receptors to facilitate the recognition of antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cells recognize proteins, lipids, or polysaccharides that are accessible and hydrophilic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformational epitopes can present multiple binding sites, providing flexibility and enhancing the likelihood of B-cell activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane immunoglobulins function as B-cell receptors that bind directly to specific epitopes on antigens, initiating the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mobility of antigens enhances T-cell recognition by allowing antigens to be processed by antigen-presenting cells and presented to T-cells on MHC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjuvants activate the immune system, improving phagocytosis and the presentation of antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-cells recognize processed epitopes presented by MHC molecules, while B-cells bind directly to intact antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunodominant epitopes are the most recognizable parts of an antigen that elicit a strong immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathogens display decoy epitopes that attract the immune response, allowing them to escape recognition without impeding their own functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cells require epitopes to be topographically accessible on the antigen's surface to bind effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epitopes must be flexible and mobile, allowing them to fit into the binding sites of antibodies during interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overlapping epitopes suggest that multiple antibodies can bind to different parts of the same protein simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loops and bends create accessible regions where antibodies can bind effectively, aiding in immune recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sequential epitopes consist of a linear series of amino acids, while nonsequential epitopes are formed from amino acids that are not adjacent in the protein sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophilic amino acids help ensure that epitopes remain accessible on the native molecular surface, facilitating antibody binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccine designers must avoid using immunodominant epitopes that pathogens exploit for evading the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies preferentially bind to unique shapes of epitopes that fit their binding pockets, which can be influenced by conformational flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large proteins may have buried amino acids that B-cells cannot access, limiting their ability to recognize certain epitopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 3D structure determines the functional shape of epitopes that B-cells recognize, critical for effective binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flagellin = Immunogen and Antigen TLR5 Ligand = Not Immunogen, Not Antigen Western blot protein = Antigen, Not Immunogen B-cell Ligand = Immunogen and Antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humoral Immunogens = Primarily proteins Cell Mediated Immunogens = Proteins and some lipids or glycolipids Polysaccharides = Weaker immunogenicity than proteins Nucleic Acids = Generally poor immunogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccine insertion = Generates immune response via immunogens Recognition by antibodies = Transforms proteins from PAMP to antigen B-cell activation = Inferred from ligands administered in vivo TLR recognition = Context-dependent signaling for immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecular size = Significant for immunogenicity Complexity of the protein = Enhances immunogenic response Foreignness of molecule = Key factor for immune activation Conservation across species = May lead to poor immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA recognized by TLR = Can act as a PAMP and antigen Antibodies to flagellin = Indicates immune response to immunogen Chronic inflammation = May be stimulated by adjuvants Antigens in culture = Detected via Western blot techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Good immunogens = Often elicit strong immune responses Weak immunogens = Typically fail to incite notable immunity Self proteins with modifications = Can elicit immune responses despite tolerance Polyribonucleotides = Contribute to immune recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cells = Respond to humoral immunogens T-cells = Engage with cell-mediated immunogens Macrophages = Involved in innate recognition of PAMPs Antibodies = Bind specifically to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cells = Membrane Ig and soluble antigen interaction T-cells = Membrane TCR, recognizes peptide-MHC complex Helper T-cells = Require CD4 for MHC II interaction Cytotoxic T-cells = Require CD8 for MHC I interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epitopes = Recognized by T-cells and B-cells Antigens = Can consist of proteins, lipids, polysaccharides MHC molecules = Present processed antigens to T-cells Immunoglobulins = Produced by B-cells for antigen recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soluble antigen for B-cells = Yes Soluble antigen for T-cells = No Membrane bound antigens = Found on T-cells Processing required = Necessary for T-cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformational epitopes = Dependent on protein folding Sequential epitopes = Linear and may not require folding Accessible epitopes = Easily recognized by antibodies Mobile epitopes = Can move within a protein structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cells interaction = Requires membrane immunoglobulin and antigen T-cells interaction = Requires peptide presented by MHC Helper T-cells = Stimulate B-cells through cytokines Cytotoxic T-cells = Target infected cells based on antigen presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins = Most common type of antigen Lipids = Can serve as B-cell epitopes Polysaccharides = Recognized by immune system under specific conditions Amphipathic antigens = Interact with various immune receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophilic epitopes = Important for B-cell recognition Internal epitopes = Recognized by T-cells after processing Mobile epitopes = Enhance antibody binding ability MHC criteria = Necessary for T-cell recognition of antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cells = Only see external epitopes T-cells = See processed epitopes presented by MHC Antigen presenting cells = Bridge between humoral and cellular immunity Memory B-cells = Retain information about past antigens for quicker response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MHC Class I = Typically binds peptides of 9-11 amino acids MHC Class II = Typically binds peptides of 11-17 amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agretope = MHC binding site for antigens Epitope = TCR binding site for T cell recognition Immunodominance = Determined by MHC expression and TCR availability TCR = Receptor responsible for recognizing antigen-MHC complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophobic regions = Bind to MHC molecules Hydrophilic regions = Bind to TCR molecules Amphipathic peptides = Possess both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions Peptide anchoring = Ensures stability on MHC surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Killer T cells = Target and destroy infected or cancerous cells Helper T cells = Facilitate immune responses and help other immune cells Naive T cells = Initially recognize antigens but require activation Activated T cells = Proliferate and differentiate upon antigen recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal peptides = Generated during antigen processing Oligomeric peptides = Composed of 7-20 amino acids Conformational peptides = Maintained by protein folding Linear peptides = Recognized by specific antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TCR = Recognizes peptide-MHC complexes MHC = Presents peptide to T cells Antigen = Processed to form epitopes for presentation Peptide = Serves as the identity for T cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closed pocket of MHC = Binds peptides of 9-11 amino acids Flexible ends of MHC = Allows binding of longer peptides, 11-17 amino acids Hydrophobic binding = Anchors peptides to MHC Amphipathic binding = Facilitates TCR interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophobic amino acids = Essential for binding to MHC (Agrelope) Hydrophilic amino acids = Critical for binding to TCR (Epitope) Positive amino acids = Influence peptide-MHC interactions Neutral amino acids = Impact peptide flexibility and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunodominant epitopes = Predominantly recognized by the immune system Highly conserved epitopes = Less likely to elicit strong immune responses Peptides with dual roles = Engage both MHC and TCR Antigen processing-dependent epitopes = Generated from digested proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigen = Any molecule that can interact specifically with B-cell receptors Immunogen = A molecule that induces a specific immune response Epitope = Tiny piece of a target recognized by an antibody or T-cell receptor Immunogenicity = The ability of a substance to provoke an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-immunogenic antigens = Do not elicit an immune response Immunogenic antigens = Can provoke a specific immune response Lock and key mechanism = Concept used to describe antibody binding 3D structure requirement = Necessary for antibody recognition of an antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cell response = Targets antigens through antibodies T-cell response = Recognizes antigens via T-cell receptors Adaptive immune response = Specific and differentiates between related molecules Innate immune response = Non-specific and immediate reactions to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haptens = Small molecules that cannot induce an immune response on their own Proteins = Often act as immunogens due to their size and complexity Carbohydrates = Can also act as antigens but depend on structure Nucleic acids = Can serve as antigens but generally less effective as immunogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active immunity = Immunity gained through exposure to antigens Passive immunity = Immunity acquired through transfer of antibodies Natural immunity = Immunity developed through natural exposure to pathogens Artificial immunity = Immunity developed through vaccinations or medical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific immune responses = Elicit responses based on the exact structure of the antigen Innate immune responses = Provide the first line of defense and are non-specific Antibody-mediated immunity = Involves B-cells producing antibodies against antigens Cell-mediated immunity = Involves T-cells targeting infected or abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All immunogens are antigens = True statement regarding the relationship between the two Not all antigens are immunogens = Indicates the complexity of immune recognition Immune responses to food proteins = Generally do not occur in most individuals Peanut allergy = An example of an antigen provoking an immune response in certain individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigen processing = Breaking down antigens into epitopes for recognition by T-cells Antigen presentation = Displaying processed antigens on MHC molecules for T-cell recognition Priming of T-cells = Initial activation of T-cells upon encountering their specific antigen Memory cell formation = Creation of long-lived cells that respond more rapidly upon re-exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topographical accessibility = Epitopes must be visible on the molecular surface. Sequential epitope = Recognized based on a linear sequence of amino acids. Conformational epitope = Recognized based on overall 3D structure. Epitopes flexibility = Epitopes need to adapt in shape to bind properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjuvant A = Enhances phagocytosis and antigen presentation. Adjuvant B = Precipitates antigen to enhance uptake. Adjuvant C = Stimulates expression of molecules for T-cell help. Depo effect = Prolongs antigen exposure in tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunodominant epitopes = Epitopes that are recognized most effectively by the immune system. Pathogen evasion strategies = Pathogens present decoy epitopes to avoid immune recognition. B-cell recognition = Binding occurs primarily on the surface of the antigen. Antigenic determinants = Specific pieces of an antigen recognized by lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibody binding sites = Create physical interactions with distinct epitope shapes. Antigen variability = Pathogens alter surface proteins to evade detection. B-cell flexibility requirement = Necessary for proper docking in binding pockets. Overlap of epitopes = Different antibodies may recognize multiple regions on a single antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigens = Molecules recognized by the immune system. Antibodies = Proteins produced in response to specific epitopes. Epitopes = Sites on antigens that bind to antibodies. Immunoglobulins = B-cell receptors binding directly to antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophilic epitopes = Must be accessible to the aqueous environment. Loop structures = Preferred areas for binding due to flexibility. Major antibody binding sites = Structured conformations allowing multiple antibody interactions. Molecular surface recognition = B-cells see the exterior of antigens only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decoy epitopes = False signals to distract the immune system. Inaccessible epitopes = Hidden determinants shielded in protein folds. Glycoprotein presentation = Surface features of HIV designed to evade antibodies. Mutational escape = Rapid changes in surface proteins to avoid detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins = Enzymes or structural components of pathogens. Sugars = Polysaccharides found on bacterial surfaces. Nucleic acids = Viral RNA or DNA as potential antigens. Heavy metals = Certain metal ions considered foreign by the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Targeting immunodominant sites = Focus on effective regions for antibody binding. Avoiding pathogen preferences = Designing vaccines that ignore misleading epitopes. Utilization of adjuvants = Enhance immune response through prolonged antigen exposure. Epitopic variability = Importance of antigen diversity for effective immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformational epitope recognition = B-cells prefer flexible shapes. Epitopes size = Defined by the binding site of the antibody. Accessibility of epitopes = Necessity for binding to the external portions of antigens. Cell surface immunoglobulin = B-cell receptor for direct antigen recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunogenicity = The ability of a substance to provoke an immune response. Antigenicity = The capacity of an antigen to bind to immune components. Epitopes = Specific sites on antigens recognized by antibodies. Antibodies = Proteins made by B-cells to neutralize antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphocytes = White blood cells that recognize specific antigens. Macrophages = Phagocytic cells involved in antigen presentation. Antibodies = Soluble proteins that target specific antigens. Adjuvants = Substances enhancing the immune response to vaccines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cell recognition = Focuses on direct interaction with antigens. T-cell recognition = Requires processed antigens presented by MHC. Epitopes and affinity = The strength of binding of antibodies to specific epitopes. Immune specificity = The ability to distinguish between different antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Size = Influences the likelihood of being recognized by lymphocytes. Complexity = Diverse structures increase immunogenic potential. Foreign nature = Substances originating outside the host trigger stronger responses. Conformational variability = Different shapes allow various reactions from antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aggregating proteins = Prolongs antigen presence Co-stimulatory signals = Enhances immune response Inflammation signaling = Activates the immune system Jelly ball formation = Allows for debris clearance by macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adaptive immunity = Requires T cell activation and signals Innate immunity = Responds without prior exposure Cell-mediated immunity = Involves direct action of immune cells Humoral immunity = Involves antibodies and B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TLR ligands = Induce inflammatory responses Co-stimulatory signals = Enhance T cell activation Antigen clearance = Facilitates macrophage phagocytosis Debris clearance = Promotes immune memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freund's complete adjuvant = Enhances macrophage activity LPS (lipopolysaccharide) = Stimulates immune signaling Oil emulsions = Provides a depot effect Antigen presentation = Informs the immune system of dangers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Go signals = Indicate the necessity of an immune response No-go signals = Suggest no immediate action is required Help signals = Guide cells to respond to threats Antigen without adjuvant = Results in minimal immune activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigen = Any molecule that can interact specifically with the immunoglobulin receptor of B-cells Immunogen = A molecule that induces a specific immune response Immunoglobulin = Antibody that binds to specific antigens Epitopes = The specific part of an antigen that is recognized by immune receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adaptive immune response = Specific immunity that differentiates between closely related molecules Non-self proteins = Molecules that can elicit an immune response, such as allergens 3D Binding Pocket = The region of antibodies that binds specifically to antigens Food proteins = Typically do not elicit an immune response in most individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunogens = A subgroup of antigens that can elicit an immune response T-cell receptors = Recognize antigens complexed with MHC molecules B-cell receptors = Interact with specific antigens without MHC Antibody arms = Structure of antibodies that contain a binding pocket for antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peanut allergy = An example of antibodies recognizing normally harmless proteins Heavy metal ions = An antigen that can be specifically recognized due to its 3D structure Vaccine adjuvants = Substances that enhance immune response to an antigen Food proteins = Typically do not trigger immune responses in healthy individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunoglobulin binding = The specificity of antibodies to their target molecule Antigenic determinant = The precise site on an antigen that is recognized by an antibody Non-immunogenic antigens = Molecules that do not induce a specific immune response Antigen structure = The 3D shape that allows antibodies to bind effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not all antigens are immunogens = Only a subset of antigens can elicit an immune response Immunogenic potential = Determined by factors like molecular complexity and foreignness 3D structure necessity = Essential for a molecule to be effectively recognized by antibodies Lock and key model = Illustrates how antibodies fit their specific antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cells = Produce antibodies that bind to antigens T-cells = Recognize processed antigens via T-cell receptors Antibodies = Mediates the response to specific antigens MHC molecules = Present antigen fragments for T-cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allergic response = Occurs when the immune system erroneously identifies a harmless antigen as harmful Vaccine effectiveness = Involves the inclusion of immunogens to elicit a specific immune memory Autoimmune diseases = Result from the immune system attacking self-antigens Specificity of B-cells = Allows for the targeting of specific antigens based on their molecular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cell = Membrane Ig and antigen interaction T-cell = Membrane TCR with peptide-MHC complex Macrophage = Antigen processing and presenting Dendritic cell = Antigen presentation to T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cell = Recognizes conformational epitopes T-cell = Recognizes linear peptides TCR = Membrane-bound receptor for antigens Immunoglobulin = Secreted form involved in antibody response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soluble Antigen = Yes for B-cells Membrane-bound Antigen = No for T-cells Hydrophilic Antigen = Accessible for recognition Amphipathic Antigen = Internal and can be processed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cells = Membrane immunoglobulin T-cells = MHC and CD4/CD8 Cytotoxic T-cell = MHC class I Helper T-cell = MHC class II</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformational epitope = Requires 3D structure for recognition Sequential epitope = Linear sequence of amino acids T-cell epitope = Recognized only when presented with MHC B-cell epitope = Can be accessible on intact proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigen-antibody interaction = Specific recognition involving shapes TCR-antigen interaction = Requires peptide presented by MHC BCR-antigen interaction = Involves membrane immunoglobulin recognition Cytokine interaction = Enhances immune response among cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MHC = Presents peptides to T-cells CD4 = Helps T-cells in activating B-cells CD8 = Involved in cytotoxic T-cell function Immunoglobulin = Mediates humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epitope accessibility = Important for B-cell recognition MHC molecule variety = Determines T-cell specificity Peptide processing = Facilitated by antigen-presenting cells Antibody specificity = Based on unique binding sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linear epitope = Recognized by antibodies even when the protein is unfolded Conformational epitope = Dependent on 3D structure of the protein for recognition B-cell epitope = Can be seen as continuous amino acid sequences T-cell epitope = Requires processing and presentation with MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies binding to conformational epitopes = Dependent on the spatial arrangement of loops in protein Antibodies binding to linear epitopes = Can attach even when epitope is linearized Importance of loops in conformational binding = Provide a surface that antibodies recognize Effect of unfolding proteins on antibody binding = Destroys the conformational epitope unless linear epitope is present</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) = Molecules that present processed Ag to T-cells Immunogenicity = The ability of a substance to provoke an immune response B-cells = Cells that bind to both linear and conformational epitopes T-cell recognition = Specific to processed protein and some glycolipid epitopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of conformation = Results in loss of binding for conformational antibodies Continuous sequences = Remain recognized by antibodies even when folded Surface presentation = Enhances efficient binding for B-cell receptors Complex protein structure = More likely to yield diverse epitopes for immune recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cells = Recognize both linear and conformational epitopes T-cells = Recognize only processed peptides presented by MHC Helper T-cells = Assist in activating B-cells upon recognizing epitopes Cytotoxic T-cells = Target infected or anomalous cells presenting specific epitopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sequential epitope = Made up of consecutive amino acids on a protein chain Non-sequential epitope = Requires the specific arrangement of amino acid segments in 3D B-cell epitope = May consist of a variety of primary structures Processed T-cell epitope = Must be presented with MHC after degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibody responses = Can be influenced by the nature of the epitope Conformational changes = Impact the stability of antibody binding Linear epitope recognition = Essential for antibody binding regardless of unfolding B-cell trigger = Requires optimal epitope structure for effective activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells = Can recognize any substance with a 3D shape T cells = Only recognize peptides presented by MHC MHC = Presents antigens to T cells CD1 = Presents lipids to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding to linear epitopes = Remains effective even after denaturation of the protein Binding to conformational epitopes = Dependent on maintaining the 3-dimensional surface of the protein Flexibility of epitopes = Enhances antibody binding interactions Multidomain proteins = Provide a rich source of diverse epitopes for immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foreignness = The degree to which a molecule is considered non-self Immunogenicity = The ability of a substance to provoke an immune response Tolerization = The process of the immune system learning to accept self-proteins Phylogenetic distance = The evolutionary difference between species</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bovine Serum Albumin = Immunogenic when injected into chickens Collagen = May not be recognized as foreign in mice Cytochrome c = Highly conserved but may lack immunogenicity Chicken DNA = Morphologically similar to human DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptides = Displayed by MHC molecules for T cell recognition Antibodies = Produced by B cells to neutralize antigens Lipids = Recognized by CD1 molecules in the immune system Self proteins = Tolerized to prevent autoimmune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More phylogenetic distance = Increased likelihood of an immune response Highly conserved proteins = Less likely to provoke an immune response Autoimmunity = Failure of the immune system to tolerate self-proteins Peptide size (8-15 a.a.) = Optimal binding for T cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells = Recognize complex structures T cells = See linear peptides only MHC molecules = Essential for T cell antigen presentation Antigens = Stimulate an immune response based on foreignness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self proteins = Potential for autoimmune reactions Structure of conserved molecules = Difficulty in eliciting an immune response Vaccines = Need for effective adjuvants Synthetic molecules = Generally poor immunogenic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigen processing = Conversion of proteins into peptides Antigen presenting cells = Show antigens to T cells Immune memory = Long-lasting protection after initial exposure B cell activation = Triggered by recognizing 3D shapes of antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers