Immunology & Prions Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of B cells in the adaptive immune system?

  • To punch holes in germ surfaces
  • To engulf harmful germs
  • To store memory of past infections
  • To produce antibodies (correct)

Innate immunity is the second line of defense that operates after the adaptive response.

False (B)

What disease in cows is caused by prions and affects their brain and nervous system?

Mad Cow Disease

The process where immune cells engulf and digest germs is called ______.

<p>phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of antibody with its primary response:

<p>IgM = First response to infection IgG = Secondary response for faster defense IgA = Mucosal immunity IgE = Allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key component of innate immunity?

<p>T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation only occurs as a result of allergic reactions in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms appear in humans infected with vCJD due to Mad Cow Disease?

<p>Depression, personality changes, loss of movement control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines provides instructions for cells to make a protein from a virus to trigger an immune response?

<p>mRNA Vaccines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Canine Parvovirus is transmitted through indirect contact with an infected dog.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of Fungal Diseases like Coccidioidomycosis?

<p>Cough, fever, and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heartworms primarily live in the ______ of dogs.

<p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vaccine types with their characteristics:

<p>Live Attenuated = Contains a weakened version of the virus Inactivated = Contains dead virus and may need boosters Subunit = Only parts of the germ, very safe mRNA Vaccines = Provide instructions for cells to make a virus protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance?

<p>Overuse of antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bovine Respiratory Disease can be worsened by stress and crowded living conditions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one common type of helminthic infection and its effect.

<p>Tapeworm; it lives in the intestines and absorbs nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Innate Immunity

The body's immediate defense system, reacting instantly to germs. It includes barriers, phagocytic cells, and complement proteins.

Adaptive Immunity

Specialized cells (B cells and T cells) that target specific invaders, creating a 'memory' for quicker responses to future infections.

Phagocytosis

The process where immune cells engulf and break down harmful germs or dead cells. They also present pieces of these invaders for recognition by other immune cells.

Inflammation

A natural response to infection that causes redness, swelling, warmth, and pain. This process helps isolate the infection and promote healing.

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Antibodies

Proteins made by B cells that bind to specific germs and mark them for destruction. Different antibodies have unique roles.

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Primary Immune Response

The body's first response to an infection, mainly using IgM antibodies.

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Secondary Immune Response

The faster, stronger response to a previously encountered germ, mainly using IgG antibodies.

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Prions

Abnormal proteins that can cause brain diseases in animals and humans, unlike regular germs, they don't have DNA or RNA.

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Canine Parvovirus

A highly contagious virus that affects a dog's intestines, leading to severe vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.

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Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

A virus that weakens a cat's immune system, making them vulnerable to other illnesses, similar to HIV in humans.

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Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)

A fungal infection caused by inhaling spores found in soil, often leading to respiratory problems like coughing, fever, and fatigue.

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Flatworms (Tapeworms)

Parasitic worms that live in the intestines and absorb nutrients through their body surface.

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Roundworms (Heartworms)

Parasitic worms that live in organs like the heart or intestines, causing various health issues.

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Live Attenuated Vaccine

A type of vaccine that contains a weakened version of the virus, providing strong and long-lasting immunity.

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Inactivated Vaccine

A vaccine that uses a dead version of the virus, offering a safer alternative that might require booster shots.

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Subunit Vaccine

A type of vaccine that only presents certain parts of the germ, offering high safety and minimal risk.

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Study Notes

IMMUNOLOGY & IMMUNE SYSTEM

  • Innate immunity is the body's immediate defense against germs
    • Barriers like skin and stomach acid prevent germ entry
    • Phagocytic cells ("eat" harmful germs)
    • Complement proteins attack germs
  • Adaptive immunity targets specific invaders
    • B cells produce antibodies that mark germs for destruction
    • T cells find and kill infected cells or assist B cells
    • Memory cells remember past infections, allowing faster response to future encounters
  • Phagocytosis: Immune cells engulf and digest germs or dead cells
  • Inflammation: Body isolates infected area, prevents spread, promotes healing
  • Antibodies (e.g., IgM, IgG, IgA) play unique roles in defense
    • Primary response (IgM): Fulfills the initial defense
    • Secondary response (IgG): Provides stronger defense in the future

PRIONS & MAD COW DISEASE

  • Prions are abnormal proteins causing brain diseases in animals and humans
    • Unlike regular germs, prions lack DNA or RNA
  • Mad Cow Disease (BSE): Affects cows' brains and nervous systems
  • Preventing BSE in cattle:
    • Banning specific animal products from cattle feed
    • Rigorous testing to exclude affected animals from the food supply
  • Symptoms in cows: nervous behavior, weight loss, difficulty moving
  • Symptoms in humans (vCJD): depression, personality changes, loss of movement control, and death

CANINE & FELINE VIRAL DISEASES

  • Rabies: Dangerous viral brain infection spread through bites
    • Symptoms: strange behavior, difficulty swallowing, aggression
    • Prevention: animal vaccines, human post-exposure shots
  • Canine Parvovirus: Virus impacting the dog's intestines
    • Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration
    • Transmission: Direct contact, contaminated objects
  • Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV): Virus weakening the feline immune system
    • Transmission: saliva, nasal secretions, other body fluids
    • Similar to HIV in humans, weakening immune system.

DISEASES FROM FUNGI & PARASITES

  • Fungal Diseases (e.g., Coccidioidomycosis or Valley Fever): Fungal spores inhaled from soil
    • Symptoms: Cough, fever, fatigue
  • Helminthic Infections (Parasitic Worms)
    • Types:
      • Flatworms (e.g., tapeworms): Live in the intestines, absorbing nutrients
      • Roundworms (e.g., heartworms): Live in organs like the heart or intestines
      • Pinworms (itching around anus), Hookworms (enter skin, causing anemia), Heartworms (lead to death)

PHARMACOLOGY & VACCINES

  • Vaccines: Teach the body to fight germs without getting sick
    • Types:
      • Live attenuated: Weakened virus (strong, long-lasting immunity)
      • Inactivated: Dead virus (safer, may need boosters)
      • Subunit: Parts of the germ
      • mRNA: Instructions for cells to create virus proteins (e.g., COVID-19)
  • Herd immunity: If most people are vaccinated, spreading of disease is greatly reduced
  • Antibiotic resistance: Some bacteria no longer respond to antibiotics
  • Vaccine failure: Animals may already be ill, or vaccine quality/storage issues.

BOVINE & EQUINE DISEASES

  • Bovine Respiratory Disease: Affects cattle lungs caused by multiple germs
    • Worsened by stressful and crowded conditions
  • Horse Diseases
    • Strangles: Highly contagious infection of the throat and lymph nodes
    • West Nile Virus: Transmitted by mosquitos, leading to brain swelling

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