Immunology Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the focus of Lecture 16?

  • Nutrient uptake
  • Innate immune response
  • Adaptive immune response & Bioassays (correct)
  • Cell Culture Laboratory

Which lecture provides a recap of contamination control?

  • Lecture 3
  • Lecture 5 (correct)
  • Lecture 4
  • Lecture 2

How does the adaptive immune system primarily differ from the innate immune system?

  • It does not require previous exposure to a pathogen.
  • It involves only macrophages.
  • It is faster and has immediate responses.
  • It is specific to pathogens and has memory. (correct)

Which lectures recap the concepts from Lectures 12, 13, and 14?

<p>Lecture 11 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the goals of the adaptive immune system discussed in the overview?

<p>To define adaptive immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are associated with cell-mediated immunity?

<p>T-cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which week is the overview lecture of the Immune System scheduled?

<p>Week 12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is characterized by the production of antibodies?

<p>Humoral immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of adaptive immunity?

<p>It develops after exposure to a specific antigen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves the development of your own antibodies?

<p>Active Immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which T-cell type helps in the maturation of B cells?

<p>CD4+ Helper Cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does passive immunity primarily involve?

<p>Antibodies produced elsewhere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes memory T cells?

<p>They can rapidly expand upon re-exposure to an antigen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions fits humoral immunity?

<p>Mediated by antibodies produced by B cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does active immunity occur?

<p>Through vaccination or natural exposure to antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The role of CD8+ Cytotoxic Cells primarily involves which function?

<p>Causing lysis of virus-infected and tumor cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes natural killer T cells from other T cells?

<p>They can recognize a broader range of antigen classes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when T-cells are activated by antigens?

<p>Antigen presentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of MHC protein is found on all nucleated cells?

<p>MHC Class-I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells present MHC Class-II proteins?

<p>Antigen-presenting cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of a Cytotoxic T-Cell response?

<p>Antigen recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do activated cytotoxic T-cells primarily do?

<p>Recognize and eliminate infected cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens after T-cells are activated through antigen recognition?

<p>They divide and produce active and memory cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these cells is NOT directly involved in antigen presentation?

<p>Red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for an antibody?

<p>Immunoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibodies is responsible for the majority of defense against viruses and bacteria?

<p>IgG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of IgM antibodies?

<p>Facilitating blood compatibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves antibodies binding to pathogens to make them easier for phagocytes to engulf?

<p>Opsonization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IgE antibodies in the immune response?

<p>Stimulating inflammatory responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody type binds antigens in extracellular fluid to aid in B cell sensitization?

<p>IgD (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism involves antibodies making pathogens incapable of attaching to cells?

<p>Neutralization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first antibody type produced following initial exposure to an antigen?

<p>IgM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an antigen is covered with antibodies?

<p>It attracts phagocytes that engulf the pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody is produced first during the primary immune response?

<p>IgM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the secondary immune response from the primary immune response?

<p>Memory B cells create plasma cells immediately. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of memory cells in the immune system?

<p>They can live for over 20 years. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the adaptive immune response?

<p>It develops only after exposure to specific antigens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of B-cells in the humoral adaptive immunity?

<p>To produce antibodies against antigens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the primary immune response take to develop peak antibody levels?

<p>About two weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the mechanism by which antibodies enhance the ability of phagocytes to engulf pathogens?

<p>Opsonization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of active cytotoxic T-cells?

<p>To destroy antigen-bearing cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must occur for a B-cell to become active following sensitization?

<p>B-cell must receive a signal from helper T-cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the activation of B-cells, what role do cytokines play?

<p>They stimulate further B-cell differentiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of cells that activated B-cells differentiate into?

<p>Plasma cells and memory B cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of an antibody?

<p>Two parallel polypeptide chains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are classified based on what component?

<p>The type of constant segments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of plasma cells?

<p>To synthesize and secrete antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to memory B cells when the same antigen is encountered again?

<p>They quickly differentiate into plasma cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity

A specific defense mechanism that targets particular pathogens or foreign substances. It involves the development of memory cells and antibodies, providing long-lasting protection against re-infection.

Cell-mediated Immunity

A type of adaptive immunity that relies on T cells to directly attack and destroy infected cells or pathogens. It is effective against intracellular pathogens.

Antibody-mediated Immunity

A type of adaptive immunity that involves B cells producing antibodies, which specifically bind to antigens and neutralize pathogens or foreign substances.

Antigen

A molecule or substance that triggers an immune response, specifically recognized by the adaptive immune system.

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Memory Cells

Special lymphocytes generated during an immune response that remember specific antigens and rapidly activate upon subsequent exposure.

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Innate Immunity

A non-specific, immediate defense system that provides the first line of protection against various pathogens and threats.

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Humoral Immunity

Another term for antibody-mediated immunity, emphasizing the role of antibodies circulating in the blood.

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T cells

White blood cells that play a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity and adaptive immune responses.

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Passive Immunity

The immunity obtained when antibodies are transferred from another source, such as a mother to her baby or through artificial means like monoclonal antibody therapy.

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Cellular Immunity

The type of adaptive immunity that involves T-cells directly attacking infected cells or cancer cells.

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CD4+ Helper T cells

A type of T-cell that helps activate other immune cells like B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells, playing a crucial role in coordinating the immune response.

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CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells

A type of T-cell that directly destroys infected cells and cancer cells by releasing toxic substances.

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Natural Killer T Cells

A type of T cell that can recognize antigens other than those presented by MHC class molecules. They function similarly to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after activation.

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Antigen Presentation

The process by which antigens are displayed on the surface of cells, allowing T cells to recognize and respond to them.

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MHC Proteins: What are they?

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins are cell surface molecules that bind and display antigens to T cells.

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MHC Class-I: Where is it found?

MHC Class-I proteins are found on all nucleated cells in the body.

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MHC Class-I: Function

MHC Class-I presents antigens to cytotoxic T cells, triggering an immune response against infected or cancerous cells.

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MHC Class-II: Where is it found?

MHC Class-II proteins are found on specialized antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

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MHC Class-II: Function

MHC Class-II presents antigens to helper T cells, initiating an immune response by activating other immune cells.

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Cytotoxic T Cell Activation Steps

Cytotoxic T cells are activated through a series of steps: 1. Antigen recognition, 2. Activation & Division, 3. Elimination.

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What does a cytotoxic T cell do?

A cytotoxic T cell directly destroys infected cells or cells with foreign antigens by releasing perforin, cytokines, and lymphotoxin.

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What is sensitization in B cell response?

Sensitization is the process where a B cell encounters an antigen, binds to it, and internalizes it. The B cell then displays the antigen on its MHC-II molecules, becoming 'sensitized' but not yet active.

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What is the role of helper T cells in B cell activation?

Helper T cells activate sensitized B cells by releasing cytokines when they encounter the same antigen presented on the B cell's MHC-II molecule.

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What are the two main cell types B cells differentiate into after activation?

Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells.

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What is the function of plasma cells?

Plasma cells produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigen encountered.

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What is the function of memory B cells?

Memory B cells 'remember' the antigen and can quickly differentiate into more plasma cells if the same antigen is encountered again, providing faster and stronger immune response.

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What are the two types of polypeptide chains in an antibody?

An antibody molecule has two short light chains and two long heavy chains.

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What are the five classes of antibodies?

Antibodies are classified into five types based on their constant segments: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD.

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Antibody binding site

The specific region on an antibody where it attaches to an antigen. This region is unique to each antibody and determines which antigen it can bind to.

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Immunoglobulin (Ig)

Another name for an antibody, often used when classifying types of antibodies, like IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD.

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IgG

The most abundant type of antibody in the blood, responsible for long-term protection against various pathogens and toxins.

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IgM

The first antibody type produced during an initial exposure to an antigen. It is responsible for blood type incompatibility.

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IgA

Found in secretions like mucus, tears, and saliva, it helps prevent pathogens from entering the body.

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Neutralization

A way antibodies work by binding to viruses or bacterial toxins and preventing them from attaching to cells, effectively neutralizing their harmful effects.

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Agglutination

Antibodies bind to multiple pathogens, clumping them together, making them larger and easier for phagocytic cells to engulf and destroy.

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Complement Activation

Antibodies activate the complement system, a group of proteins that help to destroy pathogens by punching holes in their membranes, triggering inflammation, and attracting phagocytes.

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What is the role of antibodies in attracting phagocytes?

Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction. This acts as a signal to phagocytes, which are attracted to the antigen-antibody complex and engulf the pathogens.

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What is the main function of the complement system?

The complement system is a group of proteins that work together to destroy pathogens by creating pores in their cell membranes, leading to their lysis (bursting).

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What is the difference between the primary and secondary immune response?

The primary immune response is the first encounter with an antigen, leading to slower antibody production. The secondary response is faster and more robust due to memory cells, resulting in higher and longer-lasting antibody levels.

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Why is immunization effective?

Vaccination exposes the body to weakened antigens, triggering a primary immune response with the creation of memory cells. These memory cells quickly produce antibodies upon subsequent exposure to the actual pathogen, preventing or mitigating illness.

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How do T-cells contribute to adaptive immunity?

T-cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They directly attack infected cells or pathogens, destroying them via cytotoxic T-cells, or help activate other immune cells through helper T-cells.

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What is the role of B-cells in humoral immunity?

B-cells produce antibodies that bind to antigens and neutralize pathogens. They differentiate into plasma cells that release antibodies and memory cells that retain the ability to recognize the antigen quickly.

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What is the significance of immunological memory?

Immunological memory refers to the long-lived memory cells generated during an immune response. These cells can quickly expand and produce antibodies upon re-exposure to the same antigen, providing rapid and robust protection.

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How are innate and adaptive immunity connected?

Both innate and adaptive immunity work together to protect the body. The innate immune system acts as the first line of defense, while the adaptive immune system provides targeted and long-lasting protection, sometimes initiated by signals from the innate system.

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Study Notes

Schedule and Topics (Weeks 1-12)

  • Week 1: Lecture Module Introduction
  • Week 2: Cell Culture Lab Layout, Equipment, and Materials (Lecture 1 & 2)
  • Week 3: Contamination control (Lecture 3 & 4)
  • Week 4: Recap of contamination control, lectures 2-5 (sample assessment questions)
  • Week 5: Nutrient Uptake (Lecture 6 & 7)
  • Week 6: Biology of Culture Cells (Lecture 8) and Cell Culture Media (Lecture 9)
  • Week 7: Cell culture media (lecture 10, postponed)
  • Week 8: Lab 3 data analysis, Cell culture media (Lecture 10 & 11)
  • Week 9: Growing mammalian cells (Lecture 12)
  • Week 10: Recap of lectures 8-11 (sample assessment questions), monitoring growth (Lecture 13), cryopreservation (Lecture 14)
  • Week 11: Innate immune response (Lecture 15), adaptive immune response and bioassays (Lecture 16)
  • Week 12: Revision (Mon 2nd Dec), and a final recap and assessment (Tue 3rd Dec)

Week 12 Schedule, Topics, and Assessments

  • Revision,
  • Final recap and assessments

Immune System Overview (Lecture 16)

  • Introduction: Adaptive immunity following innate immunity
  • Adaptive Immunity: Forms and properties, difference between cell-mediated (T-cells) and antibody-mediated (B-cells) immunity
  • Immune System Diagram: Shows innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) branches, and interaction between the two
  • Adaptive Immunity Key Features: Not present at birth, specific, develops after exposure to a specific antigen, can be active or passive, and immunological memory
  • Adaptive Immunity: Active (natural, artificial), Passive (natural, artificial)
  • Humoral and Cellular Adaptive Immunity: Diagrams depicting humoral and cellular immunity processes- B cells, T cells, Antigen presentation, Cell division and differentiation, Antibody production, Cytotoxic response-
  • The T-cell response: CD4+ Helper Cells, CD8+ Cytotoxic Cells, Memory T Cells, Natural Killer T Cells. These cells function based on recognizing MHC class molecules, except natural killer T cells which recognize other antigen classes. They are capable of executing similar functions as CD4+ and CD8+ cells post-activation.
  • The T-cell response: T-cells activated by antigens binding to specific receptors, the antigen presentation process (important for innate immunity), two types of receptors: MHC Class I and MHC Class II (one binds cells, while the other binds specialized APCs like dendritic cells) to activate cytotoxic T cells, stages of cytotoxic T cell response (antigen recognition, activation and division, destruction of target cell)
  • The B-cell response: B cells produce antibodies, sensitisation (antibodies bind antigen in blood), activation (T cells attach to antigen), division and differentiation (plasma cells and memory B cells, plasma cells creating large amounts of antibodies)
  • Antibody Structure and Function: antibody structure (Y-shaped, heavy and light chains, Antigen binding site, variable and constant segments), classification (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD)
  • Classes of Antibodies: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD (brief description of each class and its function)
  • Antibody function: Neutralization, Agglutination, Complement activation, Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated Cell Toxicity (ADCC), Opsonization, and stimulate inflammation.
  • Immunological Memory: primary (First encounter) and secondary (Repeated exposure) antibody responses. The primary response takes 2 weeks to develop a peak antibody response. The secondary response antibody concentrations quickly rise to significant levels and remain elevated.

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Lecture 16: Adaptive Immune Response & Bioassays - PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the adaptive and innate immune systems with this comprehensive quiz. Explore key concepts such as memory T cells, humoral immunity, and the roles of different immune cells. Perfect for students studying immunology in detail.

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