Immunology Overview and Key Discoveries
72 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Who substantiated the concept of immunological surveillance in 1970?

  • D. Edelman and P. Porter
  • Frank Burnet and Lewis Thomas (correct)
  • J. Snell and J. Dosset
  • J. Dosset and B. Benacerraf

    • What important factor is indispensable for the development of thymocytes?

  • Interleukin 6
  • Interleukin 2
  • Thymosin Alpha 1
  • Interleukin 7 (correct)

    • Which cells are known to neutralize antigens without prior contact?

  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils (correct)
  • T cells
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells (correct)

    • At what age does accelerated involution of the thymus typically begin?

    <p>After puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest population of lymphocytes found in the human body?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine includes live but attenuated microorganisms?

    <p>Live Attenuated Vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is considered an incomplete antigen?

    <p>Hapten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is primarily responsible for synthesizing the components of the complement system?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Fab region of an antibody?

    <p>Bind to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells play a crucial role in the antigen-dependent differentiation of T-lymphocytes?

    <p>Lymphocytes in lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily found in mucosal areas, such as the gut and respiratory track?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily responsible for producing antibodies in the immune system?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of how the complement system aids in fighting infections?

    <p>Membrane perforation of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of B lymphocytes in humoral immunity?

    <p>They produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are classified as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

    <p>Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organ does antigen-independent differentiation of T-lymphocytes occur?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in inflammation?

    <p>It serves as a marker for inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of immunoglobulin is produced first during an immune response?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are Kupffer cells?

    <p>Macrophages found in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the complement system become activated via the alternative pathway?

    <p>By lipopolysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of perforin in immune response?

    <p>To induce apoptosis in target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of using cytokines in therapy?

    <p>To enhance immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are involved in the recognition of self versus non-self in the immune system?

    <p>Histocompatibility antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the immune system?

    <p>Pathogen defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are involved in inflammasome formation?

    <p>Nod-like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Hassall's cells?

    <p>Promote T-cell maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following receptors primarily recognizes viral RNA in the cytoplasm?

    <p>RIG-I and MDA5 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cytokine that plays a significant role in IgA production within MALT?

    <p>TGF-β</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Synovial membrane of joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are most actively involved in immune phagocytosis?

    <p>Macrophages and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organ is antigen stimulation and the development of specific immune responses primarily located?

    <p>Spleen and lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the antigenicity of a substance primarily depend on?

    <p>Chemical structure of the antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of secretory IgA molecules?

    <p>Dimer with a J-chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of adaptive immunity is characterized by the absence of immunological memory?

    <p>Passive Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are NOT classified as antigen-presenting cells?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial stage of phagocytosis?

    <p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunoglobulin is primarily found in mucosal immunity?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells possess the ability to produce acute phase proteins during an immune response?

    <p>Hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process enables macrophages to realize an immune response by presenting antigens?

    <p>HLA-2 Presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the specific interaction between an epitope and a paratope?

    <p>Specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main requirement for successful transplant engraftment?

    <p>HLA Compatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The complement system's alternative pathway is primarily characterized by which component?

    <p>C3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is known to cross the placenta?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main purpose of adjuvants in vaccines is to:

    <p>Enhance Immune Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of a secondary immune response compared to a primary immune response?

    <p>Higher Antibody Affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are known to play a role in anti-tumor defense?

    <p>Natural Killer Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test assesses the functional state of B- and T-lymphocytes?

    <p>Flow Cytometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Fc-fragment of an antibody?

    <p>Participate in activation of cells of innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is predominantly found in the blood of newborns?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism through which T-killer cells perform cell destruction?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily involved in antibody production during the humoral immune response?

    <p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play in the immune system?

    <p>Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are known to stimulate interferon-gamma production?

    <p>IL-12, IL-18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of induced tolerance?

    <p>Antigen-specific suppression of immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which types of hypersensitivity reactions does IgE play a predominant role?

    <p>Immediate-type hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocytes are found as phagocytic cells in the human body?

    <p>Neutrophils, macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of anaphylaxis?

    <p>Rapid onset and potentially life-threatening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proteins that enhance phagocytosis called?

    <p>Opsonins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immunoglobulin is produced in response to an allergen during the initial phase of atopy?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is characterized by the production of antibodies from plasma cells?

    <p>Humoral Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity does urticaria and anaphylaxis classify under?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity involves T cells and is classified as cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of vaccines may serve as an adjuvant?

    <p>Aluminum Salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical example of type III hypersensitivity?

    <p>Rheumatoid Arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is indicative of a recently transmitted infection?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is key for the high proliferative activity of sensitized lymphocytes?

    <p>Sensitized T Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine contains microorganisms that are alive but weakened?

    <p>Live Attenuated Vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of memory B and T cells?

    <p>Provide immunological memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of complement antibodies in the immune response?

    <p>Enhancing phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are involved in innate immunity?

    <p>NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is typical in hemolytic disease of the newborn?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of T-helper cells in the immune response?

    <p>B cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immunological Surveillance

    • Supported by Frank Burnet and Lewis Thomas in 1970.
    • Confirmed by various scientific studies and observations.

    Antibody Structure Discovery

    • Discovered by D. Edelman and P. Porter in 1959.
    • Refers to the structure of antibodies.

    Nobel Prize for MHC

    • Awarded to J. Dosset, B. Benacerraf, and J. Snell for their discovery of the Major Histocompatibility Complex.

    Immune Defence Levels

    • Organism's defense is categorized as innate and adaptive.
    • The immune response is categorized and defined as having innate and adaptive components.

    Immunobiological Drug Groups

    • Include monoclonal antibodies.
    • Other immunobiological drugs are likely included and may vary by source/study.

    Thymocyte Development Factors

    • Interleukin 7 and thymosins are crucial.
    • Crucial factors for thymocyte development are present.

    Thymus Involution

    • Accelerated involution begins after puberty (around 12-14 years old).
    • Thymus involution is associated with age, with accelerated changes following puberty.

    Lymphocyte Population

    • T cells are the largest population of lymphocytes.
    • More details on lymphocyte populations and their respective roles should be present for further explanation including B cells and NK cells which are also critical components.

    T-Lymphocyte Differentiation

    • Antigen-dependent differentiation and proliferation occur in secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and spleen.
    • Antigen-dependent T cell differentiation and proliferation occur in specific lymphoid organs and secondary lymphoid organs.

    Antigen Neutralisation Cells

    • Neutrophils and Natural Killer (NK) cells neutralize antigens without prior exposure or antigen-dependent differentiation.

    • Neutrophils and NK cells are important innate immune cells.

    • Additional cells may also play a role in antigen neutralization.

    • Macrophages: Phagocytic cells of the immune system.

    • Live Attenuated Vaccine (e.g., MMR): A type of vaccine containing attenuated but live microorganisms.

    • Antigen: A substance recognized by the immune system and can stimulate an immune response.

    • Immunoglobulins (Ig): Serum proteins produced by B cells, binding to antigens for neutralization or marking for destruction by other immune cells. Classes include IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD.

    • Plasma cells: Antibody-producing cells.

    • Fab region: The region of an antibody that binds to an antigen.

    • Liver: Organ where complement system components are mainly synthesized.

    • Complement System: A complex of defense proteins constantly present in the blood, enhancing the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens.

    • Hapten: An incomplete antigen.

    • B Lymphocytes: Responsible for humoral immunity, producing antibodies.

    • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs): Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.

    • Class I histocompatibility antigens: Present on all nucleated cells (except erythrocytes).

    • T lymphocytes: Play a crucial role in the specific immune response.

    • Specific defenses of the organism: Alien (pathogen) → Presenting (APCs process and display antigens) → Recognition (T-cells, B-cells) → Neutralizing (Antibodies, Cytotoxic T-cells) → Memory Formation (Memory T-cells, B-cells) -> Rapid Response Upon Re-exposure

    • APC (Antigen Presenting Cell): Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells; the first cell to interact with the antigen

    • Antigen-independent differentiation of T-lymphocytes occurs in: Thymus

    • C-reactive protein (CRP): Increases in the acute phase of bacterial inflammation.

    • Exotoxins: Harmful bacterial proteins neutralized by specific antibodies.

    • Light chain domains: 1 variable (VL) and 1 constant (CL) domain, allowing antigen recognition and immune functions.

    • MHC: Molecule presenting antigens to lymphocytes.

    • Alternative pathway of complement activation: Activated by lipopolysaccharide.

    • Cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IFN-alpha): Used in therapy to enhance immune response.

    • Complement membrane-attack complex: Component C5b-C9.

    • Classical pathway activation of complement system: c1 binds to antigen-antibody complex.

    • Properdin: Serum protein required in alternative complement activation.

    • Perforin: Forms pores in target cell membranes, allowing entry of granzymes for killing.

    • Paul Ehrlich: Coined the term "complement" in 1899.

    • Langerhans cells: Macrophages localized in the skin.

    • Histocompatibility antigens: Molecules involved in antigen presentation and immune recognition.

    • Immunosuppressive therapy: Used to suppress rejection in organ/tissue transplantation.

    • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.

    • IgM: Synthesized first.

    • Antigen-Presenting Cell: Cell presenting the antigen to lymphocytes.

    • Kupffer cells: Specialized macrophages in the liver.

    • Passive Immunity: Type of adaptive immunity without immunological memory

    • Chemotaxis: The first stage of phagocytosis

    • Tolerance: Absence of immune response to a particular antigen while responding to others.

    • Phagocytes: Part of the body's non-specific defense factors

    • Hepatocytes: Cells that produce acute-phase proteins.

    • Memory Cells: Basis for immunological memory.

    • Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils: Not antigen-presenting cells.

    • CD4 molecule: Binds to MHC class II.

    • IgA (mucosal immunity): Major immunoglobulin in healthy upper respiratory tract secretions.

    • HLA-2 (Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II): Macrophage form of antigen presentation.

    • Thymus: T-killer cells (CD8) differentiate

    • Monocytes: Origin of macrophages.

    • IgG: Only immunoglobulin that passes through the placenta.

    • IgE tropism: Basophils; triggers allergic reactions.

    • Memory + Plasma Cells: Result of antigen-dependent B-lymphocyte differentiation.

    • Peter Medawar: Contributed to transplantation immunity.

    • CD4+ and CD8+: T-cell phenotypes.

    • IgG heavy chain domains: 1 variable, 3 constant domains.

    • Effector T cells (Th1, Th2, Helper): T lymphocyte differentiation in peripheral organs.

    • Alternative pathway of complement activation characteristic: C3

    • Inactivated vaccines (e.g., rabies, polio, Hep A): Vaccine group.

    • T helper cells, macrophages, dendritic cells: Synthesize interleukins.

    • Primary immunoprophylaxis: Formation of immunity, preventing disease.

    • ELISA method for HIV/AIDS diagnosis: Determines specific antibodies or antigens.

    • Lymphocyte transfusion test, flow cytometry, Immunofluorescence test: Tests to assess functional state of B- and T-lymphocytes.

    • Nylon test, Nitroblue tetrazolium test: Test to assess the phagocytic system.

    • Precipitation reaction: Used to determine the concentration of different immunoglobulin classes.

    • Agglutinins alpha and beta: Found in blood plasma.

    • Agglutinogens A and B: Located on RBC surfaces.

    • Agglutination: Determining blood groups and presence of specific antigens.

    • Rh factor determination: Agglutination test using anti-D serum.

    • Complement fixation test: Serological reaction using the hemolytic system as an indicator.

    • Arthus reaction: Local hyperergic inflammatory reaction.

    • Opsonization: Antibodies enhance phagocytic activity.

    • Antigen detection knob evaluation: Affinity, tests, ELISA.

    • Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells: All involved in extracellular parasite destruction.

    • Opsonins (C3b, antibodies): Proteins enhancing phagocytosis.

    • IgM (decavalent): Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine subtype

    • Bone marrow: Site of normal, juvenile white blood cell formation.

    • Type I hypersensitivity: All atopic disorders are part of this hypersensitivity type.

    • Antigen-antibody complex: Reason for specificity of serological reactions.

    • IgE: Initial allergen ingestion in atopy.

    • Cells per microliter (µL): Unit for white blood cell count.

    • Urticaria, anaphylaxis: Clinical manifestations of type I hypersensitivity.

    • Aluminum salts: Example of adjuvant in vaccines.

    • Hemolytic disease of newborn: Fetal and maternal blood incompatibility.

    • Type II hypersensitivity: Mechanism for development of hemolytic disease of the newborn.

    • Type IV hypersensitivity: Cell-mediated immunity; does not involve antibody/immune complex.

    • IgG and IgM: Antibody type involved in type II hypersensitivity.

    • T helper: Antigen interacts with cell during GST

    • Humoral immunity (IgE): Mechanism of immediate hypersensitivity.

    • Memory B, T cells: Basis for immunological memory

    • Naive T lymphocytes: Differentiation of CD8+ cells.

    • Type II hypersensitivity: Antibody-dependent cytotoxic allergic reactions

    • Hemolytic transfusion reaction: ABO-system conflict complication.

    • Booster doses: Live attenuated vaccines are often required.

    • Serum sickness, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: Examples of type III hypersensitivity.

    • IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE: Sequence of antibody synthesis in the effector phase.

    • Type IV hypersensitivity: Tuberculin test example.

    • Sensitization of T cells: T-lymphocytes bearing specific receptors for antigens.

    • 24-72 hours: Timeframe for delayed-type hypersensitivity development.

    • IgG, IgM: Immunoglobulins indicating transmitted infection.

    • Production of antibodies, activation of immune cells: Occur in immunological stage of hypersensitivity development.

    • Vaso-active amines: Mediators deposited in mast cells and basophils.

    • Passive vaccination (rabies): Example of secondary immunoprophylaxis.

    • Vaccination: Forms artificial, active immunity.

    • Immune activation: Intended vaccine therapy effect.

    • Enzyme reactions, ELISA: Methods for cytokine content determination.

    • Lymphocytes not encountering antigen: Description of naive lymphocytes.

    • Adhesion of particles: Second stage of phagocytosis.

    • NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, granulocytes: Cellular factors of innate immunity.

    • Acquired immunity: Result if complementary antibodies are synthesized to an antigen.

    • Immune response: Nature of tissue incompatibility.

    • Attenuated vaccines: Vaccine containing live but weakened microorganisms.

    • Granules/multi-lobed nucleus: Distinctive microscopic feature of neutrophils.

    • Plasma cells: Synthesize millions of immunoglobulin molecules in an hour.

    • Passive immunity: Immunity after serum administration.

    • Liver: Performs hematopoietic function in the fetus.

    • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs): Essential for antigen presentation.

    • Sensitized lymphocytes: Characterized by high proliferative activity.

    • Enzyme tests: Quantitative determination of complement components.

    • T-lymphocytes: Leukocyte migration inhibition reaction (LMIR) assessed.

    • Immunization with specific antigens: Homogeneous therapeutic serum origin

    • Purulent inflammation: Increased number of neutrophils occurs here.

    • IgM: ELISA can be used to diagnose diseases as early as first days by determining presence of this antibody.

    • Cytoplasm of the cell: Location of NOD-like family receptors (NLRs).

    • Frank MacFarlane Burnet: Author of the clonal selection theory.

    • Paul Ehrlich: Creator of noninfectious immunology who formed modern immunology.

    • Pathogen defense: Primary function of the immune system.

    • NOD-like receptors: Receptors involved in inflammasome formation.

    • Medulla of the Thymus: Location of Hassall's cells.

    • Lymphopoiesis: Process occurring in the central organs of the immune system.

    • RIG-I and MDA5 receptors: Recognize viral RNA in the cytoplasm.

    • Lymphocytes and memory cells: Features of the secondary immune response.

    • T cell maturation, differentiation: Function of the thymus hormone thymosin.

    • Lysozyme: Peptide produced by macrophages and neutrophils.

    • Eosinophils: Protect against large parasites; release toxic granules.

    • Cell wall/outer membrane: Location of the somatic antigen.

    • Muramic acid: Chemical composition of lysozyme

    • MyD88: Obligate adaptor protein for activating the signalling pathway.

    • Liver hepatocytes: Produce C-reactive protein.

    • Antigen epitope, antibody paratope: Determines antibody specificity towards antigens.

    • C-type lectin receptors (CLRs): Innate immunity receptors recognizing carbohydrate structures.

    • TLR 5: Innate immunity receptor recognizing bacterial flagellin.

    • Longer lasting period: Description of the primary immune response characteristics.

    • Fusion with lysosomes: Stage following phagosome formation in phagocytosis.

    • Phagolysosomes: Resulting structure formed in phagocytosis by joining of phagosome and lysosome

    • Antigen chemical structure: Determines antigenicity.

    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pathogen inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion.

    • T helper cells (CD4+), etc.: Subpopulations of T-lymphocytes.

    • T cells and B cells: Macrophages cooperate with these cells during primary antigen recognition.

    • Secretion of superoxide dismutase: Mechanism helping pathogens avoid phagocytosis.

    • Spleen, lymph nodes: Organs involved in antigen stimulation to produce specific immune response and antigen neutralization.

    • Complete/incomplete: Categorization of antigens by structure.

    • Alternative pathway of complement activation: Description of the process.

    • Macrophages/neutrophils: Most active cells in immune phagocytosis.

    • M cells: Cells transporting antigens across the epithelium to MALT.

    • Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT): Initiation of mucosal immune response.

    • Alpha-fetoprotein test: Diagnostic test for embryonal-type tumors.

    • Trimer, dimer, J-chain, secretory component: Structure of secretory IgA molecules.

    • Specificity: Immunoglobulins' ability to react with only a specific antigen.

    • TGF-β: Cytokine playing a significant role in IgA production.

    • Syncytiotrophoblasts: Cells expressing receptors for Fc-fragment of IgG.

    • Plasmapheresis, immunosuppressants: Treatment methods for reducing autoantibody levels.

    • IL-2: Cytokine activating cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

    • APCs: Cells expressing class II MHC

    • Necrosis: Mechanism of cell destruction by T-killers.

    • Leukocytes: Produce interferons.

    • IgG: Ig found in blood of newborns.

    • Activation of cells of innate immunity: Primary function of the Fc-fragment.

    • Destroy target cells without phagocytosis: Correct characteristic of NK cells.

    • MHC class II, CD80: Molecules expressed on antigen-presenting cells.

    • BCR, CD40-CD40L: Receptor involved in B lymphocyte activation.

    • Plasma cells: Cells involved in antibody production.

    • C1, C4, C2, C3: Proteins activated by classical pathway triggering.

    • Suppress immune response: Primary function of regulatory T cells (Tregs).

    • TCR, MHC: Structure for interaction.

    • APC, helper T cells: T-killer interaction partners.

    • Antiviral immunity: Function of type I interferons (alpha and beta).

    • Recognition of missing/attenuated MHC-I molecule: Mechanism of NK-cell activation.

    • B cells: CD 19 marker.

    • Activate B cells for antibody production: Th2 activating cells.

    • Recognize PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns): Function of TLRs.

    • IL-12, IL-18: Cytokines promoting interferon-gamma production.

    • IgG, IgM: Immunoglobulins with antitumor activity

    • Immune evasion by tumor cells: Cause of tumor development with immune response.

    • DAF (decay-accelerating factor): Complement inhibitor.

    • Antigen-specific suppression of immune response: Characterization of induced tolerance.

    • Transcytosis: Transfer of antibodies from blood to mucosal secretions.

    • Neutrophils, macrophages, cytotoxic T cells: Phagocytic cells.

    • Activate macrophages; cytotoxic T cells: Primary function of Th1 cells.

    • Immune system (ex. adaptive immune system): Not part of non-specific defense.

    • Immunoglobulins, etc: Not humoral factors of non specific defense.

    • Dendritic cells, macrophages: Cells preferentially activated via TLRs.

    • Negative selection, central tolerance: Processes ensuring tolerance to self-antigens.

    • Blood smear/differential count: Method for determining the different types of leukocytes.

    • CD3, CD19: Surface marker receptors identifying T and B lymphocytes.

    • Humoral immune system: System having serum immunoglobulin levels reflecting functional status.

    • Immunoassay: Reaction involving labelled antigens or antibodies.

    • Enzymatically: How antigen or antibody is labelled in ELISA.

    • T-lymphocytes: Organism for EAC-rosette formation reaction function identification and counting.

    • IgE, mast cells: Mediators for immediate-type hypersensitivity.

    • T-lymphocytes (CD4+, Th1 cells): Participants in delayed-type hypersensitivity.

    • Tissue damage from extra immune response: Clinical manifestation of hypersensitivity.

    • Rapid onset, life-threatening allergic reactions: Characteristic of anaphylaxis.

    • T-lymphocyte, macrophage: DHT reaction cell participants.

    • Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus: Cause of hemolytic disease in newborns.

    • IL-5: Interleukins stimulating eosinophil activation in allergic reactions.

    • V-D-J recombination: Process providing antibody diversity.

    • Hybridoma technology: Method for producing monoclonal antibodies.

    • Memory cells: Factors responsible for difference between primary and secondary response.

    • Lymph nodes: Site of antigen presentation by a macrophage to a T cell.

    • CD4+, CD8+: T-cell phenotypes.

    • 1 variable, 3 constant: Domains in IgG heavy chain.

    • Effector T cells (Th1, Th2, Helper): T-lymphocyte differentiation in peripheral organs.

    • C3: Characteristic of alternative pathway.

    • Immune activation: Vaccine therapy purpose.

    • Lymphocytes not encountering antigen: Correct term for naive lymphocytes.

    • Various : Cell origin, localization and function

    • Chemical structure of antigen: Determines antigenicity.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore key concepts in immunology, including the evolution of immune defense, antibody structure, and significant discoveries recognized by Nobel Prizes. This quiz covers various aspects such as thymocyte development, lymphocyte differentiation, and the role of immunobiological drugs.

    More Like This

    Immunology Basics Quiz
    10 questions

    Immunology Basics Quiz

    EnterprisingHilbert avatar
    EnterprisingHilbert
    lecture 15 true and false quiz- immunology
    40 questions

    lecture 15 true and false quiz- immunology

    LuxuryOrphism avatar
    LuxuryOrphism
    Immune Response and Defense Lines
    14 questions

    Immune Response and Defense Lines

    TrendySkunk avatar
    TrendySkunk
    Grundlagen der Immunabwehr
    15 questions

    Grundlagen der Immunabwehr

    EducatedMossAgate4916 avatar
    EducatedMossAgate4916
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser