16 Questions
Where are MHC class I molecules primarily found?
On the surface of nucleated cells
Which cells primarily have MHC class II molecules on their surface?
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
Who identified the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) through skin graft rejection experiments?
Snell
Which of the following methods is used to amplify specific regions of HLA genes?
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is particularly successful in treating which types of cancer?
Blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma
Which antigen is commonly targeted in B-cell malignancies for CAR T-cell therapy?
CD19 antigen
What is tolerance induction in the context of immunotherapy?
Strategies used to train the immune system to accept specific antigens without mounting an immune response
Which part of the Cytotoxicity Test involves adding complement proteins to the wells?
Complement Addition
Which process is critical for assessing whether cells have bound specific antibodies in a cytotoxicity test?
Staining with a dye and assessing viability
Which specialized antigen-presenting cells primarily display MHC class II molecules?
Macrophages
Which method is used to amplify specific regions of HLA genes?
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
What is the primary target antigen for CAR T-cell therapy in B-cell malignancies?
CD19
What type of cells serve as the primary source for the cytotoxicity test?
Lymphocytes from blood
What is the purpose of tolerance induction in immunotherapy?
To train the immune system to ignore specific antigens
Which component is added to microtiter wells to enable the cytotoxicity test's cell viability assessment?
Eosin or trypan blue dye
Which type of assays are designed to measure the interaction between two molecules, typically involving a receptor and a ligand?
Binding assays
Study Notes
MHC Class I and II
- MHC class I molecules are found on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells.
- MHC class II molecules are primarily found on the surface of specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
Discovery of MHC
- The MHC was identified by Snell through skin graft rejection experiments.
- The experiments implicated MHC molecules present on the surface of skin cells in the immune response.
HLA Typing Methods
- Serological testing is a method used to type HLA.
- Molecular methods are also used to type HLA.
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular method that amplifies specific regions of HLA genes.
CAR T-cell Therapy
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a personalized form of immunotherapy.
- CAR T-cell therapy has shown significant success in treating certain types of cancer, particularly blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma.
- CD19 antigen is commonly found on B-cell malignancies.
Tolerance Induction
- Tolerance induction refers to strategies used to train the immune system to accept specific antigens without mounting an immune response against them.
Cytotoxicity Test (Microcytotoxicity Test)
- The test is used to determine the presence of specific HLA antigens on cells.
- Lymphocytes are isolated from the blood of the person to be typed.
- A panel of sera containing known anti-HLA antibodies is used.
- The test involves incubation, complement addition, and cytotoxicity assessment.
- Cells that have bound specific antibodies are lysed by the complement system and take up a dye, indicating the presence of the corresponding HLA antigen.
- Viable (unstained) cells indicate the absence of that specific HLA antigen.
Binding Assays
- Binding assays are designed to measure the interaction between two molecules, typically a receptor and a ligand.
Learn about the difference between MHC Class I and II molecules, including their cell surface expression and immune function. Understand the history of MHC discovery and HLA typing methods.
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