Immunology Matching Game
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Questions and Answers

Match the type of immunity with its description:

Innate Immunity = Non-specific defenses present from birth; rapid response. Adaptive Immunity = Specific defenses acquired through exposure to antigens; slower but with memory. Active Immunity = Immunity developed after exposure to an antigen, causing antibody production. Passive Immunity = Temporary immunity acquired through receiving antibodies from another source.

Match the following components with their role in innate immunity:

Skin = Physical barrier preventing pathogen entry. Complement System = Enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells. Interferon Response = Protects cells from viral infections. Inflammatory Response = Recruits immune cells to sites of infection or injury.

Match the following immune cells with their primary function:

B cells = Produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens. T cells = Coordinate immune response and kill infected cells. Macrophages = Phagocytose pathogens and present antigens. Dendritic cells = Present antigens to T cells to initiate adaptive immunity.

Match the following terms with their descriptions regarding immune responses:

<p>Humoral Immunity = Immunity mediated by antibodies in bodily fluids. Cell-Mediated Immunity = Immunity involving leukocytes to target infected cells. Antigen = A substance that triggers an immune response. Antibody = A protein produced by B cells to neutralize antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the T cell types with their activation requirements:

<p>Helper T Cells = MHC II presentation by APCs and co-stimulatory signals. Cytotoxic T Cells = MHC I presentation by infected or cancerous cells. Memory Cytotoxic T Cells = Recognition of antigens on APCs. Effector Helper T Cells = Activation of B cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune structures with their descriptions:

<p>BALT = Lymphoid tissue associated with the respiratory tract. Lymph Nodes = Filter lymph and activate immune cells. Spleen = Filters blood and removes damaged cells; site of immune responses. Thymus = Site of T cell maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Link each condition to its description:

<p>Lymphoedema = Swelling due to impaired lymphatic drainage. Autoimmunity = Immune system attacks the body's own tissues. Immunodeficiency = Impaired ability to mount an effective immune response. Allergy = Hypersensitive response to harmless substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the B cell outcomes with their functions:

<p>Plasma Cells = Antibody production. Memory B Cells = Long-term immunity. Activation of B cells = Receptor binding with an antigen. Resting B cells = Circulating in the blood waiting for antigen exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune processes with their descriptions:

<p>Opsonization = Enhanced phagocytosis of pathogens. Clonal Expansion = Proliferation of activated lymphocytes. T cell Cytokines = Promote B cell class switching. Perforin and Granzyme = Used by cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis in target cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each defense mechanism to the component that carries it out:

<p>Anatomic barriers = Skin, cilia, blood-brain barrier. Chemical/enzymatic defenses = Low pH, lysozyme. Non-specific immune cells = Granulocytes, NK cells. Professional APCs = Macrophages, dendritic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell surface molecules with their interacting partners:

<p>TCR (T cell receptor) = Antigen presented on MHC. MHC Class I = Presents antigen to Cytotoxic T Cells. MHC Class II = Presents antigen to Helper T Cells. CD28 = Co-stimulatory protein on APCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each process with its description:

<p>Phagocytosis = Ingestion and digestion of pathogens or debris by cells. Antigen Presentation = Displaying antigen fragments on cell surface to activate T cells. Neutralization = Antibodies block pathogen entry into cells. Opsonization = Coating pathogens with antibodies or complement to enhance phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associate the following effector functions with the immune cells that perform them:

<p>Antibody-mediated neutralization = Plasma Cells Cytokine production = Effector Helper T Cells Direct killing of infected cells = Effector Cytotoxic T Cells Antigen presentation = B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the function with the T cell type:

<p>Secretion of cytokines that enhance B cell activation = Effector Helper T Cells Killing of infected target cells = Effector Cytotoxic T Cells Recognition of antigen presented on MHC I = Cytotoxic T Cells Activated by MHC II on APCs = Helper T Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its best description

<p>Immunological Memory = The ability to mount a faster and stronger immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen. Antibody Class Switching = A process that changes the heavy chain constant region of an antibody, altering its effector function. Antigen Presentation = The process by which APCs display antigens to T cells. Adaptive Immunity = Relying on immunological memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of cell with its primary function in the immune response:

<p>Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) = Present antigens to T cells, initiating adaptive immune responses. B Cells = Differentiate into plasma cells, producing antibodies, and memory B cells for future immunity. Natural Killer (NK) Cells = Destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells via perforin and granzyme. Leukocytes = A broad category of white blood cells involved in both innate and adaptive immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of immunity with its mode of acquisition:

<p>Passive Immunity = Acquired through the transfer of antibodies from another source. Active Immunity = Develops after exposure to an antigen, prompting the body to produce antibodies. Artificial Passive Immunity = Induced by injecting antibodies produced outside the body. Natural Passive Immunity = Occurs when antibodies are passed from a mother to her child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each cell type with the type of MHC molecule it uses to present antigens:

<p>All Cells (as APCs) = MHC I Professional Antigen Presenting Cells = MHC II B Cells = MHC II Macrophages = MHC II</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the T cell selection process with its outcome:

<p>Negative Selection = Elimination of T cells with high self-reactivity Positive Selection = Preservation of T cells with low self-reactivity Goldilocks Selection = Development of regulatory T cells Clonal Expansion = Proliferation of T cells with specific antigen recognition (not selection itself, but a downstream effect)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each cell type with its origin:

<p>Lymphocytes = Originate from a common lymphoid progenitor during hematopoiesis. B Cells = Lymphoid progenitor T Cells = Lymphoid progenitor NK Cells = Lymphoid progenitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibody region with its function:

<p>Variable Region (Fab) = Antigen recognition Constant Region (Fc) = Determines antibody class/isotype and mediates effector functions Disulfide Bonds = Connects heavy and light chains Hinge Region = Provides flexibility to the antibody molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its description relating to B cell activation:

<p>Antigen Binding = B cell membrane antibodies bind to antigen epitopes. Phagocytosis = The B cell internalizes the antigen after binding. MHC II Presentation = B cell presents antigen fragment on MHC II to helper T cell. Clonal Expansion = Activated B cell proliferates and differentiates into plasma and memory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibody isotype with its characteristic function:

<p>IgM = First antibody produced during an infection IgG = Most abundant antibody in serum, involved in opsonization and neutralization IgE = Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections IgA = Found in mucosal secretions, provides protection at mucosal surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cell type with its method of destroying infected cells:

<p>NK Cells = Use perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis in target cells. B Cells = Neutralize pathogens via antibody production. Macrophages = Phagocytosis of pathogens and infected cells. T Cells = Direct killing of infected cells (cytotoxic T cells) or activation of other immune cells (helper T cells).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the process with its description and consequences:

<p>Opsonization = Antibodies coat pathogens, enhancing phagocytosis Class Switching = B cells change antibody isotype in response to T cell signals Complement Activation = A cascade of protein interactions leading to pathogen destruction Neutralization = Antibodies block pathogens from infecting host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each term with its broader classification:

<p>B cells, T cells, NK cells = Lymphocytes Granulocytes, Macrophages = Myeloid cells Lymphoid cells, Myeloid cells = Leukocytes B cells, Macrophages, Dendritic cells = Professional Antigen Presenting Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the T cell type with its primary function

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) = Killing infected or cancerous cells Helper T cells (CD4+) = Activating other immune cells through cytokine secretion Regulatory T cells = Suppressing the immune response to maintain tolerance Memory T cells = Providing long-lasting immunity upon re-exposure to an antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cellular process with its description in B cell or T cell development.

<p>V(D)J Recombination = Random rearrangement of gene segments to generate diverse antigen receptors Negative Selection (B and T cells) = Elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes Isotype Switching (B cells) = Changing the constant region of the antibody heavy chain Antigen Presentation = Displaying processed antigens on MHC molecules to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell types with their specific roles in adaptive immunity:

<p>B Cells = Generate antibodies that neutralize and mark pathogens for destruction. T helper Cells = Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells by releasing cytokines. Cytotoxic T Cells = Directly kill infected or cancerous cells presenting specific antigens via MHC I. Memory Cells = Provide long-lasting immunity by rapidly responding upon re-exposure to the same antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its correct description.

<p>Epitope = Specific part of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody or T cell receptor Cytokine = Signaling molecule that mediates communication between immune cells MHC = Molecule that presents antigens to T cells Interleukin = A type of cytokine that can induce class switching in B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the process with the specific molecules primarily involved.

<p>Antigen Recognition = TCR or Antibody T cell activation = MHC and peptide complex Complement activation = Complement proteins Class switching = Interleukins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the complement protein with its primary function:

<p>C3b = Opsonization Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) = Cytotoxicity C3a = Inflammation CR1 = Phagocytosis Trigger</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the interferon function with its corresponding action:

<p>Self Destruction = Triggers apoptosis in infected cells Warning System = Signals neighboring cells to prepare for viral attack Recruit Phagocytes = Mobilizes macrophages and NK cells Interferon Gamma = Phagocytose infected/cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of invader with the appropriate activation of complement pathways:

<p>Pathogens = Direct activation Antibody-coated pathogens = Indirect activation Basophils = Histamine release Innate immunity = Complement proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the macroscopic sign of inflammation with its underlying cause:

<p>Redness = Increased blood flow Swelling = Fluid accumulation Heat = Increased metabolic activity Pain = Nerve stimulation by chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the event with the corresponding type of immunity it belongs to:

<p>Complement activation = Innate immunity Interferon secretion = Innate immunity Inflammatory response = Innate immunity Antibody production = Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scenario with the type of immune response it triggers:

<p>Viral infection = Interferon response Bacterial colonization = Inflammatory response Parasite invasion = Histamine release Allergic reactions = Histamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the function with its corresponding example or component.

<p>Opsonization = C3b coating pathogens Cytotoxicity = Membrane attack complex Inflammation = Increased vascular permeability Phagocytosis = CR1 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cell type with its involvement in the inflammatory response:

<p>Basophils = Histamine Release Macrophages = Phagocytosis NK cells = Phagocytosis Infected cells = Interferon Secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the immune response with its corresponding function:

<p>Histamine Release = Increases capillary permeability and vasodilation to recruit leukocytes. Phagocyte Recruitment = Extravasation of leukocytes into infected tissue to phagocytose pathogens following chemical gradients. Vasodilation = Increases blood flow to infected tissue, allowing faster recruitment of leukocytes. Complement Proteins = Leave a chemical gradient for leukocytes to follow during phagocyte recruitment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the autoimmune disease with the primary target of immune attack:

<p>Type I Diabetes = Beta cells of the pancreas Rheumatoid Arthritis = Synovial membrane of joints Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis = Thyroid gland Lupus = Various healthy tissues including skin, muscles, and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the immune pathology with its underlying mechanism:

<p>Susceptibility to Cancer = Too much T cell regulation suppresses the immune system's ability to fight abnormal cells. Autoimmune Disorders = Too little T cell regulation causes the immune system to attack the body's own tissues. AIDS = Destruction of helper T cells by HIV weakens the immune system. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) = The lining of the intestines are attacked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the immune component with its primary role in response to infection:

<p>Leukocytes = Migrate into infected tissues to phagocytose pathogens. Histamine = Increases capillary permeability and vasodilation. Helper T Cells = Targets of HIV, weakening the immune system. Regulatory T Cells = Regulate immune response; too much results in susceptibility to cancer, too little results in autoimmune disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each disease with its primary characteristic or cause:

<p>AIDS = Caused by HIV infection, leading to a weakened immune system. Type I Diabetes = Autoimmune attack on beta cells of the pancreas, causing insulin deficiency. Rheumatoid Arthritis = Autoimmune attack on the synovial membrane of joints. Lupus = Autoimmune disease attacking various healthy tissues throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each immune process with its effect on the body's response to infection:

<p>Capillary Permeability = Increases to allow leukocytes to migrate into infected tissues. Vasodilation = Increases blood flow to infected tissue, facilitating leukocyte recruitment. Phagocytosis = Eliminates pathogens from infected tissues via leukocytes. T Cell Regulation = Maintains balance in the immune response, preventing excessive or insufficient activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each autoimmune disease with the specific component or tissue it affects.

<p>Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis = Thyroid Gland Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) = Lining of the Intestines Lupus = Various healthy tissues, including skin, muscles, heart, and kidneys Type 1 Diabetes = Beta cells of the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scenarios with the resulting immune system affectation:

<p>Excessive T cell regulation = Increased susceptibility to cancerous tumors Insufficient T cell regulation = Development of autoimmune disorders HIV infection = Destruction of helper T cells and weakened immunity Release of histamine = Increased blood flow to infected tissue and migration of leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

B Cells

Immune cells that mature in the bone marrow and act as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

Plasma Cells

Differentiated B cells that produce large amounts of antibodies specific to an epitope.

Opsonization

Process where antibodies coat pathogens to enhance phagocytosis by immune cells.

Memory B Cells

B cells that retain identical surface antibodies for quicker immune response to previously encountered pathogens.

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T Cells

Lymphocytes matured in the thymus that possess T cell receptors (TCRs).

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Helper T Cells (CD4+)

Activated by MHC II and co-stimulatory signals; promote B cell activation and cytotoxic T cell response.

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Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+)

T cells activated by MHC I; they kill infected or cancerous cells directly.

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Memory Cytotoxic T Cells

Cytotoxic T cells that recognize the same antigens from the initial activation, providing a faster response later.

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Complement Proteins

Part of innate immunity that helps fight pathogens.

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Cytotoxicity

Induces cell lysis through the membrane attack complex (MAC).

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Inflammation

Response involving redness, swelling, heat, and pain from infection or injury.

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Interferons

Antiviral cytokines secreted by infected cells as part of innate immunity.

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Self Destruction (Interferons)

Triggers apoptosis in infected cells to eliminate viruses.

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Warning System (Interferons)

Signals neighboring cells to prepare for potential viral attacks.

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Histamine Release

Release by basophils during allergic reactions or parasite invasion.

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TCR Variability

Variety of TCR specificities from alternative splicing in TCR genes.

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Negative Selection

Elimination of T cells with high self-reactivity in the thymus.

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Positive Selection

Retention of T cells with low self-reactivity that interact with MHC.

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Goldilocks Selection

Selection of T cells with intermediate self-reactivity to become regulatory T cells.

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Antibodies

Immunoglobulins secreted by B cells that recognize specific antigens.

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Antibody Structure

Consists of two heavy chains and two light chains, with variable and constant regions.

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Class Switching

Process enabling B cells to switch antibody types upon activation by T cells.

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Complement System

A group of serum proteins enhancing the immune response.

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Histamine

A chemical released during injury that increases capillary permeability.

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Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow to tissues.

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Phagocyte Recruitment

Process where leukocytes migrate to infection sites to engulf pathogens.

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Regulatory T Cell Pathologies

Conditions caused by imbalance in T cell regulation affecting immunity.

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A disease caused by HIV that weakens the immune system by destroying helper T cells.

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Type I Diabetes

An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

An autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks the joints, not due to wear and tear.

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Lupus

An autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack various healthy tissues.

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Passive immunity

Immunity acquired through antibodies from another source, like breast milk.

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Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

Cells that present antigens on MHC I to cytotoxic T cells; all cells are APCs.

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Professional APCs

Cells that present antigens on MHC II to helper T cells; includes B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells.

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Leukocytes

White blood cells, including all lymphoid cells and some myeloid cells, involved in immune response.

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Lymphocytes

Cells originating from a common lymphoid progenitor; includes B cells, T cells, NK cells.

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Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Cytotoxic lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells using perforin and granzyme.

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MHC I and MHC II

MHC I is for presenting to CD8+ T cells; MHC II presents to CD4+ T cells, differentiating APCs.

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BALT

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue involved in immune response in the lungs.

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Lymphoedema

Swelling of tissue due to insufficient lymphatic fluid clearance.

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Humoral Immunity

Immunity mediated by antibodies and proteins in body fluids.

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Cell-Mediated Immunity

Type of immunity involving leukocytes or white blood cells.

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Innate Immunity

Non-specific defense against pathogens, not requiring prior exposure.

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Adaptive Immunity

Specific defense acquired after exposure to an antigen, improving with each exposure.

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Active Immunity

Immunity resulting from antigen triggering the adaptive immune system with antibody production.

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Study Notes

Lymphatic System Functions

  • The lymphatic system is a network of open-ended tubules, unlike the closed circulatory system
  • Drains excess interstitial fluid, preventing blood volume loss
  • Lymph, the drained fluid, is pumped back into systemic circulation via the subclavian vein
  • Lymphatic tubules have valves to prevent backflow
  • Mounts immune defenses by filtering lymph through lymph nodes containing B and T cells
  • Absorbs fats from food; lacteals in intestinal villi absorb fats as chylomicrons, which are released into the subclavian vein

Lymphatic Tissue

  • Primary lymphatic tissue includes the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes
  • Thymus: T cell maturation
  • Spleen: Blood filtration and immune cell housing
  • Lymph nodes: Collects lymph, houses immune cells for pathogen detection
  • Secondary lymphatic tissue (MALT) refers to mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue, which is in areas like tonsils, appendix, intestine, thyroid, breast, lung, and skin. This lymphoid tissue is region-specific (e.g., bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue)

Pathologies

  • Lymphoedema: Tissue swelling due to insufficient fluid drainage by the lymphatic system

Immune System Types

  • Humoral immunity: Antibodies and complement proteins in bodily fluids.
  • Cell-mediated immunity: Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Innate immunity: Non-specific defenses against pathogens (anatomical barriers, chemical defenses, complement system, interferon response, inflammatory response).
  • Adaptive immunity: Specific defenses that develop after exposure to an antigen (B cells, T cells, antibodies).

Cells of the Blood

  • Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs): Cells presenting antigens on MHC I (all cells) or MHC II (B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells)
  • Professional APCs present antigens via MHC II to helper T cells (CD4+ T cells).
  • Leukocytes are all immune cells (B cells, T cells, NK cells, granulocytes, macrophages)

Lymphocytes

  • A category of cells originating from a common lymphoid progenitor during hematopoiesis (B cells, T cells, and NK cells)
  • Natural Killer (NK) Cells, cytotoxic lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells via perforin and granzyme
  • B cells: Lymphocytes with antibodies on their membrane; mature in bone marrow; are phagocytic APCs - Plasma cells: Produce large amounts of antibodies - Memory B cells: Store immunological memory
  • T cells (Helper and Cytotoxic): Lymphocytes with T cell receptors (TCRs); mature in thymus - Helper T cells (CD4+): Activated by professional APCs and release cytokines to stimulate immune responses - Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+): Kill infected or cancerous cells via perforin and granzyme - Memory Cytotoxic T cells: immunological memory - Regulatory T cells: Suppress immune responses, preventing autoimmune diseases

Myelocytes

  • A category of cells originating from a common myeloid progenitor during hematopoiesis (RBCs, platelets, granulocytes, and macrophages)
    • Erythrocytes (RBCs): Transport oxygen; anucleate
    • Thrombocytes (Platelets): Form blood clots
    • Granulocytes: Phagocytic myelocytes that destroy antigens, characterized by granules and multi-lobed nuclei
      • Neutrophils: First responders to inflammation, phagocytose bacteria
      • Eosinophils: Allergic and asthmatic responses, parasite infections
      • Basophils: similar functions to eosinophils, but release histamine
      • Mast cells: similar function to basophils, reside in tissues

Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

  • Macrophages: Phagocytose pathogens, present antigens
  • Dendritic cells: Phagocytose pathogens, present antigens; crucial in innate and adaptive immunity.

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

  • Innate immunity involves: granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells
  • Adaptive immunity involves: B cells, plasma cells, memory B cells, T cells (helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory)

Pathologies (Examples)

  • Regulatory T cell pathologies, including too much or too little T cell regulation leading to cancer susceptibility or autoimmune disorders
  • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and its effects on helper T cell count
  • Type I Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus and Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, Asthma

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Description

A matching game to test knowledge of key immunology concepts. Activities include matching cell types with functions, immune processes with descriptions, and conditions with their descriptions.

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