Immunology Lecture 15 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of the innate immune system?

  • It specifically targets individual pathogens.
  • It adapts its response based on previous infections.
  • It provides a broad and rapid response to microbial structures. (correct)
  • It requires prior exposure to a pathogen to be effective.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system's external defenses?

  • Natural killer cells (correct)
  • Skin
  • Saliva flushing action
  • Respiratory epithelium

Which mechanism is involved in the mechanical barriers of the innate immune system?

  • Cytokines
  • Lysozyme production
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Mucociliary escalator (correct)

What role do antimicrobial peptides play in the innate immune system?

<p>They are involved in chemical external defenses against pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the flushing action of saliva, tears, and urine in the immune system?

<p>To wash away potential pathogens and debris. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Lecture 15?

<p>Innate immune response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bioassays used for in the context of mammalian biotechnology?

<p>To determine concentration or potency of a substance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as an aspect of bioassays?

<p>Identifying new drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a substance that mimics components of the immune system as mentioned in the content?

<p>Monoclonal antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lecture discusses contamination control?

<p>Lecture 5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the 'Reading Week' scheduled according to the schedule?

<p>Week 7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes innate immunity?

<p>It is fully functional even at birth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of acquired immunity?

<p>Develops memory after the first exposure to an antigen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following serves as the first line of defense in the immune system?

<p>Skin and mucous membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the innate immune system respond to invading pathogens?

<p>Through rapid, nonspecific responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of natural killer cells in the immune response?

<p>They directly kill infected or cancerous cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the primary line of defense from the secondary line of defense in the immune system?

<p>The primary line includes surface barriers, whereas the secondary involves internal defenses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an inflammatory response in the immune system?

<p>To clear dead cells and initiate tissue repair. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between innate and acquired immunity?

<p>Innate immunity provides immediate defense, while acquired develops over time with memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of normal flora in the body?

<p>To compete with pathogens for nutrients and space. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of internal cellular defenses?

<p>Coagulation proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are known as antigen presenting cells?

<p>Dendritic cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do cytokines serve in the immune system?

<p>Regulate and coordinate immune responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are complement proteins primarily responsible for?

<p>Inducing inflammation and opsonizing pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is crucial for phagocytosis of microbes?

<p>Complement proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Natural Killer cells function in the innate immune response?

<p>They kill infected or cancerous cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines in relation to other immune cells?

<p>They act as signals that influence cell behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do neutrophils primarily perform?

<p>Phagocytosis of microbes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is involved in the mechanism to stop bleeding after injury?

<p>Coagulation proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Interferons (IFNs) play in the immune response?

<p>They signal neighboring cells to protect against viruses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is a key player in the innate immune response against tumor cells?

<p>Natural Killer (NK) cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cytokine is primarily produced by virus-infected cells?

<p>Interferons (IFNs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response component is considered the first line of defense?

<p>Mechanical and chemical external defenses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)?

<p>It promotes apoptosis in infected cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response do macrophages contribute to?

<p>Both specific and nonspecific immune responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interleukin is primarily secreted by T-lymphocytes?

<p>IL-10 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neighboring cells when they are exposed to Interferon (IFN)?

<p>They enter an antiviral state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a Bioassay?

A test that measures the potency of a substance by its effect on living cells or tissues.

How do Bioassays relate to the immune system?

Bioassays often involve mimicking or stimulating components of the immune system, such as monoclonal antibodies or interleukins. This is important for understanding how drugs or bioactive peptides affect the immune response.

Why is understanding the immune system important for Bioassays?

Since many drugs and peptides interact with the immune system, having a basic understanding of its components and functions is crucial for developing and analyzing bioassays.

Immunity

The body's ability to resist and fight off diseases caused by pathogens.

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Innate Immunity

The first line of defense against pathogens, present from birth. It's a rapid and nonspecific response.

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Adaptive Immunity

The second line of defense, develops after exposure to specific pathogens. It's a slower but highly specific response.

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Key Features of Innate Immunity

Innate immunity is present at birth, nonspecific, and provides a rapid response to a wide range of pathogens.

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External Defenses

Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes that prevent pathogens from entering the body.

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Internal Defenses

Cells and proteins within the body that attack and destroy pathogens.

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Humoral Response

Part of adaptive immunity involving antibodies produced by B cells to target specific pathogens.

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Cell-mediated Response

Part of adaptive immunity involving cytotoxic T cells that directly kill infected cells.

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Innate Immune System

The body's first line of defense against pathogens. It's non-specific, meaning it responds to a wide range of threats, and it's always ready to act, unlike the adaptive immune system.

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Mechanical Factors

Physical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body. Examples include the skin, the mucociliary escalator in the respiratory system, and the flushing actions of saliva, tears, and urine.

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Chemical Factors

Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens. Examples include antimicrobial peptides found in sweat, stomach acid, and enzymes like lysozyme in tears and saliva.

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Normal Flora

Microbes that naturally live in different parts of the body. They compete with pathogens for resources, helping to keep us healthy.

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Mucociliary Escalator

A defense mechanism in the respiratory system where mucus traps pathogens and cilia sweep them out, preventing infections.

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Complement Proteins

A group of proteins in the blood that work together to fight infections. They can directly attack pathogens or activate other immune cells.

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Coagulation Proteins

Proteins involved in blood clotting and inflammation, helping to stop bleeding and fight infections.

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Cytokines

Small protein messengers that help coordinate immune responses. They communicate between different immune cells, directing them to act.

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Neutrophils

White blood cells that are the first responders to infections. They eat and destroy pathogens, causing inflammation.

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Macrophages

Large white blood cells that eat and digest pathogens in tissues. They also present pieces of the pathogen to other immune cells.

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Natural Killer (NK) Cells

White blood cells that kill infected cells and cancer cells without needing to recognize specific pathogens.

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Dendritic Cells

White blood cells that capture and display antigens from pathogens to other immune cells. They bridge innate and adaptive immunity.

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Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

Immune cells that capture and display antigens from pathogens to other immune cells, helping to activate T cells and initiate an adaptive immune response.

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Neutrophils' Role

Neutrophils are white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens like bacteria and fungi. They are part of the innate immune system and rapidly respond to infections.

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Macrophages' Role

Macrophages are larger phagocytes that engulf and digest pathogens, cellular debris, and even cancer cells. They are long-lived and important for both the innate and adaptive immune responses.

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NK Cells' Target

Natural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that target and destroy infected cells and cancerous cells without needing specific antigens. They are part of the innate immune system.

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What are Cytokines?

Cytokines are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. They are secreted by immune cells and communicate with other cells to activate, suppress, or modulate the immune system.

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Interferons (IFN)

Interferons are antiviral proteins that mainly protect cells from virus infection. They are produced by infected cells and signal neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins.

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Interleukins (IL) Roles

Interleukins are a diverse group of cytokines primarily produced by T-lymphocytes and macrophages. They regulate various immune functions, including promoting inflammation, activating other immune cells, and initiating adaptive immune responses.

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Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)

TNF is a potent cytokine produced by macrophages and T-cells. It contributes to inflammation, destroys cancer cells, and regulates immune responses.

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IFN's Mechanism

When a cell is infected by a virus, it releases IFN. This IFN binds to receptors on neighboring cells, triggering them to produce antiviral proteins. These proteins then inhibit the virus's ability to replicate, protecting the cell.

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Study Notes

Week Schedule

  • Week 1: Lecture Module Introduction
  • Week 2: Lecture 1 (Mammalian cells), Lecture 2 (Lab layout, equipment, materials)
  • Week 3: Lecture 3 (Contamination control), Lecture 4 (Contamination control)
  • Week 4: Lecture 5 (Contamination control), Lecture 2, 3, 4 and 5 recap, sample assessment questions
  • Week 5: Lecture 6 (Nutrient uptake), Lecture 7 (Nutrient uptake), sample assessment questions
  • Week 6: Lecture 8 (Biology of Culture Cells), Lecture 9 (Cell culture media)
  • Week 7: Lecture 10 (Cell culture media - postponed), Lab 3 data analysis, reading week
  • Week 8: Lecture 10 (Cell culture media), Lecture 11 (Cell Culture Media)
  • Week 9: Lecture 12 (Growing mammalian cells), Lecture 8, 9, 10 and 11 recap, sample assessment questions
  • Week 10: Lecture 13 (Monitoring growth), Lecture 14 (Cryopreservation), Lecture 12, 13, and 14 recap, sample assessment questions
  • Week 11: Lecture 15 (Innate immune response), Lecture 16 (Adaptive immune response & Bioassays)
  • Week 12: Lecture 15 and 16 recap, sample assessment questions, revision

Immune System Overview

  • What is immunity? Study of how the host protects against disease and the cells of the immune system's reaction to foreign substances.

  • Lecture Overview: Introduction, innate immune system discussion, conclusion

  • Bioassays: Analytical methods to determine the concentration or potency of a substance based on its effect on living cells or tissues. Used in studying disease, drug development, and more.

  • Innate Immune System (Key Features):

    • Also known as native immunity
    • Fully functional at birth (before infection)
    • Non-specific to a particular pathogen
    • Reacts to pathogens based on their structure
    • First line of defense
    • Doesn't change with repeated exposure
    • Response is broad and rapid

  • External Defences:

    • Mechanical (Skin, Respiratory Epithelium, flushing action)
    • Chemical (Antimicrobial peptides, HCL, Lysozyme)
    • Biological (Normal flora)

  • Internal Defences:

    • Cellular (Neutrophils, natural killer cells, macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells)
    • Extracellular (Cytokines, complement, coagulation)

  • Important Cells (Innate):

    • Dendritic cells: Antigen-presenting cells, connect innate and adaptive responses
    • Macrophages: Phagocytosis of microbes, inflammatory response, antigen presentation, kill hundreds of bacteria
    • Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Important part of innate system, kill bacteria, virus infected cells, and cancer cells
    • Neutrophils: Phagocytize microbes, antigen presentation, trigger inflammatory response.

  • Cytokines: Large group of proteins secreted by immune system cells. Coordinate immune response activities. (e.g., Interferons).

  • Interferons (IFN): Key anti-viral proteins. Produced by virus-infected cells to warn neighboring cells. Inhibit virus replication.

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Lecture 15: Overview of the Immune System PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the innate immune system and its components with this quiz based on Lecture 15. Explore various aspects of immunity, bioassays, and the mechanisms that protect the body. Perfect for students reviewing immunology concepts.

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