Immunology Hypersensitivity Reactions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary type of antibodies involved in Type II immune reactions?

  • IgE
  • IgD
  • IgG and IgM (correct)
  • IgA

How do cytotoxic reactions in Type II immune responses typically cause harm?

  • By lysing cells directly (correct)
  • By increasing antibody production
  • By producing inflammatory cytokines
  • By promoting phagocytosis without cell lysis

Which condition is an example of a normal cytotoxic reaction in Type II?

  • Multiple Sclerosis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Alzheimer's disease
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn (correct)

Which type of complement activation is necessary for complement-dependent destruction of target cells?

<p>Requires the activation of complement proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of complement proteins in the immune response?

<p>They are made in the liver and trigger lysis of target cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity is primarily associated with allergies?

<p>Type I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity is mediated by T cells?

<p>Type IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antigens are involved in Type II hypersensitivity?

<p>Non-soluble antigens on cell surfaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of Type III hypersensitivity?

<p>Involves immune complexes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common selected example of Type IV hypersensitivity?

<p>Delayed-type allergy test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antibodies in complement dependent cytolysis?

<p>To activate complement proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized as having no association with autoimmunity?

<p>Type I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is directly caused by the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

<p>Cell lysis and pore formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes complement independent cytolysis?

<p>Binding of antibodies to cell surfaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity can result from exposure to drugs?

<p>Type I, II, III, and IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which autoimmune disorder does receptor inactivation occur due to antibody interaction?

<p>Myasthenia gravis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an example of which hypersensitivity type?

<p>Type II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of antibodies binding to self cell surface receptors?

<p>Receptor inactivation or overactivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood type characterized as a universal donor?

<p>O- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is identified as a universal recipient?

<p>AB+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is most common among the general population?

<p>A+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hemolytic transfusion reactions?

<p>Blood incompatibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome if a mother who is Rh- has been sensitized and is pregnant with an Rh+ baby?

<p>The fetus may experience severe anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with a hemolytic transfusion reaction?

<p>Jaundice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from a buildup of bilirubin due to red blood cell lysis in a newborn?

<p>Severe jaundice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Rh factor incompatibility affect subsequent pregnancies if the mother has been sensitized?

<p>It can lead to fetal red blood cell lysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method to prevent a Rh- woman from being sensitized to the Rh factor during pregnancy?

<p>Using Rh(D) immunoglobulins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characterizes Type III hypersensitivities?

<p>Formation of immune complexes in tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response can result from excessive antigen-antibody complexes in Type III hypersensitivity?

<p>Inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune condition is associated with the production of antibodies against DNA and ribosomes?

<p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Joint pain and severe arthritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication may arise from untreated streptococcal infections related to Type III hypersensitivity?

<p>Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of leukocytes releasing cytokines during Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Promotes inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the immune responses that involve antivenoms in Type III hypersensitivity?

<p>Neutralizing antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with the use of antivenom and antitoxins?

<p>Serum sickness due to immune system response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes type IV hypersensitivity disorders?

<p>Mediated by T cells and result in delayed hypersensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following autoimmune disorders involves T cells attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas?

<p>Type I diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reaction observed in serum sickness following antitoxin treatment?

<p>Joint ache and rash (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for monoclonal antibodies that may lead to serum sickness?

<p>Generating immune complexes that lodge in tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In graft versus host disease (GVHD), which cells are primarily responsible for rejecting transplanted tissue?

<p>T cytotoxic cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is marked by T cell-mediated attack on the thyroid gland, resulting in hypothyroidism?

<p>Hashimoto thyroiditis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the hypersensitivity reaction in contact dermatitis from substances like poison ivy?

<p>Haptens that modify skin proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the tuberculin skin test?

<p>To determine exposure to tuberculosis antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical time frame for symptoms to develop in delayed hypersensitivity reactions associated with type IV hypersensitivity?

<p>12-72 hours after exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Type II immune response

Involves IgG or IgM antibodies interacting with insoluble antigens on cell surfaces or in the extracellular environment, causing cell damage.

Cytotoxic reactions

Cell damage caused by antibodies marking cells for destruction by immune cells or complement proteins.

Complement activation

The complement system enhances antibody actions, leading to cell lysis and phagocytosis.

Complement-dependent reactions

Requires complement proteins for cell destruction.

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Complement-independent reactions

Cytotoxic immune cells directly destroy target cells without complement activation.

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Hypersensitivity

Inappropriate response of the secondary immune response, mediated by antibodies or T cells, leading to conditions like allergies and autoimmune disorders.

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Type I Hypersensitivity

A type of hypersensitivity reaction, primarily associated with allergies, not autoimmunity.

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Type II Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity reaction involving cytotoxic cells, sometimes linked to autoimmunity like hemolytic disease of the newborn or blood transfusion reactions.

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Type III Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes, potentially linked to autoimmunity and specific disorders.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity reaction driven by T cells, often involving delayed responses and associated with chronic conditions or graft rejection.

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Antigens

Substances that can trigger an immune response.

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Immune Complexes

Antigen-antibody aggregates, often implicated in hypersensitivity reactions.

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Autoimmunity

Immune system attacks the body's own tissues.

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Rh Incompatibility

Occurs when a Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. The mother's immune system recognizes the Rh factor as foreign and develops antibodies against it.

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Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

Caused by Rh incompatibility, where the mother's antibodies attack the fetus's red blood cells, leading to anemia and potential complications like jaundice.

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Jaundice in Newborn

Yellowing of the baby's skin due to bilirubin buildup, caused by increased red blood cell breakdown.

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Subsequent Pregnancy

Any pregnancy occurring after the first pregnancy. In Rh incompatibility, subsequent pregnancies may be more severe due to existing antibodies.

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Preventing Sensitization

Strategies to prevent the mother from developing Rh antibodies, usually involving administering Rh immunoglobulin to Rh-negative mothers.

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Complement-dependent cytolysis

Antibodies mark target cells, triggering complement proteins to create a pore (membrane attack complex, MAC) that causes cell lysis.

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Complement-independent cytolysis

Antibodies mark target cells, prompting immune cells (like NK cells) to release cytotoxic molecules, causing apoptosis or lysis.

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Type II immune disorders

Immune system disorders where antibodies attack self-cells or incompatible antigens (like in blood transfusions).

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Blood group incompatibility

Transfusion reactions resulting from incompatible blood types, leading to immune system attacks on foreign blood cells.

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Membrane attack complex (MAC)

A protein complex that forms a pore in the target cell membrane, causing cell lysis.

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Blood type antigens

Carbohydrate or protein markers on red blood cells that determine blood type and can trigger immune responses if incompatible.

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Universal recipient

Blood type AB+ can receive blood from all blood types without triggering an immune response due to no antibodies.

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Universal donor

Blood type O- lacks A, B, and Rh antigens(antibodies), making it safe for recipients with any blood type.

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Immune Complex Formation

Immune complexes are formed when antibodies bind to their corresponding antigens, creating insoluble antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in tissues.

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Complement Factor Activation

Complement factors are proteins that amplify the immune response. They are activated by the presence of immune complexes, leading to inflammation and leukocyte recruitment.

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Leukocyte Recruitment

Activated complement factors attract leukocytes (immune cells) to the site of inflammation. These leukocytes release cytokines, further promoting inflammation.

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Autoimmune Type III Hypersensitivity

Type III hypersensitivity reactions caused by the immune system attacking the body's own tissues. This can lead to various autoimmune diseases.

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Non-Autoimmune Type III Hypersensitivity

Type III hypersensitivity reactions caused by external antigens, like venom, not the body's own tissues.

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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the immune system attacking the body's own DNA and ribosomes, causing inflammation and damage to various organs.

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Antitoxins

Substances made using antibodies to neutralize specific toxins produced by bacteria or other pathogens.

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Serum Sickness

An immune reaction that occurs when the body recognizes an injected substance, like antivenom or antitoxins, as foreign. This triggers a response by the immune system, causing symptoms like rash, fever, joint pain, and difficulty breathing.

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Monoclonal Antibody Treatment

A type of treatment using specific antibodies that target a particular antigen or cell. This can sometimes lead to serum sickness due to the body recognizing these antibodies as foreign.

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Guillan Barre Syndrome

An autoimmune disorder where T cells attack the nerves that control muscle movement, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.

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Hashimoto Thyroiditis

An autoimmune disease where T cells attack the thyroid gland, leading to underactive thyroid function, or hypothyroidism.

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Type I Diabetes

An autoimmune disorder where T cells destroy the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to the body's inability to regulate blood sugar levels.

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Multiple Sclerosis

An autoimmune disease where T cells damage the myelin sheath, a protective coating around nerve fibers, leading to neurological problems.

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Celiac Disease

An autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten, where T cells attack the lining of the small intestine, causing digestive problems.

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Study Notes

Immune System Disorders

  • Primary Immunodeficiency: A genetic condition where the immune system doesn't function properly, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.
  • Primary Deficiency Causes: Inherited errors in immune cell development or function.
    • Can be treatable but also fatal.
    • Not inherited in all forms, some cases arise from spontaneous mutations or innate reasons.
    • Can involve 50% of B cells and 30% of T cells being affected.
  • Types of Primary Immunodeficiencies: Includes Humoral and Cellular deficiencies.
    • Humoral Deficiencies: Problems with B cells (antibodies). Antibody deficiencies.
    • Cellular Deficiencies: Problems with T cells. Absence or low count of T cells.
    • Combined Deficiencies (SCID): Deficiencies in both B and T cells.
  • Signs and Symptoms: Patients often present with recurrent, severe, unusual, and persistent infections.
  • Treatment Options: Bone marrow transplant, cytokine therapy, stem cell transplants.
  • Secondary Immunodeficiency: A decline in a previously functional immune system.
  • Secondary Immunodeficiency Factors:
    • Infections (e.g., HIV, Epstein-Barr virus).
    • Medical conditions (e.g., cancer treatment).
    • Medications (e.g., immunosuppressants).
    • Lifestyle factors (e.g., malnutrition).
    • Age.
  • Acquired Immunodeficiency: A subtype of secondary immunodeficiency.
  • HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Infection that destroys T helper cells and can lead to AIDS.
  • AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): Advanced stage of HIV infection characterized by a severely weakened immune system.

Autoimmune System Disorders

  • Autoimmunity: The body's immune system attacks its own healthy tissues.
  • Autoimmune Disorders: Chronic conditions arising from damage to self-tissues from the body's immune system.
  • Systemic Autoimmune Disorders: Affect multiple organs.
  • Localized Autoimmune Disorders: Affect a focused organ or tissue group.
  • Etiology: Potential causes include exposure to specific infectious agents or genetics.
    • Superantigens: trigger an immune response that negatively affects the body.
    • Self-antigen presentation: problematic immune response to body's own tissues.
  • Examples of Systemic Disorders: Systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Examples of Localized Disorders: Rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, Graves' disease.

Hypersensitivity

  • Hypersensitivity: An inappropriate or excessive immune response to an antigen.
    • Type I hypersensitivity (allergic reactions).
    • Type II hypersensitivity (cytotoxic reactions).
    • Type III hypersensitivity (immune complex reactions).
    • Type IV hypersensitivity (delayed hypersensitivity).
  • Type I Hypersensitivity: Allergic reactions, mediated by IgE antibodies and mast cells. Common in allergies like asthma and eczema.
  • Type II Hypersensitivity: Antibodies attacking cell surfaces. Examples include blood transfusion reactions.
  • Type III Hypersensitivity: Immune complexes forming and damaging tissues. Examples include systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • Type IV Hypersensitivity: T cell-mediated immune response, delayed. Examples include contact dermatitis from poison ivy.

Additional Topics

  • Immunodeficiency and Cancer: Immunodeficiencies can increase the risk of cancer due to a failure of the immune system to eliminate abnormal cells.
  • Transplant Patients: Immunosuppressant drugs used in transplant recipients can increase their risk of cancer.
  • Immunotherapies: Treatment approaches aimed at boosting immune defenses to fight cancer and immune system problems.
  • Anaphylaxis: Serious, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
  • Diagnosis of allergies: Skin and blood tests used to assess allergies and sensitivities.

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Immune System Disorders PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the various types of hypersensitivity reactions in immunology, including Type II immune reactions and their mechanisms. This quiz covers the roles of antibodies, complement activation, and specific conditions related to hypersensitivity. Perfect for students studying immunology or related fields.

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