Immunology: Hypersensitivity Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of Type I hypersensitivity?

  • It causes autoimmunity by targeting the body's own cells.
  • It is characterized by a delayed response to foreign agents.
  • It involves IgG antibodies activating the immune system.
  • It features an immediate allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies. (correct)

In which type of hypersensitivity do antibodies target specific tissues causing tissue damage?

  • Type III hypersensitivity
  • Type I hypersensitivity
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  • Type II hypersensitivity (correct)

What does Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) primarily affect?

  • Multiple body systems through autoimmune response (correct)
  • The digestive system exclusively
  • Only the skin and respiratory system
  • The nervous system and heart only

Which of the following is a common result of a cytotoxic reaction in Type II hypersensitivity?

<p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between autoimmune disorders and immunodeficiency disorders?

<p>Autoimmune disorders attack the body's own tissues, while immunodeficiency disorders are characterized by a lack of response to foreign agents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common early symptom of SLE that resembles rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Joint Pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used as an immunosuppressive agent in severe SLE cases?

<p>Cyclophosphamide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic rash referred to as the Butterfly Rash associated with?

<p>SLE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is commonly used to measure inflammation in the body?

<p>Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is proteinuria and in what condition is it typically present?

<p>Presence of protein in urine, often seen in SLE exacerbation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction occurs 48-72 hours after antigen exposure?

<p>Delayed Type IV Reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a risk factor for SLE?

<p>Ethnicity, particularly among minorities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common long-term symptom experienced by SLE patients?

<p>Chronic Pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Type IV Hypersensitivity?

<p>Results from interactions between T-cells and antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long after exposure does a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction typically show a response?

<p>48-72 hours after exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from continued macrophage activation in Type IV Hypersensitivity?

<p>Granuloma formation and chronic inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to test for a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

<p>Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of an acute systemic allergic reaction?

<p>Anaphylaxis requiring immediate treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do histamines play in allergic reactions?

<p>Cause inflammation by acting on blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by wheezing and difficulty breathing due to chronic inflammation?

<p>Asthma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of immunotherapy in allergic reactions?

<p>Reduce allergic responses over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Mast cells and IgE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically defines a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?

<p>Immune complexes deposited in tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Type I hypersensitivity?

<p>Bloody urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for a major blood transfusion reaction?

<p>Call rapid response team (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is associated with Type IV hypersensitivity?

<p>Delayed cell-mediated response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following allergens is NOT commonly associated with Type I hypersensitivity?

<p>Gluten (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a goal of immunotherapy in managing allergies?

<p>To create hypo-sensitization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the body during an anaphylaxis reaction?

<p>Histamine and other mediators are released (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Type II hypersensitivity, what is primarily targeted?

<p>Target cells affected by the antigen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding allergic reactions as a person ages?

<p>Allergic responses usually persist throughout life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Type IV hypersensitivity in terms of T-cells?

<p>They are responsible for delayed reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind serum sickness?

<p>Deposition of immune complexes in tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a common sign of Type I hypersensitivity?

<p>Skin swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antihistamines in treating hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>They block histamine receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily associated with the creation of autoantibodies that attack the patient's own cells?

<p>Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

<p>Joint pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic has the highest prevalence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

<p>Women of childbearing age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is a specific indicator of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

<p>Anti-DNA antibody testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do immunosuppressive agents play in the treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

<p>They increase the risk of infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In systemic lupus erythematosus, the immune complexes are primarily deposited in which tissues?

<p>Connective tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skin manifestation is often associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

<p>Red butterfly rash (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may happen to menstruation in women taking cyclophosphamide for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

<p>Menstruation may cease entirely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune disorder features hyperactivity of B cells as a contributing factor?

<p>Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?

<p>15 - 30 mm/hr (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a nursing diagnosis for a patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

<p>Risk for Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended teaching point for patients on immunosuppressants?

<p>Consult healthcare providers before getting immunizations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common nursing implementation for SLE patients?

<p>Encourage sun exposure for vitamin D (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential complications arise from the use of high-dose corticosteroid therapy for SLE?

<p>Reduced bone density and increased risk of fractures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypersensitivity

The overreaction of the immune system to foreign substances.

SLE

A chronic autoimmune disease affecting multiple body systems.

Type I Hypersensitivity

An immediate allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies.

Autoimmune Disorders

Conditions where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.

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Immunodeficiency

A condition where the immune system is unable to respond effectively.

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Anaphylaxis

A severe, systemic allergic response.

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Allergen

A substance that triggers an allergic reaction.

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Histamine

A compound released in allergic reactions, causing inflammation and symptoms.

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Immune Complex

A combination of an antigen and antibody.

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IgG or IgM antibodies

Antibodies that can cause Type II and Type III hypersensitivity reactions.

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Treatment of Type I Hypersensitivity

Includes antihistamines, steroids, and epinephrine, to reduce inflammation and allergic response.

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Immunotherapy (allergies)

Repeated exposure to allergen to reduce allergic response.

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Blood transfusion reaction

A complication from incompatible blood types during transfusion.

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Hypersensitivity reaction symptoms

Symptoms include swelling, redness, itching, runny nose, bronchospasm, and wheezing, depending on the type of hypersensitivity reaction.

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Hypersensitivity Evaluation

Assessment of reduced symptoms and frequency of reaction.

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Hypersensitivity Type II Treatment

Treating Type II Hypersensitivity might involve immunosuppressive medications.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity Cause

Exaggerated interaction between antigens and T-cells, triggering an immune response.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity Example

The TB skin test is a common example, where a purified protein derivative (PPD) is injected. A positive result shows a delayed reaction with swelling after 48-72 hours.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity Response

Macrophages are activated, leading to inflammation, tissue damage, chronic inflammation, lesions, scarring, and granuloma formation.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity Timeframe

The reaction takes 48-72 hours to develop, unlike other hypersensitivities that happen within minutes.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity vs. Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is an immediate allergic reaction involving IgE antibodies and histamine release, while Type IV is a delayed response involving T-cells and macrophages.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity Impact

Can cause chronic inflammation, tissue lesions, scarring, and granuloma formation.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity Importance

Understanding Type IV hypersensitivity helps diagnose and manage various diseases and conditions, including tuberculosis and contact dermatitis.

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Serum Sickness

A type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by exposure to certain medications or foreign proteins.

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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), What is it?

A chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks its own tissues, often causing inflammation and damage to various organs.

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What are autoantibodies?

Antibodies produced by the immune system that mistakenly attack the body's own cells and tissues.

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SLE, Where does it deposit?

Immune complexes in SLE are deposited in connective tissues like joints, kidneys, skin, and other organs.

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SLE, Why is it more common in women?

The exact reason is unknown, but hormonal factors and genetic predisposition are suspected.

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SLE, How does it affect the body?

It can affect almost all body systems, causing a wide range of symptoms, from joint pain to kidney inflammation.

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SLE, What are some symptoms?

Symptoms can include joint pain, butterfly rash, and fatigue.

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SLE, What tests help diagnose it?

Testing for anti-DNA antibodies, elevated ESR, and urinalysis for proteinuria.

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SLE, What are some treatment options?

Treatment includes medications like antimalarials, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants.

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SLE, Why is sun exposure a concern?

Sun exposure can worsen SLE symptoms, leading to skin rashes and flares.

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SLE, How does immunosuppressant use affect patients?

Immunosuppressants increase the risk of infections, malignancy, and bone marrow depression.

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SLE, What are nursing interventions?

Promoting skin integrity, teaching about sun avoidance, managing pain, and providing patient education.

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SLE, What are some nursing diagnoses?

Risk for infection, ineffective tissue perfusion, chronic pain, and risk for activity intolerance.

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SLE, How to evaluate nursing care?

Assess the patient's skin, respiratory status, musculoskeletal function, and psychosocial well-being.

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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

A blood test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle in a tube of blood, indicating inflammation in the body.

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Anti-DNA Antibodies

Antibodies that target the body's own DNA, a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

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Corticosteroids

Medications used to reduce inflammation in SLE by suppressing the immune system.

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Cyclophosphamide

An immunosuppressive agent used in severe SLE cases to suppress the immune system's activity.

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Maculopapular Rash

A skin rash characterized by red spots and bumps, often seen in SLE patients.

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Butterfly Rash

A distinctive rash across the cheeks, a characteristic symptom of SLE.

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Joint Pain

A common early symptom of SLE that resembles rheumatoid arthritis.

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Study Notes

Hypersensitivity

  • An overreaction of the immune system to foreign agents.
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting multiple body systems.
  • Immunocompromised systems are ineffective at protecting the body against infection.
  • Autoimmune disorders involve the immune system attacking the body's own tissues.
  • Immunodeficiency is when the immune system is unable to respond effectively.

Type I Hypersensitivity

  • Immediate allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies.
  • Can be localized or systemic.
  • Antibodies bind to cells, releasing substances causing inflammation.
  • Examples include asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies.

Type II Hypersensitivity

  • Cytotoxic reaction targeting specific tissues.
  • Antibodies activate a system that causes tissue damage.
  • Examples include transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and ABO incompatibility.

Type III Hypersensitivity

  • Immune complex-mediated inflammation in tissues.
  • Immune complexes deposited in tissues causing inflammation.
  • Examples include serum sickness and acute glomerulonephritis.

Type IV Hypersensitivity

  • Delayed cell-mediated immune response to antigens.
  • Cell-mediated immune response.
  • Antigen stimulates T-cells.
  • Examples include contact dermatitis, TB test, and GVH.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

  • An autoimmune disease affecting multiple body systems.
  • Involves the immune system attacking its own tissues.
  • Symptoms vary widely.

SLE Risk Factors

  • Women of childbearing age
  • African Americans
  • Hispanics
  • Native Americans
  • Asians

SLE Clinical Manifestations

  • Joint pain

  • Butterfly rash (red rash across cheeks and bridge of nose)

  • Diffuse skin rash

  • Early manifestations (mimic Rheumatoid Arthritis)

  • Anti-DNA antibodies (rarely found in other disorders)

  • Increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) - due to inflammation

SLE Diagnostic Tests

  • CBC (Complete Blood Count) - can show anemia and/or leukopenia
  • Urinalysis - tests for proteinuria (protein in urine) during exacerbation of SLE when kidneys are involved

SLE Drug Therapy

  • Anti-inflammatory drugs (hydroxychloroquine)
  • Corticosteroids (high doses initially, tapered as possible)
  • Immunosuppressive agents (cyclophosphamide, azathioprine)
  • Increased risk for infection and malignancy with immunosuppressant drugs.

SLE - Immunosuppressant Agents

  • Increased risk of infection and malignancy

SLE Nursing Assessment

  • Skin
  • Respiratory system
  • Musculoskeletal system
  • Neurological system
  • Gastrointestinal system
  • Psychosocial
  • Pain Assessment

SLE - Nursing Diagnoses

  • Risk for infection
  • Ineffective tissue perfusion
  • Chronic pain
  • Risk for activity intolerance
  • Disturbed body image
  • Compromised family coping

SLE - Nursing Implementations

  • Patient education about sun exposure
  • Strategies for rest and comfort
  • Frequent rest periods
  • encourage mobility
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Patient maintain a balanced healthy diet
  • Patient adheres to medications

SLE - Nursing Evaluation

  • Weight maintenance
  • Healthy skin
  • balanced activity/rest
  • Compliance with medication regimen
  • Positive body image

Type IV Hypersensitivity

  • Cell-mediated immune response.
  • No antibodies involved.
  • Results from exaggerated interaction between antigen and T cells.
  • Examples include PPD/TB skin test.

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Related Documents

Understanding Hypersensitivity and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders. This quiz covers the different types of hypersensitivity, including Type I, II, and III reactions, as well as their implications in diseases like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Explore how the immune system can sometimes overreact in harmful ways.

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