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Questions and Answers
Which of the following correctly defines a pathogen?
Which of the following correctly defines a pathogen?
Pathogens can only be transmitted through direct contact.
Pathogens can only be transmitted through direct contact.
False
What role do phagocytes play in the body's defense system?
What role do phagocytes play in the body's defense system?
They engulf and digest pathogenic cells.
The acidity in the ______ helps to kill pathogens that enter the digestive system.
The acidity in the ______ helps to kill pathogens that enter the digestive system.
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Match the following barriers with their descriptions:
Match the following barriers with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a method by which pathogens can be transmitted?
Which of the following is NOT a method by which pathogens can be transmitted?
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Chemical barriers in the body help trap or destroy pathogens.
Chemical barriers in the body help trap or destroy pathogens.
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What are mechanical barriers in the immune system?
What are mechanical barriers in the immune system?
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The immune system's white blood cells are known as ______.
The immune system's white blood cells are known as ______.
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Which of the following is an example of indirect transmission of pathogens?
Which of the following is an example of indirect transmission of pathogens?
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What is the primary role of mechanical barriers in the body?
What is the primary role of mechanical barriers in the body?
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Nose hairs help pathogens to easily pass into the lungs.
Nose hairs help pathogens to easily pass into the lungs.
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What happens to the skin when it is cut or grazed?
What happens to the skin when it is cut or grazed?
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Mucus traps bacteria that enter the respiratory system via __________.
Mucus traps bacteria that enter the respiratory system via __________.
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Match the following barriers to their functions:
Match the following barriers to their functions:
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Which statement is true about phagocytosis?
Which statement is true about phagocytosis?
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Chemical barriers are physical substances that block pathogens.
Chemical barriers are physical substances that block pathogens.
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Cellular barriers include white blood cells like __________ and phagocytes.
Cellular barriers include white blood cells like __________ and phagocytes.
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What is the role of enzymes in the process of phagocytosis?
What is the role of enzymes in the process of phagocytosis?
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What do mechanical barriers, such as skin, primarily protect against?
What do mechanical barriers, such as skin, primarily protect against?
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What is the primary function of antibodies?
What is the primary function of antibodies?
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Active immunity involves the direct transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.
Active immunity involves the direct transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.
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What are memory cells and why are they important?
What are memory cells and why are they important?
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Antigens are __________ specific to a type of cell.
Antigens are __________ specific to a type of cell.
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Match the immunity type with its description:
Match the immunity type with its description:
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Which of the following describes passive immunity?
Which of the following describes passive immunity?
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Phagocytes are involved in recognizing antigens.
Phagocytes are involved in recognizing antigens.
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What happens when antibodies attach to antigens on pathogenic cells?
What happens when antibodies attach to antigens on pathogenic cells?
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Active immunity is the result of the lymphocytes' ability to produce __________ in response to a pathogen.
Active immunity is the result of the lymphocytes' ability to produce __________ in response to a pathogen.
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Which of the following is a source of passive immunity for newborns?
Which of the following is a source of passive immunity for newborns?
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What is an example of an autoimmune disease?
What is an example of an autoimmune disease?
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Active immunity provides immediate protection against infections.
Active immunity provides immediate protection against infections.
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What should be done to ensure hygienic food preparation?
What should be done to ensure hygienic food preparation?
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Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system targets ______ cells in the pancreas.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system targets ______ cells in the pancreas.
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What is one way to control the spread of disease related to waste disposal?
What is one way to control the spread of disease related to waste disposal?
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Match the measures with their purposes in disease control:
Match the measures with their purposes in disease control:
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Vaccination involves injecting antibodies to combat diseases.
Vaccination involves injecting antibodies to combat diseases.
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What is a fast response required for, using an example disease?
What is a fast response required for, using an example disease?
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A clean water supply should be treated with chemicals or ______ to kill microbes.
A clean water supply should be treated with chemicals or ______ to kill microbes.
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Which of the following is NOT recommended for good personal hygiene?
Which of the following is NOT recommended for good personal hygiene?
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Study Notes
Diseases and Immunity
- A pathogen is a disease-causing organism.
- Transmissible diseases are diseases where pathogens can be passed from one host to another.
- Pathogens are transmitted by direct contact (including blood and other body fluids) and indirectly (from contaminated surfaces, food, animals, and air).
- Body defenses include skin, hairs in the nose, mucus, stomach acid, and white blood cells.
- Factors important in controlling disease spread include clean water, hygienic food preparation, good personal hygiene, waste disposal, and sewage treatment.
- Active immunity involves antibody production in response to a pathogen or vaccination; each pathogen has unique antigens with specific shapes. Antibodies are proteins that bind to antigens, leading to pathogen destruction or marking for destruction by phagocytes. Active immunity is gained after a pathogen infection or vaccination, involving weakened pathogens or antigens to trigger an immune response and produce memory cells for long-term immunity.
- Passive immunity provides short-term defence against a pathogen through acquired antibodies from another individual (e.g., across the placenta, breast milk). Memory cells are not produced in passive immunity.
- Cholera is a disease caused by a bacterium transmitted in contaminated water. The bacteria produce a toxin causing chloride ion secretion into the small intestine and osmotic water movement. This leads to diarrhea, dehydration, and ion loss.
- Chemical barriers in the body help trap or destroy pathogens.
- Mucus traps bacteria entering the respiratory system.
- Stomach acid kills pathogens entering the digestive system.
- Skin, nose hairs, and mucus act as mechanical barriers blocking pathogen entry.
- Cellular barriers are components of the immune system which take part in combating pathogens and disease.
- Lymphocytes produce antibodies.
- Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogenic cells.
Phagocytosis
- Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytes digest pathogens.
- A phagocyte extends itself to engulf a pathogen.
- Enzymes digest the pathogen inside the phagocyte.
Antigens and Antibodies
- All cells have proteins and other substances projecting from their cell membrane called antigens, which are specific to cell type.
- Lymphocytes can identify foreign antigens and create complementary antibodies to bind to and neutralize these antigens.
- Antibodies cause agglutination (clumping) of antigens, preventing their movement and signaling phagocytes for destruction
Active Immunity
- Lymphocytes create memory cells that remain in the blood post-infection, allowing rapid antibody production if the same pathogen is encountered again.
- Active immunity results from infection with a pathogen or vaccination.
- Antibody production and memory cell development is active immunity.
Passive Immunity
- Passive immunity is a short-term defense against a pathogen using antibodies acquired from another source.
- Antibodies are introduced from another source (e.g., mother to infant via breast milk).
- Passive immunity is fast-acting and provides short-term protection.
Vaccination
- Vaccinations use harmless or altered pathogens (or their antigens) to create an immune response without causing illness.
- Vaccination creates memory cells for long-lasting immunity.
- The level of protection in a population depends on the proportion of people vaccinated.
How Does Vaccination Work?
- Vaccines introduce weakened pathogens or antigens triggering an immune response.
- Antibodies target the pathogen via memory cells.
- Memory cells allow rapid antibody production upon subsequent encounters.
How Does Vaccination Control the Spread of Disease?
- High vaccination rates create herd immunity, limiting pathogen spread as there are fewer susceptibles.
- Lower vaccination rates and a prevalence of infectious diseases lead to higher infection rates and mortality.
Autoimmune Diseases
- Some diseases result from the immune system attacking healthy body cells (e.g., Type 1 diabetes).
Controlling the Spread of Disease
- Hygienic food preparation involves proper food handling procedures, including cooking and temperature control.
- Good personal hygiene includes handwashing with soap, using tissues to cover coughs and sneezes, and proper restroom hygiene.
- Waste disposal involves proper waste management and the avoidance of waste contamination of the environment or food sources to avoid disease.
- Sewage treatment involves methods to remove solid waste and pathogens from waste prior to disposal into the environment.
- Clean water supplies involve treating water with disinfectants or chemical treatment to remove disease-causing microbes.
How Does Vibrio Cholerae Cause Diarrhea
- Vibrio cholerae bacteria attach to and spread inside the small intestine.
- Bacteria produce a toxin releasing chloride ions into the intestine
- This lowers the water potential, drawing water from the intestinal wall into the gut.
- This results in watery diarrhea.
Important Terminology
- A pathogen is a disease-causing organism.
- Antibodies are proteins that bind to antigens.
- Antigens are substances on the surface of cells that trigger an immune response.
- Phagocytes are cells that engulf and destroy pathogens.
- Active immunity is immunity acquired after exposure to a pathogen or vaccination.
- Passive immunity is immunity acquired by exposure to antibodies from another source.
- Vaccination is the process of introducing a harmless form of a pathogen to induce immunity.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the immune system and pathogens with this comprehensive quiz. Learn about the roles of phagocytes, chemical barriers, and mechanical barriers in defending against diseases. Understand the methods of pathogen transmission and the body's response to cuts and grazes.
