Immunology Chapter 5: Serological and Hypersensitivity Tests
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Questions and Answers

What defines attenuated vaccines?

  • Vaccines containing dead microorganisms
  • Vaccines containing toxins
  • Vaccines with synthetic peptides
  • Vaccines with live but weakened microorganisms (correct)

    • Which structure characterizes neutrophils when viewed under a microscope?

  • Granules (correct)
  • Bilobed nucleus
  • Lack of nucleus
  • Large cytoplasm

    • Which immune system cell is known for synthesizing a high volume of immunoglobulin molecules rapidly?

  • Macrophages
  • Plasma cells (correct)
  • T cells
  • B cells

    • What type of immunity results from the administration of serum?

    <p>Passive immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the fetus, which organ is primarily responsible for hematopoiesis?

    <p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serological reaction utilizes the hemolytic system as an indicator?

    <p>Complement fixation test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by local hyperergic inflammation resulting in tissue necrosis due to immune complex precipitation?

    <p>Arthus reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves antibodies coating antigens to enhance their phagocytosis?

    <p>Opsonization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tests measure the strength of antigen-antibody binding?

    <p>Affinity tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell types collaborate in the destruction of extracellular parasitic infections?

    <p>Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, and mast cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to proteins that enhance the process of phagocytosis?

    <p>Opsonins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin class is known to be decavalent, having ten antigen-binding sites?

    <p>IgM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do immature forms of white blood cells primarily develop?

    <p>Bone marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is associated with atopic disorders such as asthma?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specificity of serological reactions primarily relies on what component?

    <p>Antigen-antibody complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunoglobulin is produced in response to an allergen during atopy?

    <p>IgE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    White blood cell counts are typically expressed in which format?

    <p>Percentage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Urticaria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is often used as an adjuvant in vaccines?

    <p>Aluminum salts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fetal and maternal blood incompatibility can lead to which condition?

    <p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haemolytic disease of the newborn is classified as which type of hypersensitivity?

    <p>Type II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type IV hypersensitivity is a result of which type of immunity?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibody-dependent cytotoxic allergic reactions fall under which hypersensitivity classification?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine commonly requires booster doses to maintain immunity?

    <p>Live attenuated vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition exemplifies type III hypersensitivity?

    <p>Serum sickness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is primarily indicative of a recent infection?

    <p>IgM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypersensitivity of the immediate type is primarily mediated by which aspect of the immune system?

    <p>Humoral immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon of immunological memory is attributed to which cells?

    <p>Memory B, T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sensitized T cells play in the immune response?

    <p>They recognize and respond to specific antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naive T lymphocytes differentiate into which type of cells upon activation?

    <p>CD8+ effector T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, such as those tested in a tuberculin test, typically develop over what time period?

    <p>2-3 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of hypersensitivity do antibodies play a significant role?

    <p>The immunological phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by T cells rather than antibodies?

    <p>Type IV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these immunoglobulins is produced first during the humoral immune response?

    <p>IgM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in allergic reactions?

    <p>IgE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of passive immunization?

    <p>Rabies immunoglobulin treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of vaso-active amines in the immune response?

    <p>To promote inflammation and immediate hypersensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is formed after vaccination?

    <p>Active immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used to measure cytokine levels in serum?

    <p>ELISA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step of phagocytosis?

    <p>Chemotaxis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are the primary cellular components of innate immunity?

    <p>Neutrophils and macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunity acquired via exposure to pathogens is termed:

    <p>Active immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune response to foreign tissues is primarily due to:

    <p>Adaptive immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    What are attenuated vaccines?

    Vaccines containing live but weakened microorganisms that elicit an immune response without causing the disease.

    What is the distinctive visual feature of neutrophils under a microscope?

    Neutrophils are characterized by the presence of granules that can be seen under a microscope. These granules contain enzymes that break down bacteria and debris.

    Which cell produces millions of antibodies in an hour?

    Plasma cells are highly specialized B cells that produce a large amount of antibodies (immunoglobulins) to combat specific pathogens.

    What type of immunity is conferred by serum therapy?

    Passive immunity refers to the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one individual to another, typically through serum injection. It provides immediate protection but is temporary because the body did not produce its own antibodies.

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    What organ performs hematopoiesis in the fetus?

    During fetal development, the liver is the primary site of hematopoiesis (blood cell production). Bone marrow takes over this function later in development.

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    Complement Fixation Test

    A serological test that utilizes red blood cell lysis as an indicator to detect the presence of antibodies.

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    Arthus Reaction

    A localized, exaggerated inflammatory reaction due to the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes within blood vessels and tissues.

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    Opsonization

    The process by which antibodies bind to the surface of pathogens, making it easier for phagocytes to engulf and destroy them.

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    Antibody Affinity

    A measure of the strength of the interaction between an antibody's antigen-binding site and a specific antigen.

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    Eosinophils

    A type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the destruction of extracellular parasites.

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    Opsonins

    Proteins that enhance phagocytosis by binding to pathogens and marking them for engulfment by immune cells.

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    IgM Antibody

    The largest antibody, with 10 antigen-binding sites, making it highly efficient at aggregating antigens.

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    Bone Marrow

    The site where the maturation and development of immature white blood cells take place.

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    Atopic Disorders

    A group of allergic disorders like asthma and hay fever that are triggered by exposure to allergens and involve the overproduction of IgE antibodies.

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    Antigen-Antibody Complex

    The reaction that happens when an antibody binds to a specific antigen.

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    IgE

    The class of antibody produced in response to allergen exposure, responsible for triggering immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

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    White Blood Cell Count

    The usual way to represent the number of white blood cells in a sample, usually given as a percentage.

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    Urticaria

    An itchy skin rash that appears as red, raised welts, a common reaction to allergen exposure.

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    Adjuvant

    Substances that enhance the immune response to antigens when added to a vaccine.

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    Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

    A condition that develops when maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells, usually due to Rh incompatibility.

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    Type II Hypersensitivity

    A type of hypersensitivity where antibodies bind to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell destruction.

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    Type IV Hypersensitivity

    A type of hypersensitivity where immune cells, mainly T cells, directly attack antigens, leading to delayed reactions.

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    Type III Hypersensitivity

    A type of hypersensitivity where antibody-antigen complexes deposit in tissues causing inflammation and damage.

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    Humoral Immunity

    Immune reactions that are mediated by antibodies, occurring quickly after exposure to an allergen.

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    Immunological Memory

    A type of adaptive immune response that involves long-lasting memory B and T cells, allowing for faster responses to future exposures to the same antigen.

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    Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxic Allergic Reactions

    A type of hypersensitivity reaction where antibodies bind to antigens on red blood cells, causing their destruction.

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    Live Attenuated Vaccine

    A type of vaccine that contains weakened versions of the pathogen, providing long-lasting immunity but often requiring booster doses.

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    Serum Sickness

    A condition characterized by inflammation and damage caused by immune complex deposition in tissues, often a delayed reaction to certain medications or infections.

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    Antibody Synthesis Sequence

    The sequence of antibody production during the immune response starts with IgM (first responder), followed by IgG, IgA, and lastly IgE.

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    Sensitized T Cells

    T cells that have encountered and been sensitized by an antigen presented to them by macrophages.

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    IgG and Transmitted Infections

    IgG is produced during later stages of an immune response and indicates past or ongoing infections.

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    Immunological Stage of Hypersensitivity

    The immunological stage of hypersensitivity involves the production of antibodies specific to the antigen.

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    Vaso-active Amines and Allergies

    Vaso-active amines, like histamine, are released from mast cells and basophils and play key roles in the initial phases of allergic reactions.

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    Secondary Immunoprophylaxis

    Passive vaccination involves the administration of ready-made antibodies to provide immediate protection against a specific disease.

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    Type IV Hypersensitivity and T Cells

    Type IV hypersensitivity is driven by sensitized T cells, unlike other types that depend on antibodies.

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    Emergency Passive Immunoprophylaxis

    Providing pre-formed antibodies (via passive immunization) after exposure to rabies or tetanus is crucial for immediate protection.

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    Artificial Active Immunity

    Active immunity is acquired through vaccination, which involves the introduction of antigens to stimulate the immune system.

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    Vaccine Therapy and Immune Activation

    The primary goal of vaccine therapy is to activate the immune system to recognize and fight against specific antigens.

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    Cytokine Quantification

    ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a frequently used method for measuring cytokine levels in blood serum.

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    Naive Lymphocytes

    Naive lymphocytes are mature immune cells that have not yet encountered their specific antigen.

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    Adhesion Stage of Phagocytosis

    The second stage of phagocytosis involves the attachment of the phagocyte to the target particle.

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    Cellular Innate Immunity

    NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and granulocytes are key components of the cellular innate immune response.

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    Study Notes

    Serological Reactions and Immune Responses

    • Complement Fixation Test: A serological reaction using the hemolytic system to detect antibodies.

    • Arthus Reaction: A local type III hypersensitivity reaction causing tissue necrosis due to immune complex precipitation.

    • Opsonization: Antibodies enhance phagocytosis by coating antigens, marking them for destruction.

    • Affinity Tests: Evaluate the strength of antigen-antibody binding.

    • Extracellular Parasite Destruction: Cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils/mast cells combat extracellular parasites.

    • Opsonins: Enhance phagocytosis by binding to pathogens, tagging them for destruction.

    • IgM (Decavalent Antibody): Has 10 antigen-binding sites.

    • Hematopoiesis Location: White blood cell precursors are found in bone marrow.

    Hypersensitivity Reactions

    • Type I Hypersensitivity: Mediated by IgE, leading to atopic disorders (e.g., asthma, hay fever). In atopy, initial allergen exposure triggers IgE production.

    • Type II Hypersensitivity: Cytotoxic reactions (e.g., hemolytic disease of the newborn, blood transfusion reactions) caused by antibodies (IgG or IgM) reacting with antigens on cell surfaces.

    • Type III Hypersensitivity: Immune complexes accumulate in tissues, causing inflammation (e.g., Arthus reaction, serum sickness).

    • Type IV Hypersensitivity: Cell-mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity involving T cells (e.g., tuberculin skin test).

    Other Immune Concepts

    • White Blood Cell Count (WBC): Usually expressed as a percentage in differential analyses.

    • Vaccines and Adjuvants: Aluminum salts can act as adjuvants in vaccines to enhance immune responses.

    • Immunological Memory: Maintained by memory B and T cells to facilitate faster responses to subsequent exposures.

    • Naive T Lymphocytes: Differentiate into effector T cells (CD4+ or CD8+) after antigen encounter.

    • Cytokine Measurement: ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is used to measure cytokine levels in serum.

    • Phagocytosis Stages: Phagocytosis involves particle adhesion, engulfment, and formation of a phagolysosome.

    • Innate Immunity Cellular Factors: Comprises natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and granulocytes.

    • Acquired Immunity: Develops after exposure to antigens and involves antibody production.

    • Passive Immunity: Provided through pre-formed antibodies.

    • Active Immunity: Induced by introduction of antigen through vaccination.

    • Vaccine Types: Attenuated vaccines utilize live but weakened microorganisms, while inactivated vaccines use dead microorganisms.

    • Plasma Cells: Highly specialized cells that produce large amounts of antibodies.

    • Fetal Hematopoiesis: Primarily occurs in the liver during fetal development.

    • Antigen Presentation (MHC): Essential for T cell activation & recognition of foreign materials.

    Additional Points

    • Clinical Examples: Urticaria (hives) is a manifestation of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity (type I). Serum sickness is an example of type III hypersensitivity.

    • Antibody Synthesis Sequence: IgM is produced first during an immune response, followed by IgG, IgA, and IgE.

    • Differentiation of Hypersensitivity Types: Different types of hypersensitivity reactions rely on different immune mechanisms.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on serological reactions and immune responses with this quiz. Explore various immune mechanisms including the complement fixation test, types of hypersensitivity reactions, and the role of antibodies. Enhance your understanding of how the immune system combats pathogens and the significance of opsonization.

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