Immunology Chapter 5: Serological and Hypersensitivity Tests

Vaccines containing live but weakened microorganisms that elicit an immune response without causing the disease.

Neutrophils are characterized by the presence of granules that can be seen under a microscope. These granules contain enzymes that break down bacteria and debris.

Plasma cells are highly specialized B cells that produce a large amount of antibodies (immunoglobulins) to combat specific pathogens.

Passive immunity refers to the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one individual to another, typically through serum injection. It provides immediate protection but is temporary because the body did not produce its own antibodies.

During fetal development, the liver is the primary site of hematopoiesis (blood cell production). Bone marrow takes over this function later in development.

A serological test that utilizes red blood cell lysis as an indicator to detect the presence of antibodies.

A localized, exaggerated inflammatory reaction due to the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes within blood vessels and tissues.

The process by which antibodies bind to the surface of pathogens, making it easier for phagocytes to engulf and destroy them.

A measure of the strength of the interaction between an antibody's antigen-binding site and a specific antigen.

A type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the destruction of extracellular parasites.

Proteins that enhance phagocytosis by binding to pathogens and marking them for engulfment by immune cells.

The largest antibody, with 10 antigen-binding sites, making it highly efficient at aggregating antigens.

The site where the maturation and development of immature white blood cells take place.

A group of allergic disorders like asthma and hay fever that are triggered by exposure to allergens and involve the overproduction of IgE antibodies.

The reaction that happens when an antibody binds to a specific antigen.

The class of antibody produced in response to allergen exposure, responsible for triggering immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

The usual way to represent the number of white blood cells in a sample, usually given as a percentage.

An itchy skin rash that appears as red, raised welts, a common reaction to allergen exposure.

Substances that enhance the immune response to antigens when added to a vaccine.

A condition that develops when maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells, usually due to Rh incompatibility.

A type of hypersensitivity where antibodies bind to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell destruction.

A type of hypersensitivity where immune cells, mainly T cells, directly attack antigens, leading to delayed reactions.

A type of hypersensitivity where antibody-antigen complexes deposit in tissues causing inflammation and damage.

Immune reactions that are mediated by antibodies, occurring quickly after exposure to an allergen.

A type of adaptive immune response that involves long-lasting memory B and T cells, allowing for faster responses to future exposures to the same antigen.

A type of hypersensitivity reaction where antibodies bind to antigens on red blood cells, causing their destruction.

A type of vaccine that contains weakened versions of the pathogen, providing long-lasting immunity but often requiring booster doses.

A condition characterized by inflammation and damage caused by immune complex deposition in tissues, often a delayed reaction to certain medications or infections.

The sequence of antibody production during the immune response starts with IgM (first responder), followed by IgG, IgA, and lastly IgE.

T cells that have encountered and been sensitized by an antigen presented to them by macrophages.

IgG is produced during later stages of an immune response and indicates past or ongoing infections.

The immunological stage of hypersensitivity involves the production of antibodies specific to the antigen.

Vaso-active amines, like histamine, are released from mast cells and basophils and play key roles in the initial phases of allergic reactions.

Passive vaccination involves the administration of ready-made antibodies to provide immediate protection against a specific disease.

Type IV hypersensitivity is driven by sensitized T cells, unlike other types that depend on antibodies.

Providing pre-formed antibodies (via passive immunization) after exposure to rabies or tetanus is crucial for immediate protection.

Active immunity is acquired through vaccination, which involves the introduction of antigens to stimulate the immune system.

The primary goal of vaccine therapy is to activate the immune system to recognize and fight against specific antigens.

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a frequently used method for measuring cytokine levels in blood serum.

Naive lymphocytes are mature immune cells that have not yet encountered their specific antigen.

The second stage of phagocytosis involves the attachment of the phagocyte to the target particle.

NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and granulocytes are key components of the cellular innate immune response.