Immunology Chapter 5: Serological and Hypersensitivity Tests
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Questions and Answers

What defines attenuated vaccines?

  • Vaccines containing dead microorganisms
  • Vaccines containing toxins
  • Vaccines with synthetic peptides
  • Vaccines with live but weakened microorganisms (correct)

    • Which structure characterizes neutrophils when viewed under a microscope?

  • Granules (correct)
  • Bilobed nucleus
  • Lack of nucleus
  • Large cytoplasm

    • Which immune system cell is known for synthesizing a high volume of immunoglobulin molecules rapidly?

  • Macrophages
  • Plasma cells (correct)
  • T cells
  • B cells

    • What type of immunity results from the administration of serum?

    <p>Passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the fetus, which organ is primarily responsible for hematopoiesis?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serological reaction utilizes the hemolytic system as an indicator?

    <p>Complement fixation test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by local hyperergic inflammation resulting in tissue necrosis due to immune complex precipitation?

    <p>Arthus reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves antibodies coating antigens to enhance their phagocytosis?

    <p>Opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tests measure the strength of antigen-antibody binding?

    <p>Affinity tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell types collaborate in the destruction of extracellular parasitic infections?

    <p>Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, and mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to proteins that enhance the process of phagocytosis?

    <p>Opsonins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin class is known to be decavalent, having ten antigen-binding sites?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do immature forms of white blood cells primarily develop?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is associated with atopic disorders such as asthma?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specificity of serological reactions primarily relies on what component?

    <p>Antigen-antibody complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunoglobulin is produced in response to an allergen during atopy?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    White blood cell counts are typically expressed in which format?

    <p>Percentage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Urticaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is often used as an adjuvant in vaccines?

    <p>Aluminum salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fetal and maternal blood incompatibility can lead to which condition?

    <p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haemolytic disease of the newborn is classified as which type of hypersensitivity?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type IV hypersensitivity is a result of which type of immunity?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibody-dependent cytotoxic allergic reactions fall under which hypersensitivity classification?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine commonly requires booster doses to maintain immunity?

    <p>Live attenuated vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition exemplifies type III hypersensitivity?

    <p>Serum sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is primarily indicative of a recent infection?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypersensitivity of the immediate type is primarily mediated by which aspect of the immune system?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon of immunological memory is attributed to which cells?

    <p>Memory B, T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sensitized T cells play in the immune response?

    <p>They recognize and respond to specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naive T lymphocytes differentiate into which type of cells upon activation?

    <p>CD8+ effector T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, such as those tested in a tuberculin test, typically develop over what time period?

    <p>2-3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of hypersensitivity do antibodies play a significant role?

    <p>The immunological phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by T cells rather than antibodies?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these immunoglobulins is produced first during the humoral immune response?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in allergic reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of passive immunization?

    <p>Rabies immunoglobulin treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of vaso-active amines in the immune response?

    <p>To promote inflammation and immediate hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is formed after vaccination?

    <p>Active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used to measure cytokine levels in serum?

    <p>ELISA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step of phagocytosis?

    <p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are the primary cellular components of innate immunity?

    <p>Neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunity acquired via exposure to pathogens is termed:

    <p>Active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune response to foreign tissues is primarily due to:

    <p>Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Serological Reactions and Immune Responses

    • Complement Fixation Test: A serological reaction using the hemolytic system to detect antibodies.

    • Arthus Reaction: A local type III hypersensitivity reaction causing tissue necrosis due to immune complex precipitation.

    • Opsonization: Antibodies enhance phagocytosis by coating antigens, marking them for destruction.

    • Affinity Tests: Evaluate the strength of antigen-antibody binding.

    • Extracellular Parasite Destruction: Cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils/mast cells combat extracellular parasites.

    • Opsonins: Enhance phagocytosis by binding to pathogens, tagging them for destruction.

    • IgM (Decavalent Antibody): Has 10 antigen-binding sites.

    • Hematopoiesis Location: White blood cell precursors are found in bone marrow.

    Hypersensitivity Reactions

    • Type I Hypersensitivity: Mediated by IgE, leading to atopic disorders (e.g., asthma, hay fever). In atopy, initial allergen exposure triggers IgE production.

    • Type II Hypersensitivity: Cytotoxic reactions (e.g., hemolytic disease of the newborn, blood transfusion reactions) caused by antibodies (IgG or IgM) reacting with antigens on cell surfaces.

    • Type III Hypersensitivity: Immune complexes accumulate in tissues, causing inflammation (e.g., Arthus reaction, serum sickness).

    • Type IV Hypersensitivity: Cell-mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity involving T cells (e.g., tuberculin skin test).

    Other Immune Concepts

    • White Blood Cell Count (WBC): Usually expressed as a percentage in differential analyses.

    • Vaccines and Adjuvants: Aluminum salts can act as adjuvants in vaccines to enhance immune responses.

    • Immunological Memory: Maintained by memory B and T cells to facilitate faster responses to subsequent exposures.

    • Naive T Lymphocytes: Differentiate into effector T cells (CD4+ or CD8+) after antigen encounter.

    • Cytokine Measurement: ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is used to measure cytokine levels in serum.

    • Phagocytosis Stages: Phagocytosis involves particle adhesion, engulfment, and formation of a phagolysosome.

    • Innate Immunity Cellular Factors: Comprises natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and granulocytes.

    • Acquired Immunity: Develops after exposure to antigens and involves antibody production.

    • Passive Immunity: Provided through pre-formed antibodies.

    • Active Immunity: Induced by introduction of antigen through vaccination.

    • Vaccine Types: Attenuated vaccines utilize live but weakened microorganisms, while inactivated vaccines use dead microorganisms.

    • Plasma Cells: Highly specialized cells that produce large amounts of antibodies.

    • Fetal Hematopoiesis: Primarily occurs in the liver during fetal development.

    • Antigen Presentation (MHC): Essential for T cell activation & recognition of foreign materials.

    Additional Points

    • Clinical Examples: Urticaria (hives) is a manifestation of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity (type I). Serum sickness is an example of type III hypersensitivity.

    • Antibody Synthesis Sequence: IgM is produced first during an immune response, followed by IgG, IgA, and IgE.

    • Differentiation of Hypersensitivity Types: Different types of hypersensitivity reactions rely on different immune mechanisms.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on serological reactions and immune responses with this quiz. Explore various immune mechanisms including the complement fixation test, types of hypersensitivity reactions, and the role of antibodies. Enhance your understanding of how the immune system combats pathogens and the significance of opsonization.

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