Questions and Answers
The variable regions of the heavy and light chains from the ______ sites of an antibody.
antigen binding
The heavy chains of an antibody molecule contain ______ region segments which help to determine its class or isotype.
constant
_______ immunity involves the production of antibody molecules that bind to specific antigens.
humoral
There are two critically important aspects of adaptive immunity. The first is specificity, while the second is ______.
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Match the antibody class with its description.
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Which class of molecules is the most antigenic?
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A single antigen molecule may be composed of many individual ______.
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Cellular adaptive immunity is carried out by ______.
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Antibodies are produced by ______.
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MHC I molecules present ______.
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MHC II molecules present ______.
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Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found on all nucleated cells?
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Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found only on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells?
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MHC molecules are used for antigen _____ to T cells.
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What is a superantigen?
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To what does the TCR of a helper T cell bind?
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Cytotoxic T cells will bind with their TCR to which of the following?
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A ______ molecule is a glycoprotein used to identify and distinguish white blood cells.
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Name the T helper cell subset involved in antibody production.
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A ______ T cell will become activated by presentation of foreign antigen associated with an MHC I molecule.
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A _____ T cell will become activated by presentation of foreign antigen in association with an MHC II molecule.
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A TCR is a protein dimer embedded in the plasma membrane of a T cell. The ______ region of each of the two protein chains is what gives it the capability to bind to a presented antigen.
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Peripheral tolerance mechanisms function on T cells after they mature and exit the ______.
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Both _____ and effector T cells are produced during differentiation of activated T cells.
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Which of the following would be a T-dependent antigen?
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Which of the following would be a BCR?
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Which of the following does not occur during the lag period of the primary antibody response?
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________ antigens can stimulate B cells to become activated but require cytokine assistance delivered by helper T cells.
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T-independent antigens can stimulate B cells to become activated and secrete antibodies without assistance from helper T cells. These antigens possess ______ antigenic epitopes that cross-link BCRs.
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A patient is bitten by a dog with confirmed rabies infection. After treating the bite wound, the physician injects the patient with antibodies that are specific for the rabies virus to prevent the development of an active infection. This is an example of:
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A patient gets a cold, and recovers a few days later. The patient's classmates come down with the same cold roughly a week later, but the original patient does not get the same cold again. This is an example of:
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Match each type of vaccine with the corresponding example.
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A ______ pathogen is in a weakened state; it is still capable of stimulating an immune response but does not cause a disease.
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_______ immunity occurs when antibodies from one individual are harvested and given to another to protect against disease or treat active disease.
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In the practice of ______, scabs from smallpox victims were used to immunize susceptible individuals against smallpox.
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MHC II molecules are made up of two subunits (α and β) of approximately equal size, whereas MHC I molecules consist of a larger α subunit and a smaller subunit called ______.
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Red blood cells that are matured and lack a ______, are the only cells that do not express MHC molecules on their surface.
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Study Notes
Antibody Structure and Function
- Antibodies bind to specific antigens at their variable regions, located in the heavy and light chains.
- Heavy chains of antibodies contain constant region segments, which are vital for determining the class or isotype of the antibody.
- Humoral immunity relies on the production of antibodies to bind specific antigens.
Adaptive Immunity Aspects
- Adaptive immunity has two key features: specificity (ability to target specific pathogens) and memory (ability to remember past infections).
Antigen Characteristics
- The most antigenic molecules are proteins, with single antigen molecules potentially comprising multiple epitopes.
T Cell Functions
- Cellular adaptive immunity is mediated by T cells.
- Antibodies are generated by plasma cells.
- Cytotoxic T cells interact with antigens presented by MHC I molecules, while helper T cells bind to antigens presented with MHC II molecules.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
- MHC I molecules present processed foreign antigens from proteasomes and are found on all nucleated cells.
- MHC II molecules present processed foreign antigens from phagolysosomes, and are restricted to antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
- MHC molecules are crucial for the presentation of antigens to T cells.
T Cell Receptors (TCR)
- Superantigens activate T cells nonspecifically, leading to uncontrolled responses.
- TCR on helper T cells binds to MHC II presented antigens, while cytotoxic T cells recognize MHC I.
- TCRs have a variable region that enables binding to specific presented antigens.
T Cell Activation and Differentiation
- Peripheral tolerance mechanisms regulate T cells post-maturation in the thymus.
- Activated T cells differentiate into both memory and effector T cells.
- Protein antigens are classic examples of T-dependent antigens, while IgD represents a B cell receptor (BCR).
Immune Response Dynamics
- Class switching to IgG does not happen during the lag phase of the primary antibody response.
- T-dependent antigens require cytokine help from helper T cells for B cell activation.
- T-independent antigens can activate B cells directly through repetitive antigenic epitopes.
Immunity Types
- Artificial passive immunity occurs when pre-formed antibodies are administered to individuals, such as during rabies treatment.
- Natural active immunity arises when an individual recovers from an infection and gains immunity thereafter.
Vaccination and Immunization
- Vaccination utilizes both live attenuated pathogens and inactivated forms to stimulate immune responses.
- The practice of variolation involved using scabs from smallpox patients to immunize susceptible persons against smallpox.
MHC Molecule Structure
- MHC II molecules consist of equal-sized α and β chains, whereas MHC I includes a larger α chain and a smaller β2 microglobulin.
Red Blood Cell Characteristics
- Mature red blood cells do not express MHC molecules on their surface due to the absence of a nucleus.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of Immunology with these flashcards from Chapter 18. Each card focuses on key terms related to antibody structure and function, including antigen binding sites and regions that determine antibody classes. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of humoral immunity.
