ch 1 Immunology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is immunology?

  • The study of weather patterns and their impact on immunity
  • The study of ancient civilizations' methods of defense
  • The study of plants' immune systems
  • The study of immunity and how the immune system responds to specific infection agents (correct)

    • What does immunology primarily study?

  • Cultural practices for promoting health
  • Methods for space exploration
  • Economic impacts of healthcare systems
  • Physiological mechanisms for defending the body from invasion by other organisms (correct)

    • What does the body defend itself from in immunology?

  • Infectious agents and foreign substances in the environment (correct)
  • Social interactions
  • Inanimate objects in the environment
  • Psychological stress only

    • Who demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox could protect against smallpox?

    <p>Edward Jenner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Edward Jenner use to describe the inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened disease-causing agents?

    <p>Vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was it announced that smallpox had been eradicated?

    <p>1979-1980</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edward Jenner demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox could protect against smallpox

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Chinese and Turks performed the first recorded attempts to induce immunity in the fifteenth century

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It took almost two centuries for smallpox vaccination to become universal

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smallpox vaccination became universal shortly after Edward Jenner's successful experiment

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first demonstrated the induction of immunity through variolation?

    <p>Chinese and Turks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Edward Jenner demonstrate could protect against smallpox?

    <p>Cowpox inoculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who devised a vaccine against cholera in chickens?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease was the first human vaccine administered to protect against?

    <p>Rabies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Louis Pasteur call the attenuated strain used as a vaccine?

    <p>Vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis Pasteur devised a vaccine against cholera in chickens

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joseph Meister was inoculated with a series of attenuated rabies virus preparations

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis Pasteur administered his first vaccine to a human in 1885

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emil Von Behring and Shibasaburo Baron Kitasato discovered that the serum of animals immunized to diphtheria or tetanus could transfer the immune state to unimmunized animals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metchnikoff hypothesized that phagocytic cells were the major effectors of immunity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The serum contains a specific 'antitoxin activity' that confers short-lived protection against the effects of diphtheria or tetanus toxins in people.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who demonstrated that certain white blood cells were able to phagocytize microorganisms?

    <p>Metchnikoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered that the serum of immunized animals could transfer the immune state to unimmunized animals?

    <p>Emil Von Behring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the serum of immunized animals contain that conferred short-lived protection against diphtheria or tetanus toxins?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen causes tetanus?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by a parasite?

    <p>Leishmaniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polio is caused by a virus

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis is caused by a fungus

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malaria is caused by a parasite

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is caused by a parasite?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen causes tetanus?

    <p>Clostridium tetani bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?

    <p>Polio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immune system evolved to protect multicellular organisms from pathogens

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune system does this by 2 related activities: Recognition and response

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune system primarily studies the function of the brain

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The immune system is divided into two systems of defense, the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The innate immune system consists of macrophages, physical and chemical barriers?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The adaptive immune system consists of various cells, especially lymphocytes, and organs such as the thymus gland?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the innate immune system primarily consist of?

    <p>Macrophages, physical and chemical barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for providing the host with specific immunity to infectious agents?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the adaptive immune system?

    <p>Provide specific immunity to infectious agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the timeframe for the immune response against an antigen in innate immunity?

    <p>0-12 hours after initial exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of innate immunity?

    <p>Phagocytic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a less specific barrier protecting the host in innate immunity?

    <p>Lysozymes in fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against infection?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The immune response against an antigen in innate immunity occurs within 0-12 hours after the initial exposure to that antigen?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Phagocytic cells are a component of innate immunity?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anatomic barriers include the skin and mucous membranes

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Innate immunity is primarily concerned with the body's non-specific defenses

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammatory barriers involve the leakage of vascular fluid and influx of phagocytic cells

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of barrier in innate immunity includes the skin and mucous membranes?

    <p>Anatomic barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a physiologic barrier in innate immunity?

    <p>Low temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of phagocytic/endocytic barriers in innate immunity?

    <p>Break down foreign macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of the skin called?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the waterproofing protein found in the outer epidermal layer of the skin?

    <p>Keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT found in the dermis?

    <p>Melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the skin composed of two distinct layers, the epidermis and the dermis?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does the outer epidermal layer of the skin consist of dead cells filled with a waterproofing protein called keratin?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does the dermis contain blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion called sebum

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sebum consists of lactic acid and fatty acids

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pH of the skin inhibits the growth of most microorganisms

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sebum in the skin?

    <p>Maintain the pH of the skin and inhibit the growth of most microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of perspiration produced by sweat glands?

    <p>Help maintain body temperature and eliminate certain waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of sebum secreted by sebaceous glands?

    <p>Lactic acid and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mucus in the body's tracts?

    <p>Prevents the tracts from drying out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells produce mucus in the mucous membranes?

    <p>Goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body systems are lined by mucous membranes?

    <p>Alimentary, respiratory, and urogenital tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mucous membranes are a physical barrier that makes it difficult for pathogens to invade internal body systems?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mucus prevents the body's tracts from drying out?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mucus traps microbes from entering and spreading through the mucous membrane lined body's tracts?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saliva, tears, and mucous secretions act to wash away potential invaders and also contain antibacterial or antiviral substances.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skin and mucous membranes are the only physical barriers that protect epithelial surfaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Innate immunity plays a role in providing the first line of defense against infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chickens have innate immunity to anthrax because their high body temperature inhibits the growth of the bacteria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastric acidity is an innate physiologic barrier to infection because very few ingested microorganisms can survive the low pH of the stomach contents.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vomiting and diarrhea act to flush harmful microbes and their chemical products from the digestive tract.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary physiologic barrier in innate immunity?

    <p>High body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of gastric juice in innate immunity?

    <p>Destroy bacteria and most bacterial toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vomiting and diarrhea contribute to innate immunity?

    <p>Flush harmful microbes and their chemical products from the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysozyme in innate immunity?

    <p>Cleaving the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of interferon in innate immunity?

    <p>Binding to nearby cells and inducing a generalized antiviral state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of complement in innate immunity?

    <p>Circulating in an inactive state until activated to help destroy invading pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysozyme is a hydrolytic enzyme found in mucous secretions and in tears.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interferon is not involved in innate immunity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complement is a group of serum proteins that circulate in an active state.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagosomes are formed when a cell's plasma membrane expands around particulate material.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most phagocytosis is conducted by specialized cells such as blood monocytes, neutrophils, and tissue macrophages.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general term for the uptake by a cell of material from its environment?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells conduct most phagocytosis in the body?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are large vesicles formed when a cell's plasma membrane expands around particulate material called?

    <p>Phagosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

    <p>Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major event of the inflammatory response results in tissue redness and an increase in tissue temperature?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for engorgement of the capillary network and tissue redness in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Engorged capillaries due to vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance has a much higher protein content than fluid normally released from the vasculature?

    <p>Exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mediator of the inflammatory response released by various cells in response to tissue injury?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are small peptides normally present in blood plasma in an inactive form and are important inflammatory mediators?

    <p>Kinins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of variability in the structures of the antigen-binding sites of lymphocyte receptors for antigens?

    <p>Diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of adaptive immunity refers to the immune system's ability to respond again to a foreign antigen upon re-exposure?

    <p>Immunologic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of an inappropriate response to self molecules by the immune system?

    <p>Fatal response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is mediated by molecules in the blood called antibodies?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells specifically recognize microbial antigens and neutralize the infectivity of microbes in humoral immunity?

    <p>B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes and their toxins?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptive immune responses are mediated by molecules in the blood called antibodies

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies are produced by cells called T lymphocytes

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humoral immunity is the principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes and their toxins

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell-mediated immunity is also known as humoral immunity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell-mediated immunity is primarily responsible for defense against intracellular microbes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Activating macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microbes are targeted by cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Intracellular microbes such as viruses and some bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cells responsible for mediating cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>cellular immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microbes does cell-mediated immunity primarily defend against?

    <p>Intracellular microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of T lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes or destroy infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell-mediated immunity is primarily responsible for defense against intracellular microbes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T lymphocytes activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circulating antibodies are effective against intracellular microbes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    •Lymphocytes involves 2 of cells: B cells and T cells

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antigen-presenting cells are not involved in the effective immune response

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innate immune system is the only line of defense against infection

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common manifestations of immune dysfunction?

    <p>Allergy and asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an autoimmune disease?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is immunodeficiency characterized by?

    <p>Defects in innate or adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immune dysfunction can lead to manifestations such as allergy, asthma, graft rejection, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune disease, and immunodeficiency. True or false?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symptoms of allergic reactions may include sneezing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing. True or false?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease are consequences of immune dysfunction. True or false?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

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