129 Questions
What is immunology?
The study of immunity and how the immune system responds to specific infection agents
What does immunology primarily study?
Physiological mechanisms for defending the body from invasion by other organisms
What does the body defend itself from in immunology?
Infectious agents and foreign substances in the environment
Who demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox could protect against smallpox?
Edward Jenner
What term did Edward Jenner use to describe the inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened disease-causing agents?
Vaccination
When was it announced that smallpox had been eradicated?
1979-1980
Edward Jenner demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox could protect against smallpox
True
The Chinese and Turks performed the first recorded attempts to induce immunity in the fifteenth century
True
It took almost two centuries for smallpox vaccination to become universal
True
Smallpox vaccination became universal shortly after Edward Jenner's successful experiment
False
Who first demonstrated the induction of immunity through variolation?
Chinese and Turks
What did Edward Jenner demonstrate could protect against smallpox?
Cowpox inoculation
Who devised a vaccine against cholera in chickens?
Louis Pasteur
What disease was the first human vaccine administered to protect against?
Rabies
What did Louis Pasteur call the attenuated strain used as a vaccine?
Vaccine
Louis Pasteur devised a vaccine against cholera in chickens
True
Joseph Meister was inoculated with a series of attenuated rabies virus preparations
True
Louis Pasteur administered his first vaccine to a human in 1885
True
Emil Von Behring and Shibasaburo Baron Kitasato discovered that the serum of animals immunized to diphtheria or tetanus could transfer the immune state to unimmunized animals.
True
Metchnikoff hypothesized that phagocytic cells were the major effectors of immunity.
True
The serum contains a specific 'antitoxin activity' that confers short-lived protection against the effects of diphtheria or tetanus toxins in people.
True
Who demonstrated that certain white blood cells were able to phagocytize microorganisms?
Metchnikoff
Who discovered that the serum of immunized animals could transfer the immune state to unimmunized animals?
Emil Von Behring
What did the serum of immunized animals contain that conferred short-lived protection against diphtheria or tetanus toxins?
Antibodies
Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?
Influenza
Which pathogen causes tetanus?
None of the above
Which disease is caused by a parasite?
Leishmaniasis
Polio is caused by a virus
True
Tuberculosis is caused by a fungus
False
Malaria is caused by a parasite
True
Which of the following diseases is caused by a parasite?
Malaria
Which pathogen causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani bacterium
Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?
Polio
Immune system evolved to protect multicellular organisms from pathogens
True
The immune system does this by 2 related activities: Recognition and response
True
The immune system primarily studies the function of the brain
False
True or false: The immune system is divided into two systems of defense, the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system?
True
True or false: The innate immune system consists of macrophages, physical and chemical barriers?
True
True or false: The adaptive immune system consists of various cells, especially lymphocytes, and organs such as the thymus gland?
True
What does the innate immune system primarily consist of?
Macrophages, physical and chemical barriers
Which component is essential for providing the host with specific immunity to infectious agents?
Lymphocytes
What is the main function of the adaptive immune system?
Provide specific immunity to infectious agents
What is the timeframe for the immune response against an antigen in innate immunity?
0-12 hours after initial exposure
Which of the following is a component of innate immunity?
Phagocytic cells
Which of the following is considered a less specific barrier protecting the host in innate immunity?
Lysozymes in fluids
True or false: Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against infection?
True
True or false: The immune response against an antigen in innate immunity occurs within 0-12 hours after the initial exposure to that antigen?
True
True or false: Phagocytic cells are a component of innate immunity?
True
Anatomic barriers include the skin and mucous membranes
True
Innate immunity is primarily concerned with the body's non-specific defenses
True
Inflammatory barriers involve the leakage of vascular fluid and influx of phagocytic cells
True
Which type of barrier in innate immunity includes the skin and mucous membranes?
Anatomic barriers
Which of the following is an example of a physiologic barrier in innate immunity?
Low temperature
What is the main function of phagocytic/endocytic barriers in innate immunity?
Break down foreign macromolecules
What is the outer layer of the skin called?
Epidermis
What is the waterproofing protein found in the outer epidermal layer of the skin?
Keratin
Which component is NOT found in the dermis?
Melanocytes
Is the skin composed of two distinct layers, the epidermis and the dermis?
True
Does the outer epidermal layer of the skin consist of dead cells filled with a waterproofing protein called keratin?
True
Does the dermis contain blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands?
True
Sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion called sebum
True
Sebum consists of lactic acid and fatty acids
True
The pH of the skin inhibits the growth of most microorganisms
True
What is the main function of sebum in the skin?
Maintain the pH of the skin and inhibit the growth of most microorganisms
What is the primary function of perspiration produced by sweat glands?
Help maintain body temperature and eliminate certain waste
What is the composition of sebum secreted by sebaceous glands?
Lactic acid and fatty acids
What is the primary function of mucus in the body's tracts?
Prevents the tracts from drying out
What type of cells produce mucus in the mucous membranes?
Goblet cells
Which body systems are lined by mucous membranes?
Alimentary, respiratory, and urogenital tracts
True or false: Mucous membranes are a physical barrier that makes it difficult for pathogens to invade internal body systems?
True
True or false: Mucus prevents the body's tracts from drying out?
True
True or false: Mucus traps microbes from entering and spreading through the mucous membrane lined body's tracts?
True
Saliva, tears, and mucous secretions act to wash away potential invaders and also contain antibacterial or antiviral substances.
True
The skin and mucous membranes are the only physical barriers that protect epithelial surfaces.
False
Innate immunity plays a role in providing the first line of defense against infection.
True
Chickens have innate immunity to anthrax because their high body temperature inhibits the growth of the bacteria.
True
Gastric acidity is an innate physiologic barrier to infection because very few ingested microorganisms can survive the low pH of the stomach contents.
True
Vomiting and diarrhea act to flush harmful microbes and their chemical products from the digestive tract.
True
What is a primary physiologic barrier in innate immunity?
High body temperature
What is the primary function of gastric juice in innate immunity?
Destroy bacteria and most bacterial toxins
How do vomiting and diarrhea contribute to innate immunity?
Flush harmful microbes and their chemical products from the digestive tract
What is the primary function of lysozyme in innate immunity?
Cleaving the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall
What is the main function of interferon in innate immunity?
Binding to nearby cells and inducing a generalized antiviral state
What is the primary function of complement in innate immunity?
Circulating in an inactive state until activated to help destroy invading pathogens
Lysozyme is a hydrolytic enzyme found in mucous secretions and in tears.
True
Interferon is not involved in innate immunity.
False
Complement is a group of serum proteins that circulate in an active state.
False
Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis.
True
Phagosomes are formed when a cell's plasma membrane expands around particulate material.
True
Most phagocytosis is conducted by specialized cells such as blood monocytes, neutrophils, and tissue macrophages.
True
What is the general term for the uptake by a cell of material from its environment?
Endocytosis
Which cells conduct most phagocytosis in the body?
Neutrophils
What are large vesicles formed when a cell's plasma membrane expands around particulate material called?
Phagosomes
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
What major event of the inflammatory response results in tissue redness and an increase in tissue temperature?
Vasodilation
What is responsible for engorgement of the capillary network and tissue redness in the inflammatory response?
Engorged capillaries due to vasodilation
What substance has a much higher protein content than fluid normally released from the vasculature?
Exudate
What is the main mediator of the inflammatory response released by various cells in response to tissue injury?
Histamine
What are small peptides normally present in blood plasma in an inactive form and are important inflammatory mediators?
Kinins
What is the result of variability in the structures of the antigen-binding sites of lymphocyte receptors for antigens?
Diversity
Which characteristic of adaptive immunity refers to the immune system's ability to respond again to a foreign antigen upon re-exposure?
Immunologic memory
What is the primary outcome of an inappropriate response to self molecules by the immune system?
Fatal response
What type of immune response is mediated by molecules in the blood called antibodies?
Humoral immunity
Which cells specifically recognize microbial antigens and neutralize the infectivity of microbes in humoral immunity?
B lymphocytes
What is the principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes and their toxins?
Humoral immunity
Adaptive immune responses are mediated by molecules in the blood called antibodies
True
Antibodies are produced by cells called T lymphocytes
False
Humoral immunity is the principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes and their toxins
True
Cell-mediated immunity is also known as humoral immunity.
False
Cell-mediated immunity is primarily responsible for defense against intracellular microbes.
True
T lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes.
True
What is the main function of cell-mediated immunity?
Activating macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes
Which type of microbes are targeted by cell-mediated immunity?
Intracellular microbes such as viruses and some bacteria
What are the cells responsible for mediating cell-mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes
What is another name for cell-mediated immunity?
cellular immunity
Which type of microbes does cell-mediated immunity primarily defend against?
Intracellular microbes
What is the main function of T lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity?
Activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes or destroy infected cells
Cell-mediated immunity is primarily responsible for defense against intracellular microbes.
True
T lymphocytes activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes.
True
Circulating antibodies are effective against intracellular microbes.
False
•Lymphocytes involves 2 of cells: B cells and T cells
True
Antigen-presenting cells are not involved in the effective immune response
False
The innate immune system is the only line of defense against infection
False
What are common manifestations of immune dysfunction?
Allergy and asthma
What is an example of an autoimmune disease?
Rheumatoid arthritis
What is immunodeficiency characterized by?
Defects in innate or adaptive immunity
Immune dysfunction can lead to manifestations such as allergy, asthma, graft rejection, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune disease, and immunodeficiency. True or false?
True
Symptoms of allergic reactions may include sneezing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing. True or false?
True
Graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease are consequences of immune dysfunction. True or false?
True
Test your knowledge of the study of immunity and the body's defense mechanisms against infectious agents and foreign substances.
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