Immunology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What factor is NOT mentioned as a reason for varying susceptibility to infectious agents in individuals of the same animal species?

  • Genetic makeup (correct)
  • Age
  • Diet, Malnutrition
  • Stress

    • Which antimicrobial substance is primarily responsible for bacterial cell lysis?

  • Interleukins
  • Complement
  • Lysozyme (correct)
  • Lactoferrin

    • How does stress affect susceptibility to infections?

  • It decreases the need for nutrients.
  • It has no effect on health.
  • It enhances the immune system.
  • It compromises overall health. (correct)

    • Which of the following substances helps inhibit microbial growth?

    <p>Interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of using corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs for therapy?

    <p>increased susceptibility to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does complement play in the immune response?

    <p>Participates in inflammation and phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is derived from virus-infected cells and aids in resistance to virus infections?

    <p>Interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of complement in the immune system?

    <p>Serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the immune system in host defense?

    <p>To restrict invasion by normal flora and defend against harmful organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes innate immunity?

    <p>Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does adaptive immunity differ from innate immunity?

    <p>It provides a specific response and has a memory component.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the infection of a host by a parasite?

    <p>Infectious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the innate immune system?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is species resistance?

    <p>Resistance among all members of a species to specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contribution of the inflammatory response to innate immunity?

    <p>It speeds up the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response involves cytotoxic lymphocytes?

    <p>Cell-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the classical pathway of complement activation?

    <p>Reactions between antibodies and antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of C3a and C5a in the complement activation process?

    <p>Attracting phagocytes to the site of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of complement is responsible for opsonization?

    <p>C3b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulins can activate the complement system?

    <p>IgG and IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristic symptoms of inflammation?

    <p>Redness, swelling, and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the inflammatory response?

    <p>To direct antimicrobial factors to the infection site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the complement system aid in the lysis of bacterial cells?

    <p>By forming a membrane attack complex with C8 and C9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of excessive inflammation induced by microbes?

    <p>Significant host tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the inflammatory response in the body?

    <p>Pathogen invasion or tissue injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the innate immune system from the adaptive immune system?

    <p>The innate immune system reacts immediately to infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are the first to accumulate around pathogens during the inflammatory response?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about antigens is true?

    <p>Antigens induce a specific immunological response in the form of AMI or CMI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does active immunity differ from passive immunity?

    <p>Active immunity is developed through exposure to an antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released by mast cells during the inflammatory response?

    <p>Histamine and heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way the adaptive immune system demonstrates its specificity?

    <p>It remembers prior exposures to the same antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about neutrophils is true?

    <p>They constitute 30-70% of circulating white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does bradykinin play in inflammation?

    <p>Facilitates plasma leakage and activates pain receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components can act as antigens?

    <p>Coat proteins of viruses and extracellular proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the differentiation of neutrophils?

    <p>Multilobed nucleus structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the inflammatory response mediated in tissues?

    <p>By mast cells and basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to intracellular cAMP levels in mast cells during inflammation?

    <p>They drop rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the immune system?

    <p>They develop from monocytes and are more efficient in phagocytosis than monocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the phagocytic process in macrophages?

    <p>It includes a sequence from adherence to digestion of particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do monocytes typically circulate in the blood before migrating into tissues?

    <p>1 to 3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total pool of macrophages referred to as?

    <p>Mononuclear phagocyte system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the functions of macrophages from those of neutrophils?

    <p>Macrophages engage in phagocytosis for a longer duration and are involved in chronic infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to monocytes when they enter tissues?

    <p>They enlarge and become fixed macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity may become engaged if innate immunity fails?

    <p>Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Immunology

    • Immunology is the study of the immune system
    • Humans are constantly exposed to microorganisms.
    • Colonization of body surfaces by microorganisms is common.
    • Damage to the host by microorganisms is rare.
    • Host defense mechanisms restrict invasion by normal flora, potential pathogens, and non-indigenous microorganisms.
    • Colonization can be tolerated by hosts but restricted to areas where it does no harm
    • Infection occurs when a parasite breaches an anatomical barrier or progresses beyond colonization.
    • Pathological harm to the host resulting from infection is termed an infectious disease
    • The immune system is responsible for host defense mechanisms

    Host Defense Mechanisms

    • The immune system has two major subdivisions, innate and adaptive
    • Innate immunity is the primary defense against invading pathogens
    • Adaptive immunity is the immune system's second line of defense
    • Innate and adaptive systems work together
    • Cells and components of the innate system influence the adaptive system, vice-versa.

    Innate Immunity

    • Innate immunity is a non-specific defense mechanism.
    • Innate mechanisms are constitutive to the host.
    • Constitutive means they are continually ready to respond to invading microorganisms without needing time for induction.
    • Components of innate immunity include anatomical barriers; normal flora; tissue bactericides; complement components; ability to induce an inflammatory response; and phagocytic response.
    • Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against invading bacteria

    Anatomical Barriers

    • Skin
      • Intact epidermis is rarely penetrated
      • Microbes may enter broken or damaged skin
      • Normal flora produces substances discouraging colonization (e.g., fatty acids)
      • Perspiration contains lysozyme
    • Mucous Membranes
      • Colonized by bacteria
      • Limited entry of pathogens
      • Contain antimicrobial compounds

    Adaptive Immunity Characteristics

    • Adaptive immunity is specific in its reaction to a pathogen and reacts accordingly
    • Adaptive immunity has immunological memory
    • This "remembering" allows for a quicker response upon re-exposure
    • Innate immunity does not have memory

    Cellular Defense

    • Various tissue cells are involved in innate and adaptive immunity
    • Cells involved in phagocytosis include neutrophils and macrophages.
    • Basophils and mast cells are involved in inflammation
    • B cells and T cells are key for antibody mediated and cell mediated immunity, respectively.
    • All these cells originate in the bone marrow

    Cells of Immune System

    • Myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells.
    • Lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate into T cells and B cells.
    • Macrophages and dendritic cells play roles in innate and adaptive immunity.
    • Other factors involved in cell-mediated immunity, and antibody-mediated immunity.

    Therapy Against Other Diseases

    • Treating other diseases may make a person more susceptible to infection
    • Diseases and conditions that suppress the immune response decrease the body's ability to fight infection

    Complement

    • Complement is part of the innate immune system
    • It plays a crucial role in inflammation, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing
    • It can be activated by bacterial invasion, antigen-antibody reactions, and other means
    • Complement is an enzymatic system of serum proteins (C1-C9)
    • It has classical and alternative pathways leading to a variety of antibacterial defenses
    • The various components of complement work together for phagocytic chemotaxis, opsonization, and inflammatory responses and can result in the lysis of certain bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms

    Phagocytic Defenses

    • Recruitment of phagocytes occurs in response to inflammation
    • Phagocytes (cells capable of ingestion) are responsible for the destruction of microorganisms that cause inflammation
    • First to accumulate are neutrophils
    • Local and blood-borne macrophages subsequently migrate to the site of infection and initiate phagocytosis

    Properties of Neutrophils

    • Neutrophils originate in multi-potential stem cells in the bone marrow
    • They have a short lifespan (2-3 days)
    • They make up 30-70% of circulating white blood cells
    • They are phagocytic and actively participate in inflammation, killing microorganisms through various mechanisms
    • They differentiate and mature in the bone marrow, where division ceases and mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum disappear
    • They're motile and actively phagocytic
    • Only about half of circulating neutrophils are detectable in the blood at a given time

    Properties of Macrophages

    • Macrophages, also known as mononuclear phagocytes
    • Originate from monocytes in the bone marrow
    • They circulate in the bloodstream for about 1-3 days before migrating to tissues, where they mature into macrophages
    • Monocytes mature to macrophages to become phagocytic, more active and more granules.

    The Phagocytic Process

    • Phagocytosis involves sequential steps including delivery of phagocytes to the site of infection, adherence to the target, ingestion, phagolysosome formation, intracellular killing, and digestion.

    Inflammation

    • Inflammation is vital for all host defenses
    • It focuses various circulating antimicrobial components to a site of infection
    • Inflammation is a tissue reaction in response to infection or injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain
    • Phagocytes, lymphocytes, and components of plasma are part of the inflammatory response
    • Inflammation is both helpful and detrimental in that it can be induced by immunological reactions, tissue damage, and certain pathogenic agents but also has the potential to damage the host by inducing excessive responses

    Innate Vs Adaptive Immunity

    • Innate immunity is non-specific and fast; adaptive immunity is specific and slow
    • Innate immunity has no memory
    • Adaptive immunity exhibits memory
    • Adaptive immunity acts to prevent disease. Innate immunity, by itself, may not be

    Antigens

    • Antigens are foreign substances (not part of the animal's tissues)
    • They have a molecular weight greater than 12,000 daltons
    • They trigger a specific immunological response

    Active Vs Passive Immunity

    • Adaptive immunity can be acquired through active or passive means

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    Introduction to Immunology PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of immunology with this quiz. Questions cover topics such as immune responses, susceptibility to infections, antimicrobial substances, and the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Perfect for students studying biology or related fields.

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