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Questions and Answers
What is the mouse LD50 for endotoxins?
What is the mouse LD50 for endotoxins?
Endotoxins are more toxic than exotoxins.
Endotoxins are more toxic than exotoxins.
False
What type of organism produces endotoxins?
What type of organism produces endotoxins?
Gram-negative bacteria
The Limulus test uses __________ from the horseshoe crab to test for the presence of endotoxins.
The Limulus test uses __________ from the horseshoe crab to test for the presence of endotoxins.
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Match the following skin flora categories with their characteristics:
Match the following skin flora categories with their characteristics:
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Which type of immunity is primarily involved in B-cell activation and antibody production?
Which type of immunity is primarily involved in B-cell activation and antibody production?
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True pathogens can only cause disease in immunocompromised individuals.
True pathogens can only cause disease in immunocompromised individuals.
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What is the term used to describe the ability of an organism to cause disease?
What is the term used to describe the ability of an organism to cause disease?
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______ T-cells are involved in directly killing infected or cancerous cells.
______ T-cells are involved in directly killing infected or cancerous cells.
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Match the following types of pathogens with their definitions:
Match the following types of pathogens with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the adaptive response?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the adaptive response?
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Virulence is a qualitative measure of a pathogen's ability to cause disease.
Virulence is a qualitative measure of a pathogen's ability to cause disease.
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What type of cells are Natural Killer Cells primarily associated with?
What type of cells are Natural Killer Cells primarily associated with?
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What is the primary function of Cytotoxic T cells?
What is the primary function of Cytotoxic T cells?
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Helper T cells have a CD8 receptor.
Helper T cells have a CD8 receptor.
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How do Helper T cells assist in activating B cells?
How do Helper T cells assist in activating B cells?
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Natural killer cells recognize destroyed host cells with no _____ class I surface molecules.
Natural killer cells recognize destroyed host cells with no _____ class I surface molecules.
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Match the following lymphocyte types with their main functions:
Match the following lymphocyte types with their main functions:
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Which T cell type recognizes antigens presented by MHC class I?
Which T cell type recognizes antigens presented by MHC class I?
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Natural killer cells require antigen specificity to function.
Natural killer cells require antigen specificity to function.
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What role do cytokines play in the activation of T cells?
What role do cytokines play in the activation of T cells?
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Which type of toxin is primarily made up of proteins?
Which type of toxin is primarily made up of proteins?
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Endotoxins can be neutralized by antitoxins.
Endotoxins can be neutralized by antitoxins.
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What is the typical LD50 value for exotoxins?
What is the typical LD50 value for exotoxins?
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Exotoxins can be grouped into categories such as ________, ________, and ________ toxins.
Exotoxins can be grouped into categories such as ________, ________, and ________ toxins.
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Match the type of toxin to its function.
Match the type of toxin to its function.
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Which of the following statements about cytolytic toxins is false?
Which of the following statements about cytolytic toxins is false?
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Exotoxins are always produced by Gram-positive bacteria.
Exotoxins are always produced by Gram-positive bacteria.
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What are beta-lactamases?
What are beta-lactamases?
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The __________ is a large metabolic product found in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria.
The __________ is a large metabolic product found in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria.
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What is one of the main modes of action of A-B toxins?
What is one of the main modes of action of A-B toxins?
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Which type of pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Which type of pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
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Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-positive bacillus.
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-positive bacillus.
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What term describes a condition resulting from a previous disease or injury?
What term describes a condition resulting from a previous disease or injury?
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The __________ virus is known for causing periodic pandemics and has a segmented ssRNA genome.
The __________ virus is known for causing periodic pandemics and has a segmented ssRNA genome.
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Match the following pneumonia types with their respective characteristics:
Match the following pneumonia types with their respective characteristics:
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What is a characteristic of the Influenza virus's genome?
What is a characteristic of the Influenza virus's genome?
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Neuraminidase inhibitors can help in treating influenza infections.
Neuraminidase inhibitors can help in treating influenza infections.
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What are the two types of glycoprotein spikes found on the influenza virus?
What are the two types of glycoprotein spikes found on the influenza virus?
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What is antigenic shift?
What is antigenic shift?
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Antigenic drift is a major change caused by the recombination of viral segments.
Antigenic drift is a major change caused by the recombination of viral segments.
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Name the bacterium that causes tuberculosis.
Name the bacterium that causes tuberculosis.
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TB is usually contracted by inhalation of __________ organisms.
TB is usually contracted by inhalation of __________ organisms.
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Match the following symptoms with their corresponding conditions:
Match the following symptoms with their corresponding conditions:
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What is a common factor that increases the transmission of tuberculosis?
What is a common factor that increases the transmission of tuberculosis?
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The tuberculin test indicates whether a person has active tuberculosis.
The tuberculin test indicates whether a person has active tuberculosis.
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What is one major reason cases of bird or swine flu in humans are concerning?
What is one major reason cases of bird or swine flu in humans are concerning?
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The generation time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is __________ hours.
The generation time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is __________ hours.
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What are the symptoms associated with tuberculosis?
What are the symptoms associated with tuberculosis?
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Study Notes
Immune System Overview
- The immune system is a complex network of organs, cells, and proteins that works to defend the body against pathogens.
- This system has two main branches: innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
- Innate immunity provides a rapid, non-specific defense against a broad range of pathogens.
- Adaptive immunity is more specific, targeting particular pathogens and developing memory for future encounters.
Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Pathogenicity is the ability of a microorganism to cause disease.
- Virulence is a quantitative measure of a pathogen's ability to cause disease.
- Factors influence virulence: Adhesion factors, exoenzymes, toxins, and metabolic pathways.
Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
- Virulence factors can contribute to a pathogen's ability to adhere to host cells or tissues.
- Some pathogens produce exoenzymes and/or toxins that help them invade tissues, evade host defenses, or cause damage to cells/tissues.
- Exotoxins are proteins that are secreted by microorganisms into their surroundings.
- Endotoxins are part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, released when the cell dies or breaks apart.
- Factors like the number of infecting organisms, the nature of the wound, and the host's immune status can influence the severity of a wound infection and pathogenicity.
Types of Immunity
- Natural immunity—acquired through the normal life experiences of humans.
- Active immunity—produced when a person develops his/her own immune response to a microbe.
- Passive immunity—occurs when a person receives preformed immunity made by another person.
- Artificial immunity—produced through medical procedures.
Specific/Adaptive Immunity
- Pathogens/microbes have a wide range of shapes/structures that the immune system must learn to recognize.
- Adaptive immunity recognizes specific antigens.
- A division of labor, between T and B cells, occurs in the bone marrow and thymus, respectively.
- T cells recognize processed antigen on antigen presenting cells (APCs).
- T cells can be differentiated into Helper T cells or Cytotoxic T cells.
- B cells make antibodies in response to an antigen, and also differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells.
Infectious Diseases
- Infection - colonization of the host by microorganisms.
- Not all infections lead to noticeable adverse effects.
- Infectious Disease—infection resulting in disease.
- Disease—deviation from normal health, often due to damage or injury by the microbe or its products.
Categories of Skin Infections
- Diphtheroids
- Staphylococcal infections
- Fungi (Yeast)
Staphylococcus aureus Infections
- Common skin pathogen.
- Significant cause of wound infections.
- Transmission occurs from person to person/fomites
- Characteristic of being able to produce pus and have certain toxins e.g., coagulase, clumping factor, protein A, toxin.
- Community and Hospital-acquired infections are distinguished by how they are acquired.
Staphylococcus epidermidis Infections
- Maintain themselves on skin and are not extremely invasive, but can cause infections and biofilm formation.
Group A Streptococcal Infections (GAS)
- Most common bacterial cause of pyoderma infections.
- Causes an array of infections/diseases ranging from mild to life threatening.
- Common symptoms include throat infections and skin infections.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
- Opportunistic pathogen, often associated with hospitals
- Causes infections in individuals with compromised immune systems.
- Symptoms can include a systemic inflammatory response as well as discoloration/changes in skin and tissues.
Bacterial Pneumonia
- Bacterial infection of the lungs.
- Usually involves several bacteria.
- Pneumococcal—caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Klebsiella—caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mycoplasma—caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Common Cold
- Caused by rhinoviruses.
- Symptoms are usually mild: scratchy throat, runny nose, and slight cough.
- Not typically a serious infection treated by antibiotic therapy. Viral infections typically go away on their own.
Diphtheria
- Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria.
- Characterized by a thick, whitish film in the throat.
- Can lead to heart and nervous system issues (toxin).
Pertussis
- Caused by Bordetella pertussis.
- Typically impacts parts of upper respiratory tract.
- Results in excessive coughing and other respiratory issues.
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
- Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
- Bacterial infection characterized by throat soreness and difficulty swallowing.
- The bacterium is highly contagious.
- Can lead to serious complications such as rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis.
Herpes Simplex
- Caused by human herpesvirus type 1 (HSV-1) or 2 (HSV-2).
- HSV-1 causes cold sores around the mouth.
- HSV-2 can cause genital sores.
- Both viruses can lay dormant, and reactivate later on.
Chickenpox
- Caused by the varicella-zoster virus.
- Characterized by a rash that spreads to the body.
- Often contracted during childhood and generally clears up without serious issues.
Shingles
- Reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus.
- Primarily impacts one side of the body.
- Characterized by an intense eruption of rash and blistering.
- This virus remains dormant and can reactivate later in life.
Viral Infections Overview
- Diseases caused by viral infections are diverse.
- A wide variety of symptoms can result from viral infections.
- Prevention methods often focus on vaccines and hygiene.
Additional Notes
- A specific list of characteristics of any particular bacteria or virus isn't included in these notes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on immunology concepts and the characteristics of various pathogens. This quiz covers topics such as endotoxins, T-cell functions, and the immune response. Perfect for students studying microbiology or immunology.
