Immunology and Pathogens Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of immunity is described as short-term protection transferred from host to recipient?

Artificial immunity

Active immunity

Passive immunity (correct)

Adaptive immunity

What occurs during graft rejection?

The donor's immune system attacks the recipient

The donated tissue integrates without reaction

The recipient's body attacks the donated tissue (correct)

The donor organ is accepted without issues

What type of microorganisms are considered pathogens?

Microbes that help maintain body functions

Microbes that are predominantly anaerobic

Microbes that do not affect human health

Microbes that can cause disease (correct)

How do bacteria typically survive outside of a host cell?

Most bacteria can survive independently of hosts Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a disease that arises from medical treatment?

Iatrogenic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way pathogens can harm the host?

Enhancing immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for cervical metaplasia or dysplasia?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

What is primary prevention aimed at?

Preventing the occurrence of disease Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport does not require energy?

Osmosis and diffusion Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cervical cancer screening, what does a Pap smear detect?

Presence of abnormal cervical cells Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the movement of cells or parts of cells across membranes?

Secretion Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes autoimmunity?

Failure to distinguish between self and nonself Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes atrophy?

Shrunken cell size Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of feedback mechanisms in cellular processes?

Regulate gene activity and control production levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?

Regular health screenings Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the symptoms associated with meningitis?

Infection leading to inflammation of the meninges Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of meningitis?

Elevated blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a positive Brudzinski Sign during a physical examination?

Legs bending when the neck is lifted Signup and view all the answers

What key laboratory finding is typically observed in bacterial meningitis during a lumbar puncture?

Elevated protein levels Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is NOT typically included in the management of meningitis?

Antihypertensives Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could result from complications associated with meningitis?

Hydrocephalus Signup and view all the answers

What role does phenazopyridine play in the treatment of patients undergoing antibiotic therapy?

Provides pain relief and urinary analgesia Signup and view all the answers

What is an important precaution to take for patients diagnosed with meningitis?

Ensuring the patient is quarantined or isolated Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of pulmonary tuberculosis?

Pleuritic chest pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is NOT typically used for diagnosing tuberculosis?

Urine culture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of directly observed therapy (DOT) in tuberculosis treatment?

To ensure adherence to treatment Signup and view all the answers

What combination of drugs is typically used to treat drug-susceptible tuberculosis?

Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is primarily associated with urinary tract infections?

Escherichia coli Signup and view all the answers

What does a urinalysis for a urinary tract infection typically show?

Presence of white blood cells and bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom associated with urinary tract infections?

Flank pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a urine culture in urinary tract infections?

To determine antibacterial susceptibility Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a neuron swells due to injury?

Chromatolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of the blood-brain barrier?

It protects the brain by controlling substance entry. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the damage caused by dead neurons affecting neighboring cells?

Neuronophagia Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of increased intracranial pressure?

Compression of blood flow to the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which structure provides cushioning and protection for the brain and spinal cord?

Cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the somatic nervous system?

Facilitates voluntary muscle movement. Signup and view all the answers

Which injury is caused by a lack of blood perfusion to the brain?

Ischemia CNS injury Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response occurs during sympathetic activation?

Redirected blood flow from digestion to muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of polydipsia due to polyuria?

Hypernatremia Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is used to assess the kidney's response to dehydration?

Water deprivation test Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for central diabetes insipidus?

Desmopressin (DDAVP) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of electrolyte imbalance due to diabetes insipidus?

Euphoria Signup and view all the answers

What underlying cause is suspected in central diabetes insipidus that may require MRI for diagnosis?

Pituitary gland dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Hypertensive conditions, when associated with hyperthyroidism, might lead to which of the following symptoms?

Increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What dietary modification is often suggested for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Low-sodium diet Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is excessively produced in hyperthyroidism?

Triiodothyronine (T3) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Etiology

Etiology is the precise cause of a disease.
Pathogen: disease-causing microorganism
Multifactorial: more than one cause for disease
Idiopathic: no known cause
Nosocomial: disease resulting from exposure to infection in the healthcare environment.
Iatrogenic: disease from medical treatment

Primary Prevention

Prohibits the disease from occurring.
Examples include wearing helmets, flu shots, and prophylaxis.

Secondary Prevention

Early detection through screening and early treatment.
Examples include self-breast exams and testicular exams.

Tertiary Prevention

Rehabilitation after diagnosis of a disease/injury.
Example: Physical therapy for stroke

Cell Function

Transport: movement of molecules across membranes
Ingestion: controlling what enters the cell (endocytosis)
Secretion: controlling what leaves the cell (exocytosis)
Respiration: anaerobic and aerobic
Communication: exchange of information
Reproduction: Mitosis (single cell divides into two identical daughter cells), Meiosis (sperm + egg form gametes with half the chromosomes of parent cells.)

Passive Transport

No energy required
Osmosis: Solvent (water) moves from higher to lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.
Diffusion: Solute (e.g., salt) moves from higher to lower concentration.

Facilitated Transport

Proteins aid substance movement across the membrane, no energy required.
Example: glucose transport.

Active Transport

Moves particles against the concentration gradient.
Energy is required.
Example: Na/K-ATPase pump.

Feedback Mechanisms

Regulates gene activity and controls cells from overproduction or underproduction.
Example: Proliferation (increases cell number)
Example: Differentiation (change in physical function)

Cellular Adaptation and Response to Stress

Atrophy: Shrunken cell (decrease in size). Example: Menopause
Hypertrophy: Enlarged cell (increase in size). Example: Pregnancy, increase in sex hormones.
Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells. Example: puberty, high altitude.
Metaplasia: Transforming from one type of cell to another. Example: bronchial tubes changing from epithelial to squamous from smoking.
Dysplasia: Transforming cells to abnormal, mutated types. Example: Cancer

Cell Injury and Death

Apoptosis: "Cell suicide" - programmed cell death. Example: damaged genetic mutation/materials, old age.
Necrosis: Unplanned cell death from injury. Example: Chemicals, pathogens, infections.

Inflammation and Tissue Repair

First Line of Defense: Physical and chemical barriers. Example: skin, mucous membrane, tears, saliva
Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory response. Example: Vasodilation, increased permeability of capillaries, phagocytes engulf harmful substances.
Third Line of Defense: Immune response. Example: Specific and effective response, long-term protection.

Acute Inflammation

Vascular response: Vessels widen to increase blood flow; lining becomes more permeable, allowing white blood cells to phagocytize harmful agents.
Inflammatory mediators: Regulate vessel dilation, blood flow, and the progression/resolution of vascular regulation.
Cellular response: Alerting products of healing to injured sites.

Healing and Tissue Repair

Primary Intention: Wounds close together; healing simultaneously.
Secondary Intention: Big opening, heals from the bottom up; more likely to lead to infections.

Altered Immunity

Immune function: Body Recognizes SPECIFIC foreign substances and neutralizes them.
Antigens: Signals the antibodies to recognize and approach the invader.
Antibodies: Proteins that bind to an antigen, deactivating and stopping the pathogen.
Innate immunity: Non-specific response to any pathogen.
Adaptive immunity: Acquired immunity; takes time to develop; specific response to certain pathogens.
Specificity: Seeks out and destroys target invaders.

Memory

Remembers invaders for quicker attack on future exposure.

Bone Marrow

Produces lymphocytes

Thymus

Differentiates and matures T lymphocytes

Humoral Immunity

Produces antibodies (immunoglobulins) by B cells, targeting and neutralizing pathogens.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Activates T cells (cytotoxic).
Secretes signal molecules causing apoptosis.

###Active Immunity

Body has already encountered and developed memory to fight the pathogen.
Natural or artificial (vaccine).

###Passive Immunity

Short-term protection; antibodies transferred from host to recipient.
Examples: Transfer via mother to infant or through antibody injections.

Hypersensitivity

Inappropriate excessive immune response

Autoimmunity

Inappropriate attack of "self" cells.

Alloimmunity

Reaction directed at tissues from another member of the same species.

###Graft Rejection

Recipient's body attacks the donated tissue

###Graft-vs.-Host Disease

Skin graft attacks the recipient's body.

Infectious Agents

Bacteria: Can survive outside host cells. Some are anaerobic (survive in deep tissues). Some survive in both internal and external environments. Require inhibiting the cell wall for best treatment
Viruses: Intracellular parasites that invade host cells.

Pathogens

Disease-producing microbes.
Need to bind to specific host receptors for harm.

Microbes

Living organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa).
Some microbes can cause harm while other are helpful.

Innate Immunity

Non-specific, fast response to any pathogen.

Adaptive Immunity

Specific, gradual, and memory based.

Acute Inflammation & Healing

Vascular Response and Inflammatory Mediators
Cellular response

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Description

Test your knowledge on immunity, pathogens, and medical treatments with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as graft rejection, types of microorganisms, and prevention strategies. Ideal for students in immunology or related health sciences.