Immunology and Pathogens Quiz

Etiology

• Etiology is the precise cause of a disease.
• Pathogen: disease-causing microorganism
• Multifactorial: more than one cause for disease
• Idiopathic: no known cause
• Nosocomial: disease resulting from exposure to infection in the healthcare environment.
• Iatrogenic: disease from medical treatment

Primary Prevention

• Prohibits the disease from occurring.
• Examples include wearing helmets, flu shots, and prophylaxis.

Secondary Prevention

• Early detection through screening and early treatment.
• Examples include self-breast exams and testicular exams.

Tertiary Prevention

• Rehabilitation after diagnosis of a disease/injury.
• Example: Physical therapy for stroke

Cell Function

• Transport: movement of molecules across membranes
• Ingestion: controlling what enters the cell (endocytosis)
• Secretion: controlling what leaves the cell (exocytosis)
• Respiration: anaerobic and aerobic
• Communication: exchange of information
• Reproduction: Mitosis (single cell divides into two identical daughter cells), Meiosis (sperm + egg form gametes with half the chromosomes of parent cells.)

Passive Transport

• No energy required
• Osmosis: Solvent (water) moves from higher to lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.
• Diffusion: Solute (e.g., salt) moves from higher to lower concentration.

Facilitated Transport

• Proteins aid substance movement across the membrane, no energy required.
• Example: glucose transport.

Active Transport

• Moves particles against the concentration gradient.
• Energy is required.
• Example: Na/K-ATPase pump.

Feedback Mechanisms

• Regulates gene activity and controls cells from overproduction or underproduction.
• Example: Proliferation (increases cell number)
• Example: Differentiation (change in physical function)

Cellular Adaptation and Response to Stress

• Atrophy: Shrunken cell (decrease in size). Example: Menopause
• Hypertrophy: Enlarged cell (increase in size). Example: Pregnancy, increase in sex hormones.
• Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells. Example: puberty, high altitude.
• Metaplasia: Transforming from one type of cell to another. Example: bronchial tubes changing from epithelial to squamous from smoking.
• Dysplasia: Transforming cells to abnormal, mutated types. Example: Cancer

Cell Injury and Death

• Apoptosis: "Cell suicide" - programmed cell death. Example: damaged genetic mutation/materials, old age.
• Necrosis: Unplanned cell death from injury. Example: Chemicals, pathogens, infections.

Inflammation and Tissue Repair

• First Line of Defense: Physical and chemical barriers. Example: skin, mucous membrane, tears, saliva
• Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory response. Example: Vasodilation, increased permeability of capillaries, phagocytes engulf harmful substances.
• Third Line of Defense: Immune response. Example: Specific and effective response, long-term protection.

Acute Inflammation

• Vascular response: Vessels widen to increase blood flow; lining becomes more permeable, allowing white blood cells to phagocytize harmful agents.
• Inflammatory mediators: Regulate vessel dilation, blood flow, and the progression/resolution of vascular regulation.
• Cellular response: Alerting products of healing to injured sites.

Healing and Tissue Repair

• Primary Intention: Wounds close together; healing simultaneously.
• Secondary Intention: Big opening, heals from the bottom up; more likely to lead to infections.

Altered Immunity

• Immune function: Body Recognizes SPECIFIC foreign substances and neutralizes them.
• Antigens: Signals the antibodies to recognize and approach the invader.
• Antibodies: Proteins that bind to an antigen, deactivating and stopping the pathogen.
• Innate immunity: Non-specific response to any pathogen.
• Adaptive immunity: Acquired immunity; takes time to develop; specific response to certain pathogens.
• Specificity: Seeks out and destroys target invaders.

Memory

• Remembers invaders for quicker attack on future exposure.

Bone Marrow

• Produces lymphocytes

Thymus

• Differentiates and matures T lymphocytes

Humoral Immunity

• Produces antibodies (immunoglobulins) by B cells, targeting and neutralizing pathogens.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

• Activates T cells (cytotoxic).
• Secretes signal molecules causing apoptosis.

###Active Immunity

• Body has already encountered and developed memory to fight the pathogen.
• Natural or artificial (vaccine).

###Passive Immunity

• Short-term protection; antibodies transferred from host to recipient.
• Examples: Transfer via mother to infant or through antibody injections.

Hypersensitivity

• Inappropriate excessive immune response

Autoimmunity

• Inappropriate attack of "self" cells.

Alloimmunity

• Reaction directed at tissues from another member of the same species.

###Graft Rejection

• Recipient's body attacks the donated tissue

###Graft-vs.-Host Disease

• Skin graft attacks the recipient's body.

Infectious Agents

• Bacteria: Can survive outside host cells. Some are anaerobic (survive in deep tissues). Some survive in both internal and external environments. Require inhibiting the cell wall for best treatment
• Viruses: Intracellular parasites that invade host cells.

Pathogens

• Disease-producing microbes.
• Need to bind to specific host receptors for harm.

Microbes

• Living organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa).
• Some microbes can cause harm while other are helpful.

Innate Immunity

• Non-specific, fast response to any pathogen.

Adaptive Immunity

• Specific, gradual, and memory based.

Acute Inflammation & Healing

• Vascular Response and Inflammatory Mediators
• Cellular response