Cell Biology and Immunology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of connective tissue?

  • Supporting nerve cells
  • Producing hormones
  • Transporting oxygen in the blood
  • Providing and maintaining shape and firmness in the body (correct)

    • What are the three structural components of connective tissue?

  • Vitamins, minerals, and water
  • Cells, nerves, and blood vessels
  • Cells, fibers, and ground substance (correct)
  • Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

    • Which type of protein fibers are found in the connective tissue matrix?

  • Keratin and elastin
  • Actin and myosin
  • Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers (correct)
  • Tubulin and flagellin

    • What fills the spaces between the collagen and elastic fibers in the connective tissue matrix?

    <p>Granular material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ground substance in connective tissue?

    <p>Filling spaces between fibers and surrounding cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of connective tissue as an exchange medium?

    <p>Exchanging waste products between cells and the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for the production and secretion of the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is involved in phagocytosis and engulfing foreign particles?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type releases mediators causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is characterized by granules containing mediators such as histamine and proteases?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is derived from monocytes that circulate in the blood?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for paracrine secretion of leukotrienes causing increased smooth muscle contraction and mucus production?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is involved in antibody production and mediates immunity?

    <p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common protein in the human body, providing strength and structure to various tissues?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocytes contain basophilic granules, mediate inflammatory processes, and phagocytose AG-AL complexes?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of collagen is the most abundant and is composed of two alpha1 and one alpha2 peptide chains?

    <p>Collagen I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocytes migrate from the bloodstream into tissues through diapedesis?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of fibroblasts in relation to collagen synthesis?

    <p>Synthesize tropocollagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers provide structure to the mesentery?

    <p>Collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are collagen bundles observed in polarizing microscopy?

    <p>With a dark color in superimposed regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining procedure makes elastic fibers appear darker in the skin dermis?

    <p>Staining procedures other than H&amp;E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proteoglycans composed of?

    <p>Core protein and covalently bound glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of GAGs in proteoglycans?

    <p>They are highly hydrated and contain hydrophilic polyanions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes glycoproteins from proteoglycans?

    <p>Globular protein molecules with covalently attached branched chains of monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are collagen fibrils assembled, resulting in cross striations with alternating dark and light bands in electron microscopy?

    <p>They are assembled with a regular, overlapping pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the degradation of collagen fibers?

    <p>Collagenases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Type III collagen form?

    <p>Reticular fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxytalan fibers in elastic fibers?

    <p>They form a network that supports elastin, allowing for its elastic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in the rupture of the arterial wall?

    <p>Deficiencies in collagen type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the formation of polypeptide chains, injection as preprocollagen, and subsequent hydroxylation and glycosylation to form procollagen?

    <p>Collagen synthesis in RER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is involved in antibody production and mediates immunity?

    <p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common protein in the human body, providing strength and structure to various tissues?

    <p>Collagen I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocytes contain basophilic granules, mediate inflammatory processes, and inactivate histamines and leukotrienes?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ground substance in connective tissue?

    <p>Support and attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the degradation of collagen fibers?

    <p>Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the formation of polypeptide chains, injection as preprocollagen, and subsequent hydroxylation and glycosylation to form procollagen?

    <p>Collagen synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are collagen fibrils assembled, resulting in cross striations with alternating dark and light bands in electron microscopy?

    <p>Collagen synthesis involves the formation of polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the degradation of collagen fibers?

    <p>Degradation of collagen fibers can be initiated by collagenases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Type III collagen form?

    <p>Reticular fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the formation of polypeptide chains, injection as preprocollagen, and subsequent hydroxylation and glycosylation to form procollagen?

    <p>Collagen synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fills the spaces between the collagen and elastic fibers in the connective tissue matrix?

    <p>Ground substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are elastin cross-links formed through?

    <p>Covalent reactions between lysine residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Act as a structural support for the matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes glycoproteins from proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Glycoproteins are linear polysaccharides, while proteoglycans are globular proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fibers provide elasticity to the skin dermis?

    <p>Elastin fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the degradation of collagen fibers in the connective tissue?

    <p>Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fills the spaces between cells and fibers in the connective tissue matrix?

    <p>Ground substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of connective tissue as an exchange medium?

    <p>To facilitate nutrient and waste exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ground substance in connective tissue?

    <p>To maintain the viscosity and hydrophilic nature of the extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the degradation of collagen fibers in connective tissue?

    <p>Mast cells releasing histamine and proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the formation of polypeptide chains, injection as preprocollagen, and subsequent hydroxylation and glycosylation to form procollagen?

    <p>Collagen synthesis pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers provide structure to the mesentery in connective tissue?

    <p>Reticular fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of fibroblasts in relation to collagen synthesis in connective tissue?

    <p>Synthesizing and secreting collagen molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proteoglycans composed of in connective tissue?

    <p>Glycosaminoglycanen chains attached to a protein core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibroblasts in relation to the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Synthesizing and secreting extracellular matrix components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocytes mediate inflammatory processes and phagocytose AG-AL complexes?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes quiescent fibroblasts from active fibroblasts?

    <p>Smaller size and less active components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is characterized by its involvement in phagocytosis and engulfing foreign particles?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of mast cells in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Facilitating vasodilation and increased vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type releases leukotrienes through paracrine secretion, causing increased smooth muscle contraction and mucus production?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Collagen fibrils are assembled with a regular, overlapping pattern, resulting in cross striations with alternating dark and light bands in electron microscopy.

    • Collagen fibrils are linked together to form larger collagen fibers visible by light microscopy.

    • Collagen fibers form larger aggregates, typically of Type I collagen, which are bundled and linked together by other collagens.

    • Collagen synthesis in RER involves the formation of polypeptide chains, injection as preprocollagen, and subsequent hydroxylation and glycosylation to form procollagen.

    • The removal of signalling sequences from procollagen results in procollagen, which is then transported out of the cell.

    • Procollagen is cleaved by proteases to form tropocollagen, allowing for the assembly of collagen fibrils.

    • Collagen fibrils spontaneously aggregate to form fibers, and fibers are further reinforced by covalent cross-links between tropocollagen molecules.

    • Collagen turnover is generally a slow process, with stable collagen in tendons, ligaments, and periodontal ligaments having a low turnover.

    • Degradation of collagen fibers can be initiated by collagenases, which remove the original tropocollagen peptides and allow for further degradation by normal proteases.

    • Collagen fibers are often organized into bundles in various parts of the body.

    • Collagen fibers are mainly composed of Type I collagen, which is visible as acidophilic fibers in connective tissues.

    • Type III collagen forms reticular fibers, which are much thinner (0.5 to 2 µm) and form a loose network in various tissues such as smooth muscles, endoneurium, and blood-forming organs.

    • Elastic fibers are composed of three types of fibers: oxytalan, elaunine, and elastin.

    • Elastin cross-links are formed through covalent reactions between lysine residues, resulting in desmosine and isodesmosine.

    • Elastin fibers are not elastic on their own, but oxytalan fibers form a network that supports elastin, allowing for its elastic properties.

    • Elastic fibers stretch easily due to the different ratio of microfibrils to elastin, which is adapted to the local tissue requirements.

    • Elastin is a globular molecule that polymerizes to form elastin, an amorphous rubber-like glycoprotein.

    • Elastin is made up of a high proportion of glycine, proline, and two unusual amino acids: desmosine and isodesmosine.

    • Elastin fibers have a high turnover in areas such as the arterial wall.

    • Deficiencies in collagen type III can result in the rupture of the arterial wall.

    • Fibroblasts (5-3, 5-4, 5-5) are cells derived from embryonic mesenchyme that synthesize extracellular matrix components such as collagen, elastine, glycosaminoglycan, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.

    • Fibroblasts are spindle-shaped cells with large, active nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm that tapers off in both directions along the axis of the nucleus. They are responsible for the production and secretion of the extracellular matrix.

    • Quiescent fibroblasts, also known as fibrocytes, are smaller cells with less active components and less cytoplasm. They are less active in producing and secreting extracellular matrix components.

    • Macrophages (5-6, 5-7, 5-8) are derived from monocytes that circulate in the blood and have an irregular surface and prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum. They are involved in phagocytosis and engulfing foreign particles, as well as releasing lysosomal enzymes to break down the particles.

    • Macrophages have well-developed Golgi complexes and numerous lysosomes, which help in the digestion and processing of engulfed particles.

    • Mast cells (5-10) are cells found in connective tissue and are characterized by their granules, which contain mediators such as histamine and proteases. They play a role in the inflammatory response by releasing these mediators and causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.

    • Mast cells have a central, rounded nucleus and are packed with secretory granules. They release their contents through exocytosis in response to stimuli such as antigens or tissue damage.

    • Mast cells also release leukotrienes through paracrine secretion, which can cause increased smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and increased mucus production.

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