Immunologically-Mediated Disease

Which of the following is a key characteristic of an ideal immune response?

Which of the following best illustrates a fundamental principle of immunology relevant to immunopathology?

Which of the following mechanisms is most directly associated with central tolerance?

What is a key distinction between central and peripheral tolerance?

What is the primary role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in maintaining immunological tolerance?

Which of the following is a recognized mechanism by which autoimmunity can develop?

Why is the pharmacological treatment of autoimmunity often challenging?

Which of the following characteristics is commonly associated with autoimmune diseases?

Which of the following immune mechanisms is associated with autoimmune diseases, according to the Coombs and Gell classification?

What is a key role of Th17 cells in the context of autoimmunity?

Which of the following best defines 'alloantigen'?

Which of the following alloantigen systems is clinically most significant regarding pregnancy complications?

What is the primary purpose of administering Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM) to Rh-negative pregnant women?

Which of the following is a major clinical concern associated with blood transfusions?

Which of the following best describes hyperacute rejection?

Which of the following accurately describes the mechanism of acute organ rejection?

What is a key characteristic of chronic organ rejection?

How does graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) differ from typical organ rejection?

Cyclosporine A is used as an immunosuppressant to prevent rejection. What is its primary mechanism of action?

What is the mechanism of action of corticosteroids?

What is the definition of allergy?

Which of the following accurately describes the difference between a 'side effect' and an 'allergy' in the context of drug reactions?

According to the Coombs and Gell classification, which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies and involves mast cell activation?

Which of the following is a key characteristic specific to Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

Which of the following mechanisms is associated with Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

Which of the following best describes the effector cells involved in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

What is a key distinction between Type II and Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

Type IV hypersensitivity is also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity. What contributes to the 'delayed' nature of this reaction?

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions compared to Types I, II, and III?

In the context of allergy, what is meant by 'sensitization'?

Which of the follow is an inhaled allergin?

Which of the following cells is activated in Type II hypersensitivity and leads to phagocytosis of RBC?

A patient has a nickel allergy following recent ear piercing. Which cells are mainly responsible for a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

Following exposure to a pathogen, an actual immune response, as opposed to an ideal immune response, may cause damage as a result of:

What is the underlying significance of immunological tolerance?

Which characteristic distinguishes central tolerance from other forms of immunological tolerance?

A researcher is investigating potential therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases. Which of the following mechanisms of central tolerance is most likely to provide a specific target to prevent autoreactive T-cells from developing?

A scientist is studying peripheral tolerance mechanisms in the context of autoimmune disease. Which of the following is an example of peripheral tolerance?

In which scenario would the establishment of immunological tolerance be a clinical goal?

A pharmaceutical company is developing a new drug to promote tolerance in mature, immunogen-reactive cells. Which cellular process should this drug primarily aim to enhance?

What is the primary role of M cells in the induction of oral tolerance in the gut?

Which of the following best describes how high doses of intravenous aqueous proteins can induce tolerance?

Which process is most directly associated with the induction of tolerance in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)?

In cancer immunology, what role does the immune system play in preventing neoplastic growth?

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about autoimmunity?

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in a breakdown of peripheral tolerance and subsequent autoimmunity?

How does molecular mimicry contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases?

What role do Th17 cells play in autoimmunity, as opposed to that of Th1 cells?

Which of the following factors is least likely to be implicated in contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases?

Which therapeutic principle is most effective for managing autoimmune diseases?

A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is found to have glomerulonephritis and vasculitis. According to the Coombs and Gell classification, which type of immune mechanism is most likely contributing to these conditions?

Which component of the adaptive immune response is most likely involved in autoimmune disorders?

An individual receiving a blood transfusion experiences a severe reaction due to incompatibility with the donor's blood type. This scenario represents an example of:

Why are alloantigens clinically significant in the context of pregnancy?

Which of the following alloantigen systems is the most clinically significant regarding pregnancy?

Based on clinical significance, which of these blood groups can be easily treated if known for incompatibility?

What is the cause of the greatest problems with alloimmunity in pregnancy?

Apart from pregnancy-related complications, what is another key area where alloimmunity is clinically significant?

A patient undergoing chemotherapy requires regular blood transfusions. What immunological issue is most likely to arise in this patient?

Which blood group system is most often implicated in transfusion reactions?

In organ transplantation, what is the primary target of alloimmune responses that leads to graft rejection?

Which component is more clinically relevant regarding transplantation?

What type of organ is a kidney in regards to transplantation?

Which of the following best describes the alloantigens driving acute rejection?

Which statement accurately compares acute transplant rejection with chronic transplant rejection?

What is the fundamental element necessary for the establishment of allograft tolerance?

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of Cyclosporine A?

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis is prescribed corticosteroids. How do these drugs work to alleviate the patient's symptoms?

Which of the following is a common side effect associated with corticosteroid use?

What is the most accurate definition of allergy?

How does an idiosyncratic drug reaction differ from an allergic reaction?

Based on the objective, which of the following would be the most effective approach for a student to understand the scope of an allergic or hypersensitivity condition?

A researcher aims to study IgE-mediated allergic reactions. Which characteristic is essential for the activation of mast cells in this type of allergy?

What would happen if insufficient antibodies are present or the dose is too high for activation of the cells that may experience IGE-Mediated Allergy?

In a Type II hypersensitivity reaction, what is the role of IgG or IgM antibodies?

What is the end point of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?

Where is mainly impacted in a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?

What primarily mediates Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

What is a prototype lesion of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?

In Type IV hypersensitivity reactions, what type of cells is used for the immune effector?

What best describes Type IV hypersensitivity?

What is the underlying mechanism by which termination of the immune response prevents immunopathology?

In the context of the 'ideal' immune response, which outcome is most representative?

Which classification parameter is best represented by the determination of whether an immunologically-mediated disease targets self-antigens?

If an individual is experiencing a drug-induced autoimmune reaction, which characteristic is most likely?

How do abnormalities in lymphocyte interactions contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases?

How does central tolerance primarily prevent autoimmunity?

What is the primary mechanism by which oral tolerance is induced in the gut?

Alloimmunity arises when the immune system responds to alloantigens. Which of the following is a key feature of alloantigens?

Why are multiply transfused patients at a higher risk for alloimmune reactions?

In organ transplantation, what immunological process is the primary cause of acute rejection?

How does Cyclosporine A prevent organ rejection?

What is a key difference between a typical immune response and an allergic reaction?

How does antibody excess inhibit activation of cells in Type I hypersensitivity?

What is the role of anaphylatoxins in Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

How is delayed-type hypersensitivity used as a test in medicine?

Which immunological deficiency primarily stems from a lack of knowledge regarding the physiological function of the immune system?

When the immune system fails to prevent neoplastic growth, what is the most likely underlying condition?

Which immunological principle is most relevant when considering how the immune system distinguishes between pathogens and the body's own cells?

Why is the termination of an immune response a crucial aspect of immunological homeostasis?

In the context of central tolerance, what cellular event is most critical for preventing autoimmunity?

Which of the following is a characteristic of tolerance acquired in fetal life?

What is the primary reason for targeting the establishment of immunological tolerance as a clinical goal?

A patient has developed immune-mediated anergy due to lack of co-stimulation. In which organ might an immunologist evaluate this?

What is the consequence of M cells transporting antigens to gut dendritic cells?

While autoimmunity is generally harmful, when might an immune response to self-antigens be considered beneficial?

How does molecular mimicry lead to autoimmune disease?

Which of the following is a reason that therapeutic principles for autoimmune disease, like minimizing immunogen exposure, may not be effective?

What is the most comprehensive way to characterize an immunologically-mediated disease?

Which component is the major contributor to kidney transplant rejection:

Alloimmunity is most clinically significant in which situation?

Transfusion reactions are more often caused by which three of the following:

A patient requires regular blood transfusions during cancer chemotherapy. What is the most likely immunological issue that will arise?

What is the general process that occurs during kidney transplant rejection?

What is a hallmark of chronic allograft rejection?

How does Cyclosporine A work to prevent organ rejection?

What adverse reaction may occur when drugs are derived from human origin?

If IgE is stimulated too much, a patient experiences an allergic response. Which cell is impacted?

What is meant by the term "sensitization"?

In an allergic response, a shock tissue would mainly affect what part of our body

Which Immune Effector commonly promotes inflammatory response by Macs?

What mechanism causes the damage in Type I, II, III, and IV hypersensitivity reactions?

Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions involves macrophages?

What are the products that mast cells produce?

A newly identified disease shows increased fluid secretion as the main symptom in the gastrointestinal tract. What kind of "response" is this?

What is the role of Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4?

How does ADCC activate immune response?

What type of cell leads to tissue rejection?

One of the objectives is to "Identify which Coombs and Gell class does not involve inflammation and why." Which of the following would that be?

A Type III Complex mainly has issues where?

When autoantibodies form because Rheumatic fever begins with strep throat, and cross-react with cardiac muscle antigen, what kind of antibody-mediated disease is created?

Which of the following cytokines produced by macrophages, promotes T2-cell response?

Which of the following immune-related events is NOT classified as immunopathology?

In pregnancy, the greatest alloimmunity problems are caused by what?

The thymus expresses proteins to induce a better response to what?

Which scenario demonstrates the principle that the same immunological mechanisms apply to both normal immunity and immunopathology?

A patient experiences a reaction to a therapeutic drug, leading to symptoms of inflammation and tissue damage. How would this be classified?

In an individual with a genetic predisposition, which event is most likely to initiate autoimmunity?

Which of the following is most likely to occur due a breakdown of immunological tolerance?

A researcher is investigating potential therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases. Which of the following approaches would be most consistent with re-establishing central tolerance?

In a study examining mechanisms of peripheral tolerance, which outcome would indicate successful induction of anergy in autoreactive T cells?

High doses of intravenous aqueous proteins can sometimes induce tolerance. What is the primary mechanism behind this?

How do M cells contribute to the induction of oral tolerance to antigens in the gut?

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how molecular mimicry can lead to autoimmunity?

A patient with an autoimmune condition exhibits elevated levels of Th17 cells. What is the primary role of Th17 cells in the context of this autoimmune response?

Which therapeutic approach aligns with minimizing immunogen exposure in an autoimmune disease?

According to the Coombs and Gell classification, which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by T cells and results in delayed inflammation?

A patient develops hemolytic anemia due to antibodies targeting their own red blood cells. According to the Coombs and Gell classification, this would be classified as which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

What is the underlying principle of therapies that aim to induce immunological tolerance in the context of allergic diseases?

How do alloantigens principally differ from self-antigens?

Why are multiply transfused patients at higher risk of experiencing alloimmune reactions?

Which immunological scenario primarily characterizes acute organ rejection?

A transplant patient is treated with Cyclosporine A to prevent graft rejection. What aspect of the immune response is targeted by this drug?

Which of the following best explains why blood transfusions can lead to alloimmune reactions?

How does the presence of pre-existing antibodies against donor antigens lead to hyperacute rejection in organ transplantation?

In the context of allergic reactions and hypersensitivity, what does 'sensitization' refer to?

A patient presents with allergic rhinitis, characterized by sneezing, runny nose, and nasal congestion, after exposure to pollen. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily responsible for these symptoms?

What is the primary effector cell involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

How can antibody excess sometimes inhibit the activation of cells in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

In a Type II hypersensitivity reaction, what is the primary mechanism by which tissue damage occurs?

A patient develops a drug-induced Type II hypersensitivity reaction that causes thrombocytopenia (low platelet count). Where is the primary site of cell destruction likely to occur?

A patient with serum sickness develops vasculitis and glomerulonephritis due to the deposition of immune complexes in blood vessel walls and kidney glomeruli. This condition is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

What is the role of anaphylatoxins, such as C3a and C5a, in Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

How is delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) used as a diagnostic test in medicine?

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions typically involve which type of immune cell as the primary effector?

Which of the following best describes a key difference between Type I and Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

If during a Type IV Hypersensitivity response, the incorrect amount of T-cells are used, what immune pathology may be triggered?

A researcher finds that mast cells produce tryptase, chymase, cathepsin G, and carboxypeptidase. What can be inferred from this research?

In a parasitic attack, mast cells may have a Typical Th2 response. What can be typically expected?

Leukotrienes $C_4$, $D_4$, and $E_4$ play a role in a Type I hypersensitivity reaction. What is that role?

A researcher develops a technique to promote ADCC. What cells does it activate to lead to immune response?

Memory T cells lead to what

According to what you know about inflammation, which immune response does not involve inflammation and why not?

In a Type III Complex that has immune issues, where is it mainly impacted?

What cytokines are the most impactful for TH2 cell response?

How does an actual immune response differ from an ideal immune response regarding tissue damage?

Following a bee sting, an individual experiences a systemic allergic reaction, leading to difficulty in breathing and a drop in blood pressure. Categorically, this would fall under which classification of immunologically-mediated disease?

Which of the following best describes the role of 'Specificity' in the context of immunopathology?

How does 'molecular mimicry' potentially trigger autoimmune diseases?

A patient requires a blood transfusion, but experiences a severe reaction due to mismatched blood type antigens. Which type of immunologically-mediated disease is this?

What is the primary mechanism by which Cyclosporine A prevents organ rejection in transplant patients?

Why might therapeutic strategies that focus on minimizing immunogen exposure not be effective in autoimmune diseases?

What is the role of M cells in the context of oral tolerance?

How corticosteroids reduce inflammation?

After accidental exposure in a lab, a researcher develops contact dermatitis and tests positive for tuberculin hypersensitivity. Which immune cells are primarily responsible for the condition?

The underlying reason for allergic reactions involve what?

In a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, cross-linking of IgE antibodies on mast cells by an allergen leads directly to:

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the widespread deposition of immune complexes in various tissues. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily involved in causing tissue damage in SLE?

What is the primary difference of the function of CD4+ Helper T cells and of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

Which of the following best explains why multiply transfused patients are at higher risk for alloimmune reactions?

Which of the following is least aligned with the concept of an ideal immune response?

What immunological principle is most relevant when considering the capability of the immune system to respond to a vast variety of antigens?

Which of the following most accurately describes the relationship between normal immunity and immunopathology?

A patient is experiencing a drug-induced autoimmune reaction. Which of the following characteristics is most likely?

What is the primary mechanism by which high doses of intravenous aqueous proteins can induce tolerance?

What is the primary event that occurs during central tolerance to prevent autoimmunity?

Why are sex hormones considered multi factorial contributors to autoimmune disease?

Which parameter is not necessarily useful in classifying an immunologically-mediated disease?

Which of the following is a potential outcome of abnormalities in lymphocyte interactions?

What is the underlying reason that a therapeutic principle for autoimmune disease, like minimizing immunogen exposure, may not be effective?

Which of the following alloantigen systems is most often implicated in transfusion reactions, leading to the most severe outcomes?

What makes multiparous women have the greatest problems with alloimmunity?

What is true when the ABO or minor blood groups are incompatible in pregnant women?

In the context of organ transplantation, the HLA complex is most associated with what?

A kidney is an allograft in an organ transplant. What does 'allograft' specify?

What type of differences causes hyperacute transplant rejection?

When considering differences between acute and chronic transplant rejection, which is more antibody mediated?

Why is it necessary to provide chronic immunosuppressive therapy after an organ transplant?

Apart from preventing transplant rejection, glucocorticoids are used to treat cytokine storms. How does it achieve this?

What will happen if there is an excess of a certain antibody of required specificity in a Type I reaction?

Based on the location of allergic reactions, what will be mainly affected by shock tissue?

During products of mast cell degranulation, a physiological effect is the promotion of Th2 cell responses. Which product does this?

If mast cells have been activated and degranulation of an individual is observed, and testing the same individual reveals that they have increased fluid secretion, what location should be examined first?

What occurs as a result of the release of Leukotrienes $C_4$, $D_4$, and $E_4$ from eosinophils?

How can ADCC lead to an immune response?

What is always the end point to an Immune Effector in Cytotoxic (Type II) Allergy?

Type III reactions impact a specific part of our body which is characterized by lots of small vessels. Which is most aligned with this information?

A patient with a suspected Type IV hypersensitivity reaction to poison ivy would likely show what in the skin?

What is used as a test for immunocompetence or suppression?

Inflammation occurs in Type I, Type III, and Type IV mechanisms of damage. What happens in Type II?

In the context of immunology, what distinguishes autoimmunity from a normal immune response?

Which of the therapeutic agents for allergic diseases is associated with an increased development of insulin resistance?

In chronic transplant rejection, what type of rejection is likely going on?

When are there most drugs of human origin manufactured?

Why is knowledge of the physiological function of the immune system essential when considering immunological deficiency disorders?

How does the specificity of the immune system relate to immunopathology?

What is the primary distinction between an 'ideal' immune response and an 'actual' immune response?

Which classification parameter is most appropriate when categorizing an immunologically-mediated disease that targets the body's own tissues?

What is the significance of failure to terminate the immune response in the context of immunopathology?

What is a key mechanism by which central tolerance prevents autoimmunity?

Which of the following is a characteristic of tolerance that is acquired, not inherited?

Why is the establishment of immunological tolerance often a clinical goal?

In peripheral tolerance, what is the consequence of immunogen exposure in the absence of co-stimulation?

What is a key feature of autoimmune diseases that complicates therapeutic intervention?

In autoimmune diseases, what is the role of Th17 cells, and how does it differ from the role of Th1 cells?

Why is minimizing immunogen exposure not always an effective therapeutic principle for autoimmune disease?

What is the fundamental concept behind 'alloimmunity'?

What component is most clinically relevant for kidney transplant rejection?

In organ transplantation, HLA is the main concern. It is more clinically relevant due to which qualities?

What occurs within the process of kidney transplant rejection?

What is a common problem that arises when drugs are derived from humans?

Which drugs are often derived from humans, and lead to allergic reactions?

Cross-linking IgE leads to activation of cells, but what happens if that can not be promoted correctly?

If a child gets a peanut allergy, a Mast Cell will cause which kind of reaction?

Patient A has mast cell degranulation and now is experiencing more fluid in their gastrotestinal tract. What kind of response is this most likely?

Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4 all play a role in Type I Hypersensitivity. What specifically do they do?

How does ADCC promote an immune response?

In regard to the objectives of this course, if there is more emphasis on inflammation for each I, II, and IV hypersensitivity, which one does not have inflammation?

What does B-Cell bind to for Activation?

During the process of hyperacute organ rejection, that takes place over a few days, why is there hemorrhage?

What is the step-by-step process needed to have a well sustained chronic rejection from alloimmunity?

Cyclosporine A, an immunosuppressant drug, works because it promotes what?

When using Corticosteroids, what result occurs at a molecular level?

With reference to side effects, glucocorticoid therapy resistance is often described as:

What is a product of Eosinophils?

Based on the information provided, what process helps increase the production?

Considering a TH2 cell response, what will likely bind in this process?

What role does termination of the Immune Response have?

Describe the primary relationship between autoimmunity and autoimmune disease.

What is most likely associated to Alloimmunity?

In an actual immune response, what is the most likely source of damage?

Which of the following is a classification parameter for immunologically-mediated diseases based on the source of the antigen?

How does the concept of immunological tolerance relate to autoimmunity?

Central tolerance involves immunogen-induced apoptosis of double-positive T cells and IgM-expressing B cells to mediate to tolerance of self-antigens. Where does central tolerance take place?

Induction of anergy in mature immunogen-reactive cells is a critical mechanism for maintaining tolerance. What cell type is critical to this particular mechanisms?

What is the role of M cells in the gut?

Autoimmune diseases often present a challenge therapeutically because:

What role do Th17 cells play, as opposed to Th1 cells?

Which of the following alloantigen systems is NOT clinically significant?

Why do multiparous women have the greatest problems with pregnancy?

Tolerance has not yet been established in allograft. Because of that, what is needed?

With acute organ rejection, T cells "see" Classes I and II as foreign. What immune molecules are the T cells reacting to?

Allergic reactions to substances of human origin relate mostly to what?

How are enzymes created by Products of Mast Cell Degranulation supposed to help?

In Type II, anemia, neutropenia, may occur in the shock tissues. What also happens?

In the context of immunological abnormalities, what distinguishes immunological deficiency disorders?

How does the immune system's function relate to the prevention of neoplastic growth?

What critical role does the immune system play in distinguishing between self and foreign substances?

How does specificity manifest as a fundamental principle of immunology?

What does 'diversity' or 'heterogeneity' refer to in the context of fundamental immunology principles?

How is the discrimination between self and foreign crucial in immunology?

What characteristics do immunologic memory contribute to the immune system?

What is the significance of 'termination of the response' in immunology?

In an ideal immune response, what is the primary target of the immune system?

What is the expected outcome of an ideal immune response regarding the causative immunogen?

Which of the following characteristics defines an ideal immune response in how tissue damage is mitigated?

What is the process of damage that can occur as a result of an actual immune response?

In what scenario does an inflammatory and/or immune response contribute to damage during an actual immune response?

What is characteristic of autoimmunity as a source of damage during an actual immune response?

How do iatrogenic factors contribute to tissue damage as a result of an actual immune response?

What is the significance of distinguishing between protective immunity and immunologically-mediated disease?

Regarding classification of immunologically mediated disease, what best describes the source of the antigen?

Regarding classification of immunologically mediated disease, which option describes the mechanism?

When classifying an immunologically-mediated disease clinically, what is considered?

In the context of immunology, what does tolerance essentially entail?

How does the concept of immunological tolerance relate to the function of the immune system?

Which statement correctly characterizes the genetic basis of immunological tolerance?

When is immunological tolerance most readily established?

What maintenance factor does immunological tolerance require to be sustained?

In what therapeutic context might the 'establishment of tolerance' be a goal?

What is a function of Immunogen-induced apoptosis of double-positive T cells?

What is meant by immunogen-induced anergy in absence of costimulation?

What type of cells may be found to induce tolerance in mature immunogen reactive cells?

What is the function of M cells in the gut induction of tolerance?

Which of the following does not support Central Tolerance?

Autoimmunity is not autoimmune disease? What does it mean?

Which of the following is a possible mechanism of autoimmune disease?

Which statement is most accurate regarding general characteristics of autoimmune disease?

What is a characteristic of multiple immune mechanisms in play? (Coombs and Gell classifications)

Regarding autoimmune disease, what aspects of the adaptive immune response can it involve?

What was discovered about Th17-cell and IFNy-mice regarding autoimmunity?

Which of the following systems contain alloantigens?

Alloimmunity mainly occurs in clinical significance in what circumstances?

In what situation is RhoGAM a standard treatment?

What type of blood is more common to experience transfusion reactions?

Allograft rejection and Graft vs Host Disease both pertain to what?

Which is not a tissue that requires a perfect HLA complex match?

Graft vs host disease is due to what mechanism?

How can one evaluate the general scope of allergy?

There may be a change of allergenicity for all drugs derived from human origin. What is the main reason for this?

Which of the following best describes how immunological deficiency disorders are typically defined?

In the context of immunology, what does 'tolerance' primarily refer to?

Why is continued presence of an immunogen necessary for the maintenance of tolerance?

Which cellular event is most critical for preventing autoimmunity during central tolerance?

Peripheral tolerance relies on immunogen-induced anergy. What is the absence of that leads to this?

How do regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress autoimmune cell function?

What is the role of M cells in the context of tolerance induction within the gut?

How can high doses of intravenous aqueous proteins be used to induce tolerance?

Autoimmunity is NOT autoimmune disease. What would best describe the difference between these two?

A failure to delete an autoreactive clone by the thymus or bone marrow can lead to autoimmunity. Why?

In the context of autoimmunity, what role have Th17 cells been more recently found to play?

Why is it difficult to create therapeutic principles for autoimmune diseases?

According to Coombs and Gell Classifications, an autoimmune disease can involve any aspect of the adaptive immune response. Which of the two following responses would those be?

What does the term 'alloantigen' refer to in the context of immunology?

What is the clinical significance of alloimmunity?

What are the major alloantigen systems?

Why are multiparous women known to have the greatest problems with alloimmunity

Which of the following is NOT an indication for using blood and blood derivatives?

What primarily mediates Acute Organ Rejection?

For Cyclosporine A, what pathway is inhibited in order to cause immunosuppression

Which is NOT a side effect of immunosuppressant Corticosteroids?

In the context of allergy, what best describes 'sensitization'?

According to the overview, what is an allergy?

How does an adverse effect Side Effect differ from Direct Toxicity?

In a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, which class of antibody primarily mediates the allergic response?

Estimated to be 270,000 which cells cross linking with Anti-IgE antibody in a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?:

What products are typically produced from mast cell degranulation?

A patient with a suspected parasitic infection is showing increased fluid secretion, and increased peristalsis. This indicates what kind of parasitic event and response?

A 30 year old is experiencing the effects of Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4. Which is a symptom commonly expressed from these?

In Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC), which of the following immune cells is activated to induce cell lysis?

Type II cytotoxic shocks mainly impact what tissues?

Which describes the product of an Immune Effector in a Type III hypersensitivity?

What is a prototype lesion of Type III Hypersensitivity?

Which cells are immune effectors in a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

How do CD8+ T cells lead to the shock effect in Type IV Hypersensitivity

Remember: the mechanism of damage for I, III, and IV involves:

Which hypersensitivity reaction type does NOT involve inflammation?

An individual with a genetic predisposition experiences an infection that triggers an autoimmune response. Which mechanism is most likely to have initiated this autoimmunity?

A researcher discovers a novel protein that, when administered intravenously at high doses, induces immunological tolerance to a specific antigen. What cellular process is most likely mediating this tolerance?

In the context of oral tolerance, how do M cells contribute to immune homeostasis in the gut?

Which scenario best exemplifies how abnormalities in lymphocyte interactions can result in the development of autoimmune diseases?

According to the classification of immunologically-mediated diseases, what is the most important parameter to consider when determining if a disease is autoimmune in nature?

A patient receiving a blood transfusion experiences a severe allergic reaction with systemic vasodilation and edema. Which alloantigen class is the most probable root of the problem in this case?

A physician is determining the best treatment approach for an autoimmune disease, but minimizing immunogen exposure doesn't result in change. What is the most likely reason for this therapeutic failure?

Which of the following best describes a key difference between acute and chronic organ rejection?

A transplant patient is treated with cyclosporine A to prevent organ rejection. What is the primary molecular mechanism by which cyclosporine A exerts its immunosuppressive effects?

How do corticosteroids work to reduce inflammation in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis?

In a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, cross-linking of IgE antibodies on mast cells by an allergen directly leads to:

A patient presents with allergic contact dermatitis after wearing jewelry containing nickel. Which cells are mainly responsible for this Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

What characteristic is exclusive in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

Which immune response commonly promotes inflammatory response by macrophages?

What inflammatory mediator is impacted in a typical Th2 cell response?