Immunological System and Anti-Infective Meds

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the first phase of the immunological response?

  • Bradykinin
  • Cytokines (correct)
  • Histamine and leukotriene
  • Complement

What is the primary function of anti-inflammatory medications in the context of an immunological response?

  • To stimulate the production of cytokines.
  • To suppress or reduce inflammation. (correct)
  • To enhance the effects of histamine.
  • To directly attack pathogens.

Cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant, is primarily used for:

  • Managing long-term inflammatory diseases. (correct)
  • Immediately stopping allergic reactions.
  • Treating acute infections.
  • Stimulating bone marrow production.

How are anti-infective medications typically classified?

<p>By their mechanism of action and structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of antibiotic use related to the body's normal flora?

<p>Development of superinfections due to the killing of healthy bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to monitor blood levels when administering vancomycin or gentamicin?

<p>To avoid kidney damage due to their nephrotoxic potential. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the immunological response, what role do B cells play in the second phase?

<p>Creating a record. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of T cells during the second phase of the immunological response?

<p>Secreting cytokines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of Vancomycin and Gentamicin?

<p>Kidney damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of taking all of a prescribed medication?

<p>To prevent superinfections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a known penicillin allergy requires antibiotic treatment. Which of the following medication classes should be avoided due to potential cross-reactivity and toxicity?

<p>Cephalosporins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A young adult female patient is prescribed tetracycline for acne. What critical instruction should be given to this patient regarding tetracycline and a specific physiological state?

<p>Tetracycline is contraindicated during pregnancy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrolide antibiotics exert their antimicrobial effect through which primary mechanism of action?

<p>Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is primarily responsible for the metabolism of macrolide antibiotics, necessitating monitoring of related laboratory values in patients undergoing macrolide therapy?

<p>Hepatic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, can be administered via which of the following routes?

<p>Oral (PO) and Intravenous (IV) only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is prescribed azithromycin. What specific laboratory values are most important to monitor during the course of treatment, particularly in patients with liver comorbidities?

<p>Liver enzyme tests (AST, ALT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ciprofloxacin belongs to which class of antibiotics?

<p>Quinolones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, are specifically used to treat infections caused by:

<p>Fungi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluconazole is often prescribed for yeast infections, particularly in women who are also taking which other type of medication?

<p>Antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amoxicillin, a type of penicillin, is noted to have a 'high potential to get pregnant' in the provided notes. In the context of medication precautions, what is the most likely intended meaning of this note?

<p>Amoxicillin use may interfere with the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Bradykinin, Complement, Histamine & Leukotriene, Prostaglandins

Molecules involved in the first phase of the immune response.

Anti-inflammatory

Medications that reduce inflammation.

Immunosuppressant

Medications that suppress the immune system, like Cyclosporine.

Anti-infective/Antibiotics

Medicines that treat infections caused by bacteria.

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2nd Phase: B cells and T cells

B cells launch an attack and make a record of the infection, while T cells creat cytokines.

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Cytokines

Proteins that cause inflammation and attack invaders.

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Antibiotic Classification

Antibiotics classified by their mechanism or structure to kill bacteria.

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Antibiotics kill health/normal flora

Can result in superinfections (e.g., yeast infections) with antibiotic use; kills health/normal flora.

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Vancomycin, gentamicin

Very toxic; nephrotoxic - high kidney die too low inf. grow; need to check blood levels.

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Penicillin

Effective against gram-positive bacteria; administered orally, topically, or intravenously.

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Amoxicillin

Antibiotic which can lead to a high potential for pregnancy. Type of Penicillin.

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Cephalosporins

Similar to penicillin, but with a risk for toxicity in patients allergic to penicillin; therefore, should not be prescribed together.

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Tetracycline

Antibiotic class that can cause teeth staining and should be avoided in pregnant women.

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Macrolides

Class of antibiotics that inhibit microbial reproduction by interfering with protein synthesis; can be bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic metabolized by the liver; monitor liver enzymes.

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Azithromycin

An example of a macrolide, administered orally or intravenously; monitor liver enzymes.

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Ciprofloxacin

An example of a quinolone medication.

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Fluconazole

Medication to treat fungal infections; often prescribed for women on antibiotics.

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Study Notes

  • Immunological System Med

First Phase

  • Bradykinin is involved
  • Complement is activated
  • Histamine and leukotriene are released
  • Prostaglandins are produced

Second Phase

  • Launch attack
  • B cells record information
  • T cells create cytokines

Cyto Kine

  • Causes inflammation
  • Attacks invaders

Anti-inflammatory

  • Stops or reduces inflammation

Immunosuppressant

  • Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant
  • Used for long term inflammatory disease
  • Suppresses bone marrow and immune response

Anti-Infective Med/Antibiotic

  • Classified by mechanism of structure
  • Bacteria name comes from shape
  • Antibiotics kill bacteria

Antibiotics Considerations

  • Check blood level
  • Vancomycin and Gentamicin are antibiotics
  • They are broad spectrum medicines and are very toxic
  • Can be nephrotoxic and ototoxic
  • If levels are too high, kidney dies
  • If levels are too low, infection grows
  • Antibiotics kill healthy/normal flora
  • Superinfections such as yeast infections can occur during antibiotic use, be careful with all medicines.

Penicillin

  • Effective against gram-positive bacteria
  • Can be administered PO (Orally), topically, or IV (Intravenously)
  • Amoxicillin carries a high potential to be get someone pregnant

Cephalosporin

  • Very similar to penicillin, especially for patients allergic to penicillin
  • Carries risk for toxicity
  • Cannot be prescribed together with penicillin

Tetracycline

  • Can stain teeth
  • Should not be prescribed for pregnant women

Macrolide

  • Inhibits reproduction of microbes by inhibiting protein synthesis
  • Bactericidal/bacteriostatic
  • Treats many infections
  • Azithromycin can be administered PO or IV
  • Metabolized by the liver, monitor liver enzymes

Quinolone

  • Medication class, example is ciprofloxacin

Antifungal

  • Treats fungal infections
  • Fluconazole can be prescribed for women on antibiotics for yeast infections

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