Immunohematology Module MLS 323

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Questions and Answers

What is essential for the viability of normal RBCs?

High levels of sodium ions

Flexibility and permeability (correct)

Increased membrane rigidity

Decreased cell volume

What happens to RBC membrane deformability when ATP levels decrease?

It becomes more pliable

It remains the same

It increases due to enhanced phosphorylation

It decreases due to reduced phosphorylation of spectrin (correct)

Which of the following best describes spherocytes?

They are characterized by hyper flexible membranes

They result from loss of membrane and have a reduced surface-to-volume ratio (correct)

They have increased surface-to-volume ratios

They form due to increased membrane calcium

How does increased permeability of the RBC membrane affect cell survival?

It decreases RBC survival Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are RBC membranes relatively impermeable to?

Sodium and potassium Signup and view all the answers

What maintains overall water homeostasis in RBCs?

Maintaining intracellular sodium to potassium ratios Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the active transport process in RBCs?

Sodium is expelled while potassium is taken in Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an accumulation of membrane calcium have on RBCs?

Increases membrane rigidity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Phagocytize microorganisms and other substances Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of basophils?

They release histamine and heparin affecting inflammation and clotting. Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What happens to monocytes when they leave the blood?

They transform into macrophages. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for the formation of platelet plugs?

Platelets Signup and view all the answers

What are the three crucial areas of RBC biology necessary for their survival and function?

Membrane structure, hemoglobin function, and metabolism Signup and view all the answers

How long do healthy red blood cells typically survive in circulation?

120 days Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the RBC membrane is emphasized in its structure?

It contains an asymmetric distribution of lipids. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the salt bridges in hemoglobin when it loads oxygen?

They are broken. Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the respiratory movement in hemoglobin?

The allosteric changes during loading and unloading of oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term p50 refer to in the context of hemoglobin?

The partial pressure of oxygen needed to saturate 50% of hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What is a normal value for p50?

27 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

Which shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve indicates decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

Shift to the right Signup and view all the answers

How much oxygen is typically released by hemoglobin in the basal state?

25% Signup and view all the answers

What role does calmodulin play in red blood cells?

It regulates calcium-ATPase pumps. Signup and view all the answers

What can occur when red blood cells are ATP-depleted?

Decreased levels of intracellular potassium. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a left shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve?

Decreased delivery of oxygen to tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the composition of hemoglobin?

It comprises two alpha and two beta chains in adults. Signup and view all the answers

Why are red blood cells considered less efficient in oxygen delivery?

They can only release 12% of the oxygen they carry. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

To deliver and release oxygen to tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the organic phosphate 2,3-DPG in red blood cells?

It is crucial in regulating hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

Which hemoglobin variant accounts for the majority of adult hemoglobin?

HbA Signup and view all the answers

What effect does excessive accumulation of intracellular calcium have on red blood cells?

It makes the cell more rigid. Signup and view all the answers

Which structural component is involved in maintaining the integrity of the red cell membrane?

Band 3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of blood preservation?

To provide viable and functional blood components for transfusions Signup and view all the answers

Which components make up a heme group in hemoglobin?

Protoporphyrin ring and ferrous iron (Fe2+). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mutations would likely lead to abnormally shaped red cells?

Mutations in Band 3 and Glycophorin C genes Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed to ensure the integrity of stored red blood cells according to FDA mandates?

Less than 1% free hemoglobin of total hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What temperature range is recommended for storing blood to maintain optimum viability?

1°C to 6°C Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the glycocalyx protects cells from mechanical damage?

Glycophorin A Signup and view all the answers

What does RBC viability measure post-transfusion?

In vivo RBC survival after transfusion Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is closely correlated with the loss of RBC viability during storage?

Storage lesion associated biochemical changes Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals of the course in Immunohematology?

To explain the structure of the red cell membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is crucial for resolving medico-legal cases regarding blood groups?

The principles of genetics and molecular biology. Signup and view all the answers

Antigens, antibodies, and complement have specific characteristics. Which of the following options correctly highlights one of these aspects?

Each antibody is specific to a particular antigen. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of blood group antigens is covered in the course outcomes?

Their role in determining blood type compatibility. Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant characteristic of the red cell membrane related to blood storage?

It accommodates blood group antigens that can affect storage longevity. Signup and view all the answers

Which topic is essential for understanding the inheritance patterns of blood groups?

Laws of inheritance developed by Gregor Mendel. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of antibodies in the context of blood groups?

They play a role in the immune response against foreign antigens. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the course's focus on blood group antigens?

It includes the implications for blood transfusion compatibility. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Module in Immunohematology (MLS 323)

Course covers immunohematology, focusing on blood components, their interactions, and clinical significance
Learning outcomes include explaining red blood cell membrane structure, blood group inheritance, immune response principles, blood collection methods, transfusion techniques, and laboratory safety procedures.
Module emphasizes the history of immunohematology, blood functions, laboratory safety, and quality control procedures in a blood bank setting.

Course Learning Outcomes

Explain red blood cell membrane structure and blood group antigens, their role in blood storage,
Apply genetic and molecular biology principles to blood group inheritance and medico-legal cases
Differentiate antigens, antibodies, and complement features and function
Analyze the immune response and antigen-antibody reactions in blood group systems
Detail blood group systems, inheritance, properties, identification, and clinical application
Discuss blood collection, processing, preparation, storage, issuance, transport, and disposal in blood banking
Detail transfusion processes, classification, signs, symptoms, and investigations of transfusion reactions.
Describe donor phlebotomy, donor care, and blood unit quality.
Explain immunohematological procedures, safety precautions, and corrective actions, including traditional and non-traditional methods.
Describe proper biosafety and waste management in the laboratory.

Course Introduction

Introduces the fundamentals of immunohematology, encompassing the historical context, practice, general blood functions, blood bank procedure descriptions, safety protocols, and quality control measures for blood banks,
The module emphasizes red blood cell structure and preservation, including relevant historical details,
A crucial preparation for student's participation in blood banking procedures, laboratory safety, and quality assurance.

Course Icons

"Engages" denotes active learning activities related to the topic.
"Elaborates" provides supporting information like tables and algorithms related to the topics.
"Explanations" presents detailed descriptions of the topics covered in the module.
"Explore" involves critical thinking questions.
"Explore" indicates the performance of a hands-on laboratory or lecture activity.
"Reading" refers to studying assigned pages of the prescribed textbook, actively writing notes, and clarifying concepts.
"Presentation" denotes viewing videos from the instructors on the topics covered in the module.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in immunohematology, focusing on blood components, their interactions, and clinical implications. You will explore red blood cell membrane structure, blood group inheritance, and transfusion techniques, all while emphasizing laboratory safety and quality control. Test your understanding of these critical topics and enhance your knowledge in this vital field.